In Re the Appeal of Graceland College Center

195 P.3d 245, 40 Kan. App. 2d 665, 2008 Kan. App. LEXIS 164

• Court: Court of Appeals of Kansas
• Decided: October 31, 2008
• Docket: 98,409
• Status: Published

Opinions

Greene, J.:

Graceland College Center for Professional Development and Lifelong Learning, Inc., d/b/a SkillPath (hereafter referred to as SkillPath), appeals the decision of the Board of Tax Appeals (BOTA) that SkillPath does not qualify as an “educational institution” under K.S.A. 2007 Supp. 79-3602(1) and, therefore, is not entitled to an exemption from Kansas sales tax pursuant to K.S.A. 2007 Supp. 79-3606(c). Concluding that BOTA erred in its interpretation and application of the statutes, we reverse.

Factual and Procedural Background

SldllPath is a not-for-profit corporation located in Mission, Kansas, and is wholly owned by Graceland University, a liberal arts college located in Iowa. Graceland University is a member of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools (NCA), a nongovernmental, voluntary, educational organization that accredits more than 9,000 public and private schools located primarily in the Midwest. SldllPath is not a member of the NCA.

SkillPath offers 1- to 2-day seminars throughout the United States and abroad — -including Kansas — -which focus on various subjects, including business management, computer technology, human resources, education, accounting, and others. SkillPath does not grant degrees, but all of the seminars are above 12th-grade level, and none of them are considered remedial in nature. The seminars are held in rented conference centers, hotels, and meeting rooms, and they are scheduled from time to time based on a projection of demand at the location, from every 4 months to every 2 years. Some of SkillPath’s seminars qualify for college credit through Graceland University.

In 1999, SkillPath requested and was granted an exemption from the Kansas Retailers’ Sales Tax pursuant to K.S.A. 79-3606(c) because it was an education institution. In 2004, the Kansas Department of Revenue (KDOR) conducted a review of sales tax exemptions it had previously granted in order to ensure that those exemptions had been granted in accordance with state law. During this review, KDOR concluded that SkillPath did not qualify as an educational institution because SkillPath was not accredited by, or a member of, the NCA, a requirement that KDOR believed was prescribed by the statute. Accordingly, KDOR sent a letter to SkillPath informing it that its sale tax exemption would be revoked.

SkillPath timely appealed KDOR’s decision to revoke its tax exemption, and KDOR issued a final determination upholding its initial decision. SkillPath then filed a timely notice of appeal to BOTA. After an evidentiary hearing, BOTA interpreted K.S.A. 2007 Supp. 79-3602(1) as requiring an entity to conduct regular classes at uniform intervals and provide courses of study leading to a degree in order to qualify as an educational institution. BOTA concluded that SkillPath did not conduct its classes in a regular manner; and because SkillPath was not a degree-granting institution, BOTA concluded that it did not offer courses of study. Therefore, based on these findings, BOTA concluded that SkillPath did not qualify as an educational institution under K.S.A. 2007 Supp. 79-3602(1) and, as a result, was not exempt from paying sales tax under K.S.A. 2007 Supp. 79-3606(c).

After SkillPath’s petition to BOTA for reconsideration was denied, SkillPath filed a timely notice of appeal with this court.

Standards of Review

BOTA orders are subject to review under the Kansas Act for Judicial Review and Civil Enforcement of Agency Actions, K.S.A. 77-601 et seq. In re Tax Appeal of Sprint Communications Co., 278 Kan. 690, 694, 101 P.3d 1239 (2004).

K.S.A. 77-621(c)(4) mandates this court to grant relief to SkillPath if the court determines that BOTA and KDOR erroneously interpreted or applied the law. “Whether an agency has erroneously inteipreted or applied the law. . . is a question of law over which an appellate court’s review is unlimited.” In re Tax Appeal of Scholastic Book Clubs, Inc., 260 Kan. 528, 536, 920 P.2d 947 (1996).

In In re Tax Exemption Application of Central Illinois Public Services Co., 276 Kan. 612, 616, 78 P.3d 419 (2003), the Supreme Court stated:

“When construing tax statutes, statutes that impose the tax are to be construed strictly in favor of the taxpayer. Tax exemption statutes, however, are to be construed strictly in favor of imposing the tax and against allowing the exemption for one who does not clearly qualify. [Citation omitted.]”

