In Re Special Proceedings

842 F. Supp. 2d 232, 2012 WL 386471, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 15656

• Court: District Court, District of Columbia
• Decided: February 8, 2012
• Docket: Misc. No. 2009-0198
• Status: Published

Opinion

MEMORANDUM OPINION

EMMET G. SULLIVAN, District Judge.

Pending before the Court are two motions to permanently seal from public disclosure the Report to the Honorable Em-met G. Sullivan of Investigation Conducted Pursuant to the Court’s April 7, 2009 Order (“Mr. Schuelke’s Report” or “Report”). 1 For the reasons discussed herein, the Court DENIES the motions and ORDERS that Mr. Schuelke shall provide an unredacted version of this Memorandum Opinion to each of the attorneys who received copies of the Report, pursuant to the Court’s November 21, 2011, 825 F.Supp.2d 203, 2011 WL 5828550 (D.D.C. 2011), Order and the executed Confidentiality Agreement. It is further ORDERED that Mr. Schuelke file his Report on the public docket on March 15, 2012, after the subject attorneys are afforded an opportunity to submit their comments or objections to Mr. Schuelke by no later than March 8, 2012. Mr. Schuelke shall include any such submissions as addenda to the published Report. It is further ORDERED that when the Report is made public, the individuals who are subject to the Confidentiality Agreement as a condition to having access to the Report shall be released from that Confidentiality Agreement. It is further ORDERED that on March 15, 2012, all pleadings related to Mr. Schuelke’s Report and filed in response to the Court’s November 21, 2011 Order shall be unsealed and placed on the public docket. Finally, it is further ORDERED that on March 15, 2012, an unre dacted version of this Memorandum Opinion shall be placed on the public docket. 2 3

To deny the public access to Mr. Schuelke’s Report under the circumstances of this case would be an affront to the First Amendment and a blow to the fair administration of justice. In July 2008, attorneys in the Public Integrity Section of the Department of Justice indicted a public official for allegedly failing to report gifts on his public disclosure forms. The attorneys then tried the defendant in the most public manner possible, and when they obtained a guilty verdict, they held a press conference to proclaim victory to the public. As a result of that verdict, the public official lost his bid for reelection, which tipped the balance of power in the United States Senate.

Meanwhile, in the face of serious and mounting allegations of prosecutorial misconduct throughout the trial and post-trial proceedings, the attorneys repeatedly represented to the Court and to the public that there was no wrongdoing and no cause to question the integrity of either the indictment or the verdict. Only when faced with uncontroverted evidence that the attorneys had committed Brady violations 3 did the government come before the Court and publicly move to dismiss the indictment and vacate the verdict. And only at that point did the government seek to turn this public proceeding into a private one, assuring the Court that it would investigate the prosecutors internally through its confidential Office of Professional Responsibility process.

The U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit has said, following Supreme Court precedent, that First Amendment access to criminal proceedings “serves an important function of monitoring prosecutorial or judicial misconduct.” Washington Post v. Robinson, 935 F.2d 282, 288 (D.C.Cir.1991) (citations omitted). Mr. Schuelke’s five-hundred-page Report concludes that “the investigation and prosecution of Senator Stevens were permeated by the systematic concealment of significant exculpatory evidence which would have independently corroborated [his] defense and his testimony, and seriously damaged the testimony and credibility of the government’s key witness.” Mr. Schuelke’s Report at 1.

It is not an overstatement to say that the dramatic events during and after the Stevens trial, and particularly the government’s decision to reverse course and move to vacate the verdict, led to a continuing national public discourse on prosecutorial misconduct and whether and what steps should be taken to prevent it. Withholding the Report from the public and leaving the public with only the information from the trial and immediate post-trial proceedings would be the equivalent of giving a reader only every other chapter of a complicated book, distorting the story and making it impossible for the reader to put in context the information provided. The First Amendment, the public, and our system of justice demand more.

I. Introduction

A. The Court’s November 21, 2011 Order

On April 7, 2009, in response to a series of allegations and confirmed instances of prosecutorial misconduct during and following the five-week trial of U.S. Senator Theodore F. Stevens (“the Stevens trial”), the Court appointed Henry F. Schuelke, III, to investigate and prosecute such criminal contempt proceedings as may be appropriate against the six Department of Justice attorneys responsible for the prosecution of Senator Stevens (“the subject attorneys”). See Order Appointing Henry F. Schuelke, United States v. Stevens, No. 08-cr-231, 2009 WL 6525926 (D.D.C. Apr. 7, 2009) (“April 7, 2009 Order”).

On November 21, 2011, the Court issued an Order indicating, inter alia, that Mr. Schuelke had informed the Court that his investigation was concluded and had submitted a five-hundred-page report to the Court in camera. Order Regarding Report of Henry F. Schuelke, III, and Setting Forth Instructions for Further Proceedings at 12 (“November 21, 2011 Order”). The Court’s Order went on to note that based on their exhaustive investigation, Mr. Schuelke and his esteemed colleague, Mr. William B. Shields, had concluded that the investigation and prosecution of Senator Stevens were “permeated by the systematic concealment of significant exculpatory evidence which would have independently corroborated [his] defense and his testimony, and seriously damaged the testimony and credibility of the government’s key witness.” Id. at 3 (citing Mr. Schuelke’s Report at 1). The Court then concluded:

While providing the public with the full results of Mr. Schuelke’s investigation has been and remains the Court’s intent, in view of the Amended Protective Order entered in these proceedings on December 13, 2009, and this Circuit’s holding in In re North, 16 F.3d 1234 (D.C.Cir.1994), the Court has determined that Mr. Schuelke’s complete report should not be made public at least until the Department of Justice has had the opportunity to review the report. The Court has further determined that it is appropriate to afford the subject attorneys and Senator Stevens’s attorneys the opportunity to review the report, under the terms and conditions set forth [in the Order]. The Court will then consider any objections to making Mr. Schuelke’s Report public[.]

Id. at 7.

B. The Pleadings Filed in Response to the Court’s November 21, 2011 Order

In response to the Court’s November 21, 2011 Order, the Department of Justice filed a Motion to File On Public Docket the Notice of Department of Justice Regarding Materials Referenced in Mr. Schuelke’s Report. The Court granted that motion on January 9, 2012. The Department of Justice’s Notice advised the Court that it “does not intend to file a motion regarding Mr. Schuelke’s report” and that “[t]he government does not contend that there is any legal prohibition on the disclosure of any references in Mr. Schuelke’s report to grand jury material, court authorized interceptions of wire communications, or any sealed pleadings or transcripts that have now been unsealed.” Notice of Dep’t of Justice Regarding Materials Referenced in Mr. Schuelke’s Report, at 1-2 (“DOJ Notice”). In addition, the Department of Justice informed the Court that it was not asserting any deliberative process or attorney-work product privilege with respect to the information contained in Mr. Schuelke’s Report. Id. at 2.

Each of the six subject attorneys filed notices, motions and/or memoranda of law in response to the Court’s November 21, 2011 Order. 4 Two of the subject attorneys informed the Court that they either agree or do not object to the public release of the Report. See Brenda Morris Concurs with the Court’s Intent, as Stated in its November 21, 2011 Order, to Release the Full Report (“Morris Submission”) and Sealed Notice filed by William M. Welch II (‘Welch Notice”). Two of the subject attorneys filed motions to seal the Report. See Motion to Permanently Seal the Report filed by Edward P. Sullivan (“Sullivan Motion”) and Motion Opposing Public Release of Report by Henry F. Schuelke, III filed by Nicholas Marsh (“Marsh Motion”). Finally, two of the subject attorneys filed notices or memoranda opposing release of the Report. See Joseph W. Bottini’s Submission in Response to the Court’s November 21, 2011 Order (“Bottini Submission”) and Memorandum of Law Opposing Publication of the Schuelke Report filed by James Goeke (“Goeke Memorandum”). These four pleadings opposing release raise overlapping objections and arguments against publicly releasing the Report, and the Court will therefore analyze and discuss them collectively as the “opposing attorneys’ ” pleadings and/or arguments. 5 Specifically, the opposing attorneys argue that (1) because Mr. Sehuelke’s investigation was a “grand jury-style” investigation, it should be bound by the grand jury secrecy rules and precedent, particularly where, as here, the investigating body is not indicting or recommending criminal prosecution (and therefore the allegations will not be subject to adversarial proceedings); (2) the Court should not follow the D.C. Circuit’s approach to releasing the Independent Counsel’s report in In re North, 16 F.3d 1234 (D.C.Cir.1994) (“North ”), or, if the Court does follow that approach, the Court should conclude that the factors identified in that case do not weigh in favor of releasing Mr. Schuelke’s Report; and (3) there is no First Amendment right of access to Mr. Schuelke’s Report. See, e.g., Sullivan Motion at 6, 12, 17; Marsh Motion at 5, 8,10-11.

Finally, one entity filed a memorandum urging the Court to release the Report (1) in view of the highly public nature of the Stevens trial, the First Amendment right to access these proceedings and the common law right to access judicial records; and (2) because if the Court were to consider the North factors, those factors weigh heavily in favor of release. See Memorandum in Support of Public Access to Mr. Schuelke’s Report filed by Williams & Connolly LLP (“Stevens Memoran dum”). 6 ’ 7

Upon careful consideration of the various points and authorities raised for and against public disclosure of Mr. Schuelke’s Report, the relevant statutory and case law, the entire record in the Stevens proceedings, and the highly unique circumstances present in this case, and for the reasons discussed below, the Court concludes that (1) the public has an overriding and compelling right to access the Report, and that right is protected by the First Amendment; (2) Mr. Schuelke’s investigation differed in significant respects from a grand jury proceeding and is not bound by the grand jury secrecy rules, and moreover the reasons underlying the secrecy of grand jury proceedings are for the most part not relevant in this case; and (3) the D.C. Circuit’s approach in North is instructive, and the factors identified in that case as relevant to determining whether to publicly release a special prosecutor’s report overwhelmingly counsel in favor of publicly releasing the Report under these circumstances. Accordingly, the Court will order Mr. Schuelke to file his Report on the public docket. In order to address any claimed prejudice to the subject attorneys, however, the Court will first afford them another opportunity to submit objections or comments to Mr. Schuelke to be published as addenda to the Report, similar to the process followed in North and subsequent cases. 8