Despite the need for strict construction of tax exemption statutes, strict construction does not warrant unreasonable construction. In re Tax Application of Lietz Constr. Co., 273 Kan. 890, 904-05, 47 P.3d 1275 (2002).

In tax appeal matters, our review of statutory interpretation is unlimited, and we apply the same general rules as we do in other contexts. See Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska v. Kline, 283 Kan. 64, 77-78, 150 P.3d 892 (2007).

“The interpretation of a statute is a question of law over which [an appellate] court has unlimited review. The fundamental rule of statutoiy construction is that the intent of the legislature governs if that intent can be ascertained. The legislature is presumed to have expressed its intent through the language of the statutory scheme. Ordinary words are given their ordinary meanings. When a statute is plain and unambiguous, the court must give effect to the intention of the legislature as expressed, rather than determine what the law should or should not be. [Citation omitted.]” 283 Kan. at 77.

Appellate courts normally give some deference to BOTA decisions:

“ ‘BOTA is a specialized agency and is considered to be the paramount taxing authority in this state. [Citation omitted.] BOTA is a specialized agency that exists to decide taxation issues. [Citation omitted.] Its decisions are given great weight and deference when it is acting in its area of expertise. [Citation omitted.] The party challenging BOTA's decisions has the burden to prove that the action taken was erroneous.’ [Citation omitted.]” In re Tax Appeal of Sprint, 278 Kan. at 694-95 (quoting In re Tax Appeal of Colorado Interstate Gas Co., 276 Kan. 672, 682-83, 79 P.3d 770 [2003]).

The determination of an administrative agency as to questions of law is not conclusive and, while persuasive, is not binding on the courts. Winnebago Tribe, 283 Kan. at 70. Although an appellate court gives deference to an agency’s interpretation of a statute, the final construction of a statute lies with the appellate court. Coma Corporation v. Kansas Dept. of Labor, 283 Kan. 625, 629, 154 P.3d 1080 (2007).

Did BOTA Err in Interpreting and Applying K.S.A. 2007 Supp. 79-3602(1) for Purposes of K.S.A. 2007 Supp. 79-3606(c)P

The operative statutes

SkillPath argues that BOTA erred in its interpretation and application of the applicable statutes, and particularly the statutory definition of “educational institution.” From 1999 to 2004, KDOR had exempted SkillPath from payment of sales tax under K.S.A. 2007 Supp. 79-3606(c), which provides the following sales shall be exempt from taxation:

“[A]ll sales of tangible personal property or services, including the renting and leasing of tangible personal property, purchased directly by a public or private elementary or secondary school or public or private nonprofit educational institution and used primarily by such school or institution for nonsectarian programs and activities provided or sponsored by such school or institution or in the erection, repair or enlargement of buildings to be used for such purposes. The exemption herein provided shall not apply to erection, construction, repair, enlargement or equipment of buildings used primarily for human habitation.”

In determining whether an entity is eligible for this exemption as an “educational institution,” the operative statute is K.S.A. 2007 Supp. 79-3602(1), which provides in relevant part:

“ ‘Educational institution’ means any nonprofit school, college and universiiy that offers education at a level above the twelfth grade, and conducts regular classes and courses of study required for accreditation by, or membership in, the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools.”

This definition has not been amended since it became effective on July 1, 1998, see L. 1998, ch. 130, sec. 29(s), and our appellate courts have not had an opportunity to interpret and apply the provision.

The BOTA Rationale

BOTA concluded that SkillPath did not qualify for exemption, reasoning as follows:

“After examining the evidence provided both in Joint Exhibit 1 and the testimony, the Board finds that the Applicant, SldllPath, does not conduct regular classes. The classes are provided on an as needed basis and do not occur with any degree of regularity. ‘Regular’ as defined in Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary (1988) is ‘recurring, attending, or functioning at fixed or uniform intervals.’ The testimony of Mr. Braymer indicates that SkillPath does repeat its class offerings, but that the repetition does not occur at fixed or uniform intervals. Instead, the repetition is based on the demand for that particular, class.

“Furthermore, the evidence shows that SkillPath does not have a course of study. See also, Graceland College v. Department of Revenue (654 N.W.2d 779, 783 (S.D. 2002). SkillPath is not a degree-granting institution. Some college credit is granted to SkillPath classes through Graceland University; however, most customers of SkillPath are not looking for a college degree. The individual classes offered generally do not lead to any ultimate conclusion outside of themselves.