II. Discussion

A. The First Amendment Right of Access to Judicial Proceedings

The First Amendment to the United States Constitution provides the public with a right of access to judicial proceedings where (i) “the place and process have historically been open to the press and general public”; and (ii) “public access plays a significant positive role in the functioning of the particular process in question.” Press-Enterprise Co. v. Sup.Ct. of Cal. (“Press-Enterprise II”), 478 U.S. 1, 8, 106 S.Ct. 2735, 92 L.Ed.2d 1 (1986); see also Press-Enterprise Co. v. Sup.Ct. of Cal. (“Press-Enterprise I”), 464 U.S. 501, 505-10, 104 S.Ct. 819, 78 L.Ed.2d 629 (1984); Globe Newspaper Co. v. Sup.Ct. for Norfolk (My., 457 U.S. 596, 605-06, 102 S.Ct. 2613, 73 L.Ed.2d 248 (1982); Richmond Newspapers, Inc. v. Virginia, 448 U.S. 555, 573-74, 100 S.Ct. 2814, 65 L.Ed.2d 973 (1980).

1. Criminal Trials — Including the Stevens Trial — Have Historically Been Open to the Public

a. Relevant Case Law

The right of access is not limited to the criminal trial itself, but extends to many pre- and post-trial documents and proceedings. See, e.g., Press-Enterprise II, 478 U.S. at 10-13, 106 S.Ct. 2735 (First Amendment right of access to adversarial pre-trial preliminary hearings); Press-Enterprise I, 464 U.S. at 510-11, 104 S.Ct. 819 (First Amendment right to access voir dire proceedings); United States v. Ignasiak, 667 F.3d 1217, 1237-39 (11th Cir.2012) (First Amendment right of access to government’s post-trial pleading revealing impeachment information of one of its key witnesses where government argued that the witness’s privacy interest justified keeping the information under seal); In re Search Warrant for Secretarial Area Outside Office of Gunn, 855 F.2d 569, 573 (8th Cir.1988) (First Amendment right of access to documents supporting search warrants); Applications of Nat'l Broad. Co. v. Presser, 828 F.2d 340, 344-45 (6th Cir. 1987) (First Amendment right of access to pretrial documents); CBS, Inc. v. U.S. Dist. Ct. for Cent. Dist. of Cal., 765 F.2d 823, 825-26 (9th Cir.1985) (First Amendment right of access to post-trial documents regarding potential sentence reduction); Associated Press v. U.S. Dist. Ct. for Cent. Dist. of Cal., 705 F.2d 1143, 1145 (9th Cir.1983) (First Amendment right of access to pretrial documents); In re Access to Jury Questionnaires, 37 A.3d 879, 885-87 (D.C.2012) (First Amendment right of access to written juror questionnaires).

Although First Amendment access to criminal proceedings is not absolute, the standard to overcome the presumption of openness is a demanding one:

The presumption of openness may be overcome only by an overriding interest based on findings that closure is essential to preserve higher values and is narrowly tailored to serve that interest. The interest is to be articulated along with findings specific enough that a reviewing court can determine whether the closure order was properly entered.

Press-Enterprise I, 464 U.S. at 510, 104 S.Ct. 819; see also United States v. Brice, 649 F.3d 793, 796-97 (D.C.Cir.2011) (assuming without deciding that the First Amendment affords access to material witness proceedings but upholding trial court’s closure of the proceedings, where opening such proceedings would reveal “private and painful” information related to then-juvenile victims’ physical and mental health, constitute a “grotesque invasion of the victims’ privacy!,]” and trial court made finding that no alternatives to closure could protect the compelling privacy interests).

b. The Public Nature of the Stevens Trial

As noted above, criminal trials have historically been open to the public. See, e.g., Globe Newspaper Co., 457 U.S. at 603-06, 102 S.Ct. 2613; Richmond Newspapers, 448 U.S. at 564-74, 100 S.Ct. 2814. The Stevens trial was certainly no exception. In fact, recognizing from the outset the significant public interest in the case, the Court took extensive steps to ensure that members of the public and the media had access to all aspects of the proceedings. 9 See, e.g., Order, Stevens, No. 08-231 (Sept. 19, 2008) (setting aside reserved seats in the courtroom for members of the public and the media as well as providing an “overflow” courtroom with live audio and video transmittal of the proceedings).

The public’s interest in and right to access the Stevens trial was not merely a theoretical one. Rather, the trial received nearly unprecedented media coverage. By the Court’s estimation, for the 25 days of trial (including jury selection and deliberation), a total of 51 stories about the Stevens case ran in the front sections of the Washington Post and the New York Times. It is important to note, as the memorandum filed by Williams and Connolly points out, that this media attention was welcomed and even fostered by the prosecutors. See Stevens Memorandum at 1-2. The government issued a press release on the day it indicted Senator Stevens, and Matthew Friedrich, the Acting Assistant Attorney General for the Criminal Division, held a press conference to proclaim the news. See Press Release, U.S. Dep’t of Justice, U.S. Senator Indicted on False Statement Charges (July 29, 2008), available at http://www.justice.gov/ opa/pr/2008/July/08-crm-668.html (last visited Feb. 6, 2012); Senator Ted Stevens Indictment, C-Span Video Library (July 29, 2008), http://www.c-spanvideo.org/ program/280113-1 (accessed by searching “Ted Stevens Indictment” and limiting the date range to July 29, 2008) (last visited Feb. 6, 2012). The Department of Justice posted each day’s trial exhibits on its website. On the day of the verdict, Mr. Fried-rich stood with the trial team outside the courthouse and pronounced to the television cameras that “[t]he Department is proud of this team, not only for this trial, but for the investigation that led to it.” Senator Stevens Verdict News Conference Tr. at 00:03:23, C-Span Video Library (Oct. 27, 2008), http://www.c-spanvideo.org/ appearance/554818464 (last visited Feb. 6, 2012).

The public’s interest in the Stevens trial did not end after the verdict, nor did this Court’s efforts to protect that interest. Two months after the verdict, when the government sought to seal a complaint alleging prosecutorial misconduct filed by the FBI agent who had co-led the investigation of Senator Stevens, the Court issued an opinion concluding that the public had a First Amendment right to access the FBI agent’s post-trial complaint and the government’s pleadings related thereto. See United States v. Stevens, Crim. No. 08-23(EGS), 2008 WL 8743218, *8 (D.D.C. Dec. 19, 2008). Following the D.C. Circuit’s decision in Washington Post v. Robinson, the Court specifically found that access to the agent’s complaint and any resulting proceedings would be likely to serve the important function of monitoring prosecutorial misconduct, especially where motions made during the trial raised the same or similar allegations as those in the agent’s complaint, and the complaint specifically included allegations of such misconduct. Id. (citing Robinson, 935 F.2d at 288). As discussed infra, the same conclusion applies to Mr. Schuelke’s Report.

c. Mr. Schuelke’s Report is Related to the Stevens Trial

The opposing attorneys argue that there is no First Amendment right of access to Mr. Schuelke’s Report because it is an investigative document and there is no “unbroken, uncontradicted history” of access to such reports, which are the equivalent of grand jury materials to which the First Amendment does not provide a right of access. See Sullivan Motion at 20-21; Marsh Motion at 10. The opposing attorneys’ arguments based on grand jury secrecy are discussed infra Part II.B. As for their contention that the First Amendment does not provide access to the Report because it is an investigatory document unrelated to the Stevens trial, that argument is misplaced. 10

Mr. Schuelke’s Report relates and pertains to the Stevens prosecution, as did the FBI agent’s post-trial complaint alleging prosecutorial misconduct in the investigation and trial of Senator Stevens. Rather than moving to dismiss the indictment with prejudice, had the government filed a notice or other pleading with the Court informing the Court that the government had discovered post-trial that the prosecution team had committed additional Brady violations, the Court would have held an evidentiary hearing or otherwise taken steps to learn the extent of the misconduct and determine whether sanctions or other remedies, including criminal contempt proceedings, were appropriate. The public would certainly have enjoyed a First Amendment right of access to those proceedings, under the well-established precedent discussed above. However, in view of the government’s unopposed motion to dismiss the indictment and because Senator Stevens had a liberty interest at stake, it would have been inappropriate to defer ruling on the government’s motion in order to embark on such proceedings.

Accordingly, during a public hearing on the government’s motion held in the Stevens case, the Court appointed Mr. Schuelke to investigate and prosecute any criminal contempt proceedings as may be appropriate. See Transcript of Hearing 46:12-47:15, Stevens, No. 08-231 (April 7, 2009) (“April 7, 2009 Tr.”). In appointing Mr. Schuelke, the Court explicitly stated that “the Court has an obligation to determine what happened here and respond appropriately, and I intend to do so.” Id. 47:20-22. The Court also made clear that the public would have access to that information. See id. 46:9-11. (“This court has an independent obligation to ensure that any misconduct is fully investigated and addressed in an appropriate public forum.”). Only after appointing Mr. Schuelke did the Court grant the government’s motion to dismiss. Id. 48:17-20.

After a highly publicized trial and months of post-trial proceedings during which the prosecution team repeatedly denied any wrongdoing and zealously defended the guilty verdict it had obtained, the opposing attorneys cannot now circumvent the First Amendment and any public accountability by relying on the government’s eleventh-horn- motion to dismiss the indictment with prejudice. 11 The First Amendment right of access “serves an important function of monitoring prosecutorial or judicial misconduct.” Robinson, 935 F.2d at 288 (citing Press-Enterprise II, 478 U.S. at 8, 106 S.Ct. 2735; Globe Newspaper Co., 457 U.S. at 605-06, 102 S.Ct. 2613). That includes a right of access to Mr. Schuelke’s Report under the circumstances of this case.

2. Access to Mr. Schuelke’s Report Will Play a Significant Positive Role in Informing the Public Regarding Criminal Trials in General and the Stevens Case in Particular

The second step in the First Amendment analysis, whether access to the proceeding or document will play a significant role in informing the public regarding the matter at issue, is also satisfied here. As the Court stated during the April 7, 2009 hearing on the government’s motion to dismiss the indictment, this was a case with many “dramatic and unfortunately many shocking and disturbing moments.” April 7, 2009 Tr. at 3:14-16. Frequently during the trial, the Court was presented with persuasive arguments by the defense that the case should be dismissed or a mistrial declared because of prosecutorial misconduct. See, e.g., Senator Stevens’s Mot. to Dismiss Indictment or for Mistrial, Stevens, No. 08-231 (Sept. 28, 2008); Def.’s Emergency Mot. to Dismiss Case or for Mistrial Due to Gov’t’s Continuing Brady Violations, Stevens (Oct. 2, 2008); Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss Case or for Mistrial Due to Gov’t’s Failure to Comply with Fed. R.Crim. Proc. 16(a)(1)(E), Stevens (Oct 8, 2008).