“Therefore without regular classes and conducting a regular course of study, SkillPath does not meet the definition of ‘educational institution.’ As such it can not qualify for a sales tax exemption under K.S.A. 2005 Supp. 79-3606(c). The Board therefore finds that the Department’s determination was correct that SkillPath does not qualify for an exemption from sales tax pursuant to K.S.A. 2005 Supp. 79-3606(c).”

The Evidence Before BOTA

SkillPath initially offered the testimony of Chad Daniel Braymer, executive vice president for operations, who characterized the mission of SkillPath as “to provide lifelong learning opportunities for adults throughout the country [and] world.” Braymer also generally described the course content of SkillPath. He referred to the quarterly course catalog in explaining that courses would be offered in different locations with some degree of regularity, depending on demand in each location. He also explained the relationship between Graceland University (an accredited member of the NCA) and SkillPath, including the manner and extent to which credit at Graceland University may be given for successful completion of certain courses through SkillPath.

SldllPath also offered the testimony of Dr. Kathleen Clauson, executive assistant to the president for institutional research and accreditation at Graceland University. Clauson testified that she was responsible for maldng sure Graceland University maintained all of its accreditations. Clauson also stated that she was a member of the NCA consultant evaluator corps, a group of individuals that assess whether colleges and universities are meeting NCA accreditation standards. Clauson testified that as a consultant evaluator, one of her areas of expertise is determining whether the content of a particular course meets NCA standards.

With due respect to our dissenting colleague, we believe the record is quite clear that there are NCA standards for course content and that those standards were met by the courses offered by SkillPath. Formal accreditation may involve this and other elements, but the Clauson testimony clearly specifies that there are formal standards with respect to course content. As an example, Clauson testified:

“Q. Does NCA have quality standards? I mean, are there standards that you, as an evaluator, would be looking for to insure that course work — that the course content meets NCA standards?

“A. Yes.

“Q. . . . With respect to those standards, did you apply those standards to the evaluation of the 43 classes that we’re talking about?

“A. Yes, I did.

“Q. All right. And what’s your opinion as to whether or not these classes met the standards with respect to course content, the courses?

“A. They did.

“Q. That they did meet the NCA standards?

“A. Yes.

“Q. And do they meet the NCA standards today?

“A. Yes.” (Emphasis added.)

There is no question that Clauson, as an expert in NCA accreditation standards, was able to apply specific NCA standards to course content, separate and apart from the larger question of accreditation of the institution.

Clauson testified that Graceland University offered credit to people who participated in certain seminars put on by SkillPath and that those seminars met NCA standards. Clauson stated that Graceland University would not sacrifice its reputation or NCA accreditation by awarding credit for classes that did not meet NCA standards. In addition to reviewing the seminars that were eligible for college credit at Graceland, Clauson reviewed 43 other seminars that SkillPath offered and found that they all met the NCA’s standards for course content. Clauson stated that her conclusion was shared by another consultant evaluator who had reviewed the 43 courses.

Clauson also stated that it does not matter, under NCA accreditation standards, whether a class is taught in a 2-day session or whether it was broken up into multiple sessions over a long period of time. Furthermore, Clauson stated that whether someone can receive college credit for participating in a course does not matter; the course itself (regardless of whether credit is issued) must meet NCA standards. Regarding her conclusions in connection with eligibility for NCA accreditation of SkillPath’s courses, Clauson testified:

“Q. And those conclusions again were?

“A. That Graceland . . . [SkillPath] is indeed an institution of higher learning providing the quality of learning that we need to provide.

“Q. For NCA Standards?

“A. Yes.

“Q. And specifically with respect to course content, correct?

“A. With respect to course content, yes.

“Q. All right. You’re not opining to the Board that if tomorrow NCA showed up at SldllPath’s doorstep, that they would give SkillPafh NCA accreditation, are you?

“A. No. It’s a two-year accreditation process for any institution. . . . [The] NCA would . . . send a team to SkillPath to consult with them and tell them what they [would] need to do over the two years to become accredited ....

“Q. And there are many different factors that that team would look at. Correct?

“A. Yes.

“Q. And what your focus has been, and your opinion to this Board has been strictly on whether the course content and the courses dremselves meet the NCA standards.

“A. Correct.

“Q. And whether those classes are regularly taught, whether that meets the NCA standards. Is that correct?

“A. Right.”