In response to those arguments, the subject attorneys repeatedly responded that the mistakes were “unintentional,” “inadvertent,” and/or “immaterial.” For example, when the government failed to produce the exculpatory grand jury testimony of prospective government witness Rocky Williams, the prosecutors claimed that the testimony was immaterial. See Gov’t’s Opp’n to Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss or for New Trial, Stevens (Sept. 29, 2008). When the government sent Mr. Williams back to Alaska without first advising the defense or the Court, the prosecutors asserted that they were acting in “good faith.” Trial Transcript, Oct. 2, 2008, p.m., at 42. When government counsel told the Court that the government’s key witness, Bill Allen, had not been re-interviewed the day before the hearing on its Brady disclosures, this was a “mistaken understanding.” Gov’t’s Opp’n to Def.’s Motion to Dismiss Due to Alleged Misconduct at 15 (Oct. 6, 2008). When the government failed to turn over exculpatory statements from Dave Anderson, another government witness, the prosecutors claimed that the statements were immaterial. Trial Transcript, Oct. 8, 2008, p.m. at 58, 62, 64, 67. When the government failed to turn over a grand jury transcript containing exculpato ry information, the prosecutors claimed that it was “inadvertent.” Trial Transcript, Oct. 6, 2008, p.m. at 95. When the government used “business records” that the government knew to be false, the prosecutors said that it was unintentional. Trial Transcript, Oct. 8, 2008, p.m. at 76. When the government failed to produce the bank records of Bill Allen and then surprised the defense at trial with Bill Allen’s check, it claimed that this, too, was immaterial to the defense. Trial Transcript, Oct. 8, 2008, a.m. at 3.

Notwithstanding mounting evidence to the contrary, the Court accepted the prosecutors’ representations and declined to dismiss the case or declare a mistrial (though the Court did take other steps to ameliorate the prejudice to the defense). Had the Court known of the misconduct and the information concealed by the government, as documented in the Schuelke Report, those decisions would have been different.

As the Court noted in its November 21, 2011 Order, Mr. Schuelke and Mr. Shields found that the investigation and prosecution of Senator Stevens were “permeated by the -systematic concealment of significant exculpatory evidence which would have independently corroborated [his] defense and his testimony, and seriously damaged the testimony and credibility of the government’s key witness.” See Nov. 21, 2011 Order at 3 (quoting Mr. Schuelke’s Report at 1). ■ Mr. Schuelke and Mr. Shields found that at least some of this concealment was willful and intentional, and related to many of the issues raised by the defense during the course of the Stevens trial. In addition, they found evidence of concealment and misconduct previously unknown to the Court and to the defense, even after the government moved to dismiss the indictment. For these reasons, access to the Report would certainly play a positive role in informing the public of the flaws in the criminal trial of Senator Stevens. 12

Moreover, access to the Report will also play a .positive role in the public’s understanding of the Court’s decision with respect to criminal contempt proceedings in this case. As noted in the Court’s November 21, 2011 Order, despite his findings of significant, widespread, and at times intentional misconduct, Mr. Schuelke is not recommending any prosecution for criminal contempt. See Nov. 21, 2011 Order at 4. This is because in order to prove criminal contempt beyond a reasonable doubt under 18 U.S.C. § 401(3), the contemnor must disobey an order that is sufficiently “clear and unequivocal at the time it is issued.” Traub v. United States, 232 F.2d 43, 47 (D.C.Cir.1955). Mr. Schuelke concluded that no such order existed in this case. Rather, the Court accepted the repeated representations of the subject prosecutors that they were familiar with their discovery obligations, were complying with those obligations, and were proceeding in good faith. See Nov. 21, 2011 Order at 4-5. Having appointed Mr. Schuelke to “investigate and prosecute” criminal contempt proceedings as appropriate, the Court accepts- his findings and conclusions. The public can neither understand the basis for Mr. Schuelke’s findings and conclusions, however, nor the basis for the Court’s decision to accept those findings and conclusions, without access to the Report.

Further, it is not insignificant to the analysis of the public’s right of access to Mr. Schuelke’s Report that the public bore the cost not only of the Stevens trial and post-trial proceedings, which resulted in the government seeking permission to dismiss the indictment with prejudice and vacate the verdict, but also the costs associated with Mr. Schuelke’s investigation, and the costs associated with the subject attorneys’ legal representation throughout that investigation. See, e.g., Joe Palazzo, A Long Career Near the Spotlight But Rarely In It, Main Justice (July 17, 2009), http://www.mainjustice.com/2009/07/17/along-career-near-the-spotlight-but-rarely-in-it/ (noting that the federal judiciary was paying Mr. Schuelke for the investigation (at a “fraction” of his usual rate) and also paying the lawyers representing the subject attorneys); Brad Heath, Taxpayers Pay to Defend Prosecutors in Ted Stevens Case, USA Today, Feb. 2, 2012.

It would be a disservice to the public to require the public to bear these costs, only to deny it the right to access the previously undisclosed facts relevant to the public trial of Senator Stevens and uncovered by Mr. Schuelke’s investigation. In fact, the government recently made a similar argument in successfully opposing a defendant’s motion to seal a consent judgment. See Plaintiffs Memorandum of Points and Authorities in Opposition to the Defendant’s Motion to Seal Document, United States v. Harry L. Thomas, 06-cv-497 (DAR), Doc. No. 30, at 2-3 (“Since this debt involves guarantees by the United States paid on the original promissory notes, it involves the public funds used to pay the guarantees. The public must have access to the information it needs to appraise the Government’s work in protecting and preserving these public funds and in implementing the public policy behind guaranteed student loans.”).

Finally, access to the Report will play a significant role in the public’s understanding of criminal trials and safeguard against future prosecutorial misconduct, considerations the courts have consistently found weigh heavily in favor of the right of access. See, e.g., Press-Enterprise II, 478 U.S. at 12, 106 S.Ct. 2735 (stating that public access to criminal proceedings, particularly those where no jury is present, provides a “safeguard against the corrupt or overzealous prosecutor”); Globe Newspaper Co., 457 U.S. at 606, 102 S.Ct. 2613 (“Public scrutiny of a criminal trial enhances the quality and safeguards the integrity of the factfinding process, with benefits to both the defendant and to society as a whole.”); Richmond Newspapers, 448 U.S. at 569, 100 S.Ct. 2814 (finding that open criminal trials “discouraged [ ] the misconduct of participants”); Robinson, 935 F.2d at 288 (“The first amendment protects public access to [ ] court proceedings ... and serves an important function of monitoring prosecutorial or judicial misconduct.” (citations omitted)).

The Stevens case has come not only to symbolize the dangers of an overzealous prosecution and the risks inherent when the government does not abide by its discovery obligations, but it has also been credited with changing the way other courts, prosecutors, and defense counsel approach discovery in criminal cases. See, e.g., Amanda Coyne, Could Botched Ted Stevens Prosecution Prompt Federal Legal System Reform?, Alaska Dispatch (Nov. 28, 2011), available at http://www. alaskadispatch.com/article/could-botchedted-stevens-prosecution-prompt-federallegal-system-reform (recognizing attention the Stevens case has received in Washington, D.C., and around the country); David Ingram, Ted Stevens Became a Symbol for Prosecutorial Misconduct, The Blog of Legal Times (Aug. 10, 2010, 4:22 PM), http://legaltimes.typepad.com/blV2010/08/ ted-stevens-became-a-symbol-forprosecutorial-miseonducthtml (noting that Stevens has drawn “national attention to the obligations of prosecutors to turn over exculpatory evidence”); DLA Piper’s Zeidenberg on Prosecutorial Misconduct, Stevens and Lindsey, 25 Corp. Crime Reporter 48 (Dec. 13, 2011), available at http://corporatecrimereporter.com/ zeidenbergl2132011.htm (stating that judges are taking allegations of prosecutorial misconduct more seriously as a result of Stevens); Carrie Johnson, Court Ruling Reignites Debate Over Sharing Evidence, NPR (Jan. 12, 2012), available at http:// www.npr.org/2012/01/12/145102823/courtruling-reignites-debate-oversharingevidence (“Ever since the Ted Stevens fiasco, there have been a lot of nervous people in the Justice Department — all worried about the consequences of making a bad decision.”).

In revealing what happened in the Stevens case, Mr. Schuelke’s Report sheds significant light on these important issues.

3. The Opposing Attorneys Have Made No Showing of a Compelling Interest that Necessitates Closure, Nor Have They Shown that No Alternatives to Closure Will Adequately Protect Any Such Interest

As noted supra, the First Amendment right of access to criminal proceedings is not absolute, but the presumption of openness is overcome only by a compelling interest and a showing that no alternatives to closure can adequately protect that interest. See Press-Enterprise I, 464 U.S. at 510, 104 S.Ct. 819. The opposing attorneys have made no such showing in this case. While objecting generally to release of the Report as unfair and prejudicial to the opposing attorneys’ privacy and reputational interests, those attorneys have not specified any compelling interest that would meet their high burden to justify keeping the Report under seal. 13 See, e.g., Press-Enterprise II, 478 U.S. at 14-15, 106 S.Ct. 2735 (holding that state interest in preventing inflammation of public opinion against defendant, and informing potential jurors of exculpatory information wholly inadmissible at the actual trial, did not justify closing preliminary hearing); Globe Newspaper Co., 457 U.S. at 607-10, 102 S.Ct. 2613 (concluding that state interests in protecting minor victims of sex crimes from trauma and embarrassment and in encouraging victims to come forward and testify did not justify mandatory rule closing criminal trials during testimony of such minor victims); Richmond Newspapers, 448 U.S. at 580-81, 100 S.Ct. 2814 (holding state interest in completing trial proceedings for defendant, who had been tried four times, in part because prospective jurors were exposed to extensive media coverage, insufficient to close trial proceedings); Robinson, 935 F.2d at 290-92 (finding state interests in maintaining secrecy of grand jury proceedings, not compromising ongoing criminal investigation, and protecting safety of defendant and his family did not justify sealing plea agreement when defendant’s involvement in case, and ongoing cooperation with police, were already within the public knowledge); cf. Brice, 649 F.3d at 796-97 (assuming without deciding that First Amendment affords access to material witness proceedings but upholding trial court’s closure of the proceedings, where opening such proceedings would reveal “private and painful” information related to then-juvenile victims’ physical and mental health, constitute a “grotesque invasion of the victims’ privacy[,]” and trial court made finding that no alternatives to closure could protect the compelling privacy interest (internal citation and quotation marks omitted)).