KDOR did not offer any evidence to contradict Clausoris testimony about the classes and courses conducted by SkillPath or whether they conform to NCA accreditation standards.

Interpretation and Application of the Statutorg Language

KDOR interpreted the definition of “educational institution” in K.S.A. 2007 Supp. 79-3602(1) as requiring SkillPath, if it desired to be exempt from paying sales tax, to meet four requirements: (1) offer education above the 12th grade, (2) conduct classes that are offered at set intervals, (3) offer courses of study that will lead to a degree, and (4) be accredited by, or be a member of, the NCA. We disagree; the plain language of the statute simply does not support this interpretation. For purposes of this appeal, K.S.A. 2007 Supp. 79-3602(1) states in pertinent part:

“ ‘Educational institution’ means any nonprofit school, college and university that offers education at a level above the twelfth grade, and conducts regular classes and courses of study required for accreditation by, or membership in, the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools.” (Emphasis added.)

Is Accreditation or Membership a Statutory Requirement?

The plain and unambiguous language of statute clearly indicates that for an entity to qualify as an educational institution, it must meet only three requirements. First, the entity must be a nonprofit school, college, or university. Second, the institution must offer an education at a level above the 12th grade. Third, the entity must conduct regular classes and courses of study required for accreditation by, or membership in, the NCA. Stated another way, the third test is that the entity conduct regular classes and courses of study that meet NCA accreditation standards. The plain language of the statute does not require the entity itself to be accredited by, or be a member of, the NCA. Although the lack of NCA accreditation or membership was KDOR’s principal basis for the sales tax exemption denial, we note that BOTA did not rely on that interpretation of the statute, and we agree with this aspect of BOTA’s decision.

K.S.A. 2007 Supp. 79-3602(1) does not require an entity seeking to qualify as an educational institution to be a accredited by, or be a member of, the NCA. If the legislature sought to make NCA accreditation or membership a requirement under K.S.A. 2007 Supp. 79-3602(1), it could have simply stated in plain language that accreditation or membership was a requirement. In fact, our review of other statutes in the context of education reveals that the legislature is quite familiar with such a requirement. See K.S.A. 2007 Supp. 8-1,142(a)(3) (defining “educational institution” as any not-for-profit independent institution of higher education which is accredited hy the NCA); K.S.A. 2007 Supp. 72-11a03(f) (defining “accredited independent institution” as an “institution of postsecondaiy education” accredited by the NCA); K.S.A. 72-6509 (requiring Washburn University to he a member of the NCA in order to receive state grants); K.S.A. 2007 Supp. 74-32,120(f) (making NCA accreditation a requirement for a “Kansas educational institution”). We are unwilling to impose any requirement of accreditation or membership where the plain language requires something less.

Is the Third Statutory Requirement Subject to Divisible and Multiple Independent Elements?

We disagree with BOTA, however, in breaking down a singular requirement and applying independent standards to the phrase “conducts regular classes and courses of study required for accreditation by, or membership in, the [NCA]” in K.S.A. 2007 Supp. 79-3602(1). This statutory phrase simply cannot be broken down into three, distinct elements. The language of the operative phrase clearly indicates that the third requirement is to be read as one unified element that an entity must meet in order to qualify as an educational institution. The question is whether the entity conducts regular classes and courses of study required for accreditation by or membership in the NCA.

The statutory focus is on the classes and courses of study conducted; if an entity’s classes and course offerings meet the required NCA accreditation standards, then the entity satisfies the third requirement of K.S.A. 2007 Supp. 79-3602(1). The language of statute simply does not allow an independent determination whether an entity’s classes are being conducted “regularly enough” or whether tire entity’s course offerings meet some other standards. The legislature, by crafting K.S.A. 2007 Supp. 79-3602(1) in the way that it did, made the NCA accreditation standards the guidelines for making such a determination. BOTA’s interpretation of the statute distorts the clear language and punctuation readily found in the statute, something we are prohibited from doing. See In re K.M.H., 285 Kan. 53, 79, 169 P.3d 1025 (2007) (“When a statute is plain and unambiguous, we do not speculate as to the legislative intent behind it and will not read the statute to add something not readily found in it.”).

Does “Regular” Imply Uniform Time Intervals for Offering Courses?

Moreover, we respectfully disagree with BOTA on its apparent interpretation of the term “regular” in this context. BOTA cited a dictionary definition which implies that the term necessarily has time implications; this definition is but one of several definitions of regular. More appropriate to this context is the principal definition of the term as “formed, built, arranged, or ordered according to some established rule, law, principle, or type” with preferred synonyms of “normal, typical, natural: regular may imply conformity to a prescribed rule, standard, or established pattern.” Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 1913 (1986). When the term “regular” is understood in this manner, it supports our view that the phrase “regular classes and courses of study” is modified by the phrase “required for accreditation by, or membership in, the [NCA]” in K.S.A. 2007 Supp. 79-3602(1). That is, the term “regular” simply implies that the classes or courses offered must conform to NCA accreditation standards.

This conclusion as to the term “regular” is consistent with the use of the term elsewhere in statutes from the education context. At the outset, we note that the legislature did not speak with terminology that clearly implies some time requirement or intervals as to course offerings, and it certainly could have done so by employing other language, such as “with regularity” or “on a regular basis.” Instead, the term “regular” is generally employed to indicate some conformance to a norm, especially when used in statutes within the general context of education. See, e.g., K.S.A. 2007 Supp. 46-1131(d)(3) (cost study for regular elementary and secondary education as required by law); K.S.A. 2007 Supp. 72-986(1)(2) (classifying eligibility for services in part based on graduation from secondary school with a regular diploma); K.S.A. 2007 Supp. 72-1111(f) (exemption from compulsory school for certain religious organizations that object to a “regular” public high school education); K.S.A. 2007 Supp. 72-11a03(a) (classifying certain students by demonstration of ability to benefit from participation in the regular curricula of eligible postsecondary education institutions); K.S.A. 72-4159 (defining textbooks purchased by nonpublic schools as regular adopted textbooks); K.S.A. 2007 Supp. 72-4526(c) (establishing teacher authority in adult education programs as same as exercised in regular school instruction); K.S.A. 72-53,111(a) (excluding requirement for providing to some persons education in a regular school setting); K.S.A. 72-8223(b) (directing payment of tuition received from federal funds for attendance of children at school in regular educational programs). We conclude the term regular within the statutory phrase simply means that the classes and courses of study are not out of the ordinary and conform to the NCA accreditation standards.

Even if we were to adopt BOTA’s interpretation of regular as relating to time or uniform intervals, the record is replete with substantia] competent evidence of such “regularity.” The fact that courses are offered and conducted in a manner to meet demand does not distinguish SkillPath from any other institution of higher learning. As shown by Braymer’s testimony, it is undeniable that all such institutions offer specific classes, especially those relating to discrete specialties, at time intervals governed by projected or actual demand. Braymer’s testimony clearly establishes regularity not unlike any other such institution; the courses are recurring in the sense they are offered and conducted at regular time intervals, although the demand may vary at different locations:

“Q. . . . How often might you repeat a class? . . .

“A. . . . We’ve got regular patterns for our classes. Typically, those revolve around demand within the community. So say, for example, our Managing Multiple Projects course in Illinois, in Chicago, I’ll be back there approximately every three months with that course because there’s a high demand for that. Now, our Cisco router course, there’s not as large a population that’s interested in attending that. I might only be through there twice a year with that particular course. In some cases the course is only coming back in one year, once a year. So say, for example, Topeka would be a good example of a smaller market, and that market really doesn’t bear having that same course back there maybe more than once a year.

“Q. And these classes that we’re looking at in this [business course catalog], are these classes that are regularly — that SkillPath regularly offers, or are they not, just infrequent?

“A. No. These are all the classes that we regularly offer.

“Q. And where did you receive your degree?

“A. At Northeast Missouri State. It’s now Truman State University.

“Q. While you attended the university, were there classes that weren’t offered each semester?

“A. Yes.

“Q. Were there classes that weren’t offered every single year?

“A. Yes.

“Q. As far as your competitors, when you reviewed your competitors, would you find that same situation?

“A. Yes.

“Q. All right. Would the classes that, say, Johnson County Community College or the University of Kansas offered for non degree credit, would those vary from semester to semester?

“A. Yes.”

Although we respectfully differ on BOTA’s interpretation of regular as used in the statute, we also conclude that BOTA’s finding that SkillPath failed to offer regular classes is defied by evidence that is substantial when considered in light of the record as a whole.

Does Phrase “Courses of Study” Imply a Pathway to Decree?