Here, the identity of the subjects was known from the outset of the investigation, the matters under investigation were largely known to the public from the outset and arose from the subject attorneys’ conduct during the proceedings in a highly-publicized criminal trial, and some of the subject attorneys have themselves made statements to the media regarding Mr. Schuelke’s investigation. Under these circumstances, the opposing attorneys have not established an interest sufficiently compelling to justify withholding the Report. 14 Moreover, as discussed below, the opposing attorneys’ arguments that the First Amendment right of access is inapplicable because Mr. Schuelke’s investigation was akin to a grand jury proceeding are unavailing.

B. The Nature of the Schuelke Investigation

The opposing attorneys’ principal argument against publicly releasing Mr. Schuelke’s Report is that the investigation conducted by Mr. Schuelke was “substantially the same as a grand jury proceeding and should be bound by the same secrecy rules governing grand jury investigations.” Sullivan Motion at 6; see also Marsh Motion at 5; Goeke Memorandum at 1. The opposing attorneys maintain that the reasons underlying the grand jury secrecy rules are equally applicable to Mr. Schuelke’s investigation and that it would be unfair and prejudicial to the subject attorneys to release the Report when those attorneys will have no opportunity to challenge the Report’s findings in an adversarial proceeding. See, e.g., Sullivan Motion at 8-12; Marsh Motion at 11; Goeke Memorandum at 3. The Court will discuss each of these arguments in turn.

1. Grand Jury Secrecy

Grand jury secrecy is a long-established principle central to our criminal justice system. See, e.g., Douglas Oil Co. v. Petrol Stops Northwest, 441 U.S. 211, 219 n. 9, 99 S.Ct. 1667, 60 L.Ed.2d 156 (1979) (“Since the 17th century, grand jury proceedings have been closed to the public, and records of such proceedings have been kept from the public eye. The rule of grand jury secrecy was imported into our federal common law and is an integral part of our criminal justice system.” (internal citations omitted)). The reasons for such secrecy are also well-established.

First, if preindictment proceedings were made public, many prospective witnesses would be hesitant to come forward voluntarily, knowing that those against whom they testify would be aware of that testimony. Moreover, witnesses who appeared before the grand jury would be less likely to testify fully and frankly, as they would be open to retribution as well as to inducements. There also would be the risk that those about to be indicted would flee, or would try to influence individual grand jurors to vote against indictment. Finally, by preserving the secrecy of the proceedings, we assure that persons who are accused but exonerated by the grand jury will not be held up to public ridicule.

Douglas Oil, 441 U.S. at 219, 99 S.Ct. 1667. For these reasons, Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 6(e)(2)(B) prohibits disclosure of “matter[s] occurring before the grand jury.”

The opposing attorneys’ reliance on this principle falters, however, because (a) Mr. Schuelke’s investigation was not conducted as part of a grand jury proceeding; (b) Rule 6(e) does not apply to Mr. Schuelke’s investigation; and (c) the reasons underlying the need for grand jury secrecy are largely inapplicable to Mr. Schuelke’s investigation and the resulting Report.

a. Mr. Schuelke’s Investigation Did Not Include a Grand Jury Proceeding and Differed in Important Respects from a Grand Jury Proceeding

The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides in part that no person can be charged with a “capital, or otherwise infamous” crime without a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury. 15 Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 6 governs the grand jury process, including summoning and discharging the grand jurors, the requisite number of grand jurors, who may be present when the grand jury is in session, who may be present when the grand jury is voting, and the requirements and exceptions to grand jury secrecy. Federal grand juries are summoned by the United States District Court for a particular district, and they are administered by that court, which receives any indictments the grand jury returns. Fed.R.Crim.P. 6. Grand jurors take an oath, typically administered by the chief judge of the district court to which the grand jury was summoned. See, e.g., U.S. v. Williams, 504 U.S. 36, 47, 112 S.Ct. 1735, 118 L.Ed.2d 352 (1992).

This Court appointed Mr. Schuelke during the Stevens case to “investigate and prosecute such criminal contempt proceedings as may be appropriate” against the subject attorneys, pursuant to Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 42(a)(2). 16 April 7, 2009 Order. Neither Mr. Schuelke, Mr. Shields, nor any of the individuals or subjects appeared before a grand jury in relation to Mr. Schuelke’s investigation. See Declaration of Henry F. Schuelke, III (“Schuelke Deck”) ¶ 4.

At least one of the opposing attorneys relies on In re Special Proceedings, 373 F.3d 37 (1st Cir.2004), for the argument that Mr. Schuelke’s investigation was “substantially the same” as a grand jury proceeding. Sullivan Motion at 6. In In re Special Proceedings, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit concluded with little discussion or analysis that the “principal reasons for grand jury secrecy” applied with equal force to the special prosecutor’s investigation, and that “[wjhat the special prosecutor is currently doing is sufficiently like what a grand jury would do to make the analogy decisive.” 373 F.3d at 47.

That ease is of limited relevance here, however. As an initial matter, the Court notes that the First Circuit’s conclusion about the analogy between the special prosecutor and the grand jury was in the context of a discussion of “an ancillary matter” before that court, i.e., whether to unseal four documents and a deposition transcript. 17 Id. at 46. Second, and more importantly, the First Circuit’s decision was made during an ongoing investigation, where the need for secrecy is more compelling. See id. at 46^47. Finally, the investigation in that case focused on finding the source of a leak that violated the district court’s protective order, and the scope and subjects of the investigation may not have been publicly known or even known to the subjects themselves, requiring a greater level of secrecy. See id. at 40-41. In this case, Mr. Schuelke’s investigation has concluded. Moreover, the scope and subjects of the investigation have always been publicly known and, as discussed infra Part II.B.l.c, the reasons underlying grand jury secrecy, including the two reasons cited by the First Circuit in In re Special Proceedings, ie., “to protect the innocent against unfair publicity and to prevent tampering or escape by targets[,]” 373 F.3d at 47, are largely inapplicable to the unique circumstances in this case.

In the present case, not only was Mr. Schuelke’s investigation completely unrelated to and unaffiliated with any grand jury, it also differed in many significant ways from the grand jury process. For example, although Mr. Schuelke was au thorized by the Court to subpoena witnesses, none of the subjects was subpoenaed; rather they appeared for deposition voluntarily. Schuelke Decl. ¶ 3. Moreover, whereas witnesses in the grand jury are not permitted to have their counsel present in the grand jury, each of the subjects and other witnesses deposed in this case was represented by counsel, and counsel not only appeared with their client at the deposition, but also were permitted freely to ask questions during the depositions. See Schuelke Decl. ¶ 3. Significantly, and unlike many grand jury investigations, the subjects here were provided with the same underlying documents and information made available by the Justice Department to Mr. Schuelke, who adopted an open-file discovery policy. See Schuelke Decl. ¶ 2.

Finally, not only were the subjects of Mr. Schuelke’s investigation publicly known from the outset — indeed, they were announced in open court, named in the Court’s Order appointing Mr. Schuelke, and widely covered in the media — but the subjects knew from the outset that the Court intended to make public Mr. Schuelke’s findings; in fact, the public’s right to know of any misconduct during the Stevens case was the impetus for appointing Mr. Schuelke. See April 7, 2009 Tr. 46:7-11 (“[T]he events and allegations in this case are too serious and too numerous to be left to an internal investigation that has no public accountability. This court has an independent obligation to ensure that any misconduct is fully investigated and addressed in an appropriate public forum.”); April 7, 2009 Order (identifying subjects); see also Neil A. Lewis, Tables Turned on Prosecution in Stevens Case, N.Y. Times, Apr. 8, 2009, at A1 (detailing Judge Sullivan’s order to conduct an external investigation and naming its subjects); James Oliphant, Ted Stevens’ Charges Dismissed as Judge Excoriates Prosecutors, L.A. Times, Apr. 8, 2009; Del Quentin Wilber, Judge Orders Probe of Attorneys in Stevens Case; Prosecutor Misconduct Alleged in Former Senator’s Trial, Wash. Post, Apr. 8, 2009, at A01.

b. Rule 6(e) Does Not Apply to Mr. Schuelke’s Investigation

Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 6(e) requires grand jury secrecy with certain exceptions. 18 Because the rule governs grand jury proceedings, it does not apply to Mr. Schuelke’s investigation. Nevertheless, the opposing attorneys argue that because the investigation was “like” a grand jury proceeding, the secrecy rules should apply. At least one opposing attorney cites to In re Sealed Case 00-5116, 237 F.3d 657 (D.C.Cir.2001), for support. See Sullivan Motion at 7, n. 3. This argument is unpersuasive. In In re Sealed Case 00-5116, the D.C. Circuit considered whether an investigation by the FEC had to be handled under seal. See 237 F.3d at 661-62. The court looked to the FEC’s statutory enforcement scheme and concluded:

The plain language of these provisions and the overall purpose and structure of the statutory scheme create a strong confidentiality interest analogous to that protected by Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 6(e)(6). In both contexts, se crecy is vital “to protect [an] innocent accused who is exonerated from disclosure of the fact that he has been under investigation.”

Id. at 667 (citations omitted).

In this case, there is no such statutory or regulatory enforcement scheme requiring confidentiality. Moreover, as discussed swpra, the subjects of the investigation, the fact that they were under investigation, and the matters and scope of the investigation have been widely publicized from the outset.

Next, the opposing attorneys argue that the protective orders entered by this Court during Mr. Schuelke’s investigation provide for confidentiality of the discovery material produced by the Department of Justice during the investigation, including pre-existing grand jury material covered by Rule 6(e), and therefore Mr. Schuelke’s Report “contains the equivalent of grand jury material prohibited from disclosure by grand jury secrecy rules.” Sullivan Motion at 8; see also Marsh Motion at 7, 10. Fatal to the opposing attorneys’ argument, however, are the facts that (a) the Protective Orders entered by the Court at the request of the Department of Justice provided the Department of Justice — not the subject attorneys — certain protections with respect to the material it was producing to Mr. Schuelke and to the subject attorneys; and (b) in response to the Court’s November 21, 2011 Order directing the Department of Justice pursuant to the Amended Protective Order to file a motion if it believed “any of the Material