Finally, we disagree with BOTA’s suggestion that the phrase “courses of study” requires the classes being offered to “lead to any ultimate conclusion outside of themselves,” such as obtaining a degree. This is also not expressed or implied by the plain language of the statute. We note that numerous statutory references to courses of study do not generally imply that a degree be contemplated. See, e.g., K.S.A. 2007 Supp. 44-703(v) (courses of study or training which an educational institution offers may be academic, technical, trade, or preparation for gainful employment); K.S.A. 71-205 (authorization for courses of study to be offered by community colleges at Fort Leavenworth); K.S.A. 72-4454 (providing for transferability of substantially equivalent courses of study); K.S.A. 72-7513(a)(2) (powers of State Board of Education include enactment of rules and regulations for courses of study and curriculum); K.S.A. 2007 Supp. 72-8205(c) (authority of local boards of education to prescribe courses of study for each year).

In contrast, numerous statutes clearly and expressly specify that particular courses of study lead to a degree when contemplated by the legislature. See, e.g., K.S.A. 65-1903; K.S.A. 2007 Supp. 65-5418(b)(9); K.S.A. 65-6511(d); K.S.A. 74-3296(a)(7); K.S.A. 74-32,136(a)(7); and K.S.A. 2007 Supp. 76-381(c)(5), all of which contain express language that require “a course of study leading to a [degree or diploma.]” Again, it would have been easy for the legislature to have required educational institutions to exclusively offer courses of study leading to a degree, but we find no such language or implication in the plain language of K.S.A. 2007 Supp. 79-3602(1). Similarly, the record establishes that SldllPath offers courses of study in business and management techniques, education and teaching techniques, technology integration, and others, and these courses were the subject of Clauson’s testimony regarding conformance to NCA accreditation standards.

Summary and Conclusion

In order for an entity to qualify as an educational institution under K.S.A. 2007 Supp. 79-3602(1), it must first establish that it is a nonprofit school, college, or university. That SldllPath is a nonprofit school was not a matter of dispute in this case; there was no challenge to its nonprofit nature, and the parties apparently agree that “school” broadly includes any institution of learning. Second, the institution must offer an education at a level above the 12th grade. This apparently also was never a matter of dispute; SldllPath put on evidence to show that all of its seminars are considered to be above a 12th-grade level, and none of them are considered remedial classes. With regard to the third requirement, tire determinative question is whether Skillpath conducts regular classes and courses of study required for accreditation by, or membership in, tire NCA. We believe Clauson’s testimony clearly established that SldllPath offers regular classes and courses of study which conform to the standards for accreditation required by the NCA and that her conclusion was shared by another consultant evaluator.

We acknowledge our duty to pay deference to BOTA and to construe tax exemption statutes strictly, but we cannot endorse a statutory interpretation that parses and independently assesses the phrase “regular classes and courses of study” without regard for the balance of the statutory phrase providing the precise normative standard for determining whether such classes and courses of study are indeed regular, i.e. those required for NCA accreditation standards. In this limited regard, we respectfully disagree with BOTA’s overly restrictive interpretation of the operative statutes and conclude that SkillPath meets the criteria established for an educational institution and sales tax exemption under K.S.A. 2007 Supp. 79-3602(1) and K.S.A. 2007 Supp. 79-3606(c). For this reason, we must reverse BOTA and remand with directions to taire appropriate action to reverse KDOR’s revocation of SkillPath’s exemption.

We acknowledge the legislative history highlighted by our dissenting colleague, and we concede that KDOR apparently desired a criteria that required accreditation. The mere desire of a proponent, however, does not conclusively establish legislative intent, and this court cannot ignore the plain language of the enactment even if it may not be what the legislature really intended to do. Here, the language of K.S.A. 2007 Supp. 79-3602(1) is not ambiguous; there is no accreditation requirement, but rather a requirement that classes and courses of study meet the standards of the accrediting authority.

“ ‘ “[T]he court cannot delete vital provisions or supply vital omissions in a statute. No matter what the legislature may have really intended to do, if it did not in fact do it, under any reasonable interpretation of the language used, the defect is one which the legislature alone can correct.” ’ ” Colorado Interstate Gas Co. v. Board of Morton County Comm’rs, 247 Kan. 654, 662, 802 P.2d 584 (1990) (quoting Harris v. Shanahan, 192 Kan. 183, 196, 387 P.2d 771 [1963]; Russell v. Cogswell, 151 Kan. 793, 795, 101 P.2d 361 [1940]).

Reversed and remanded with directions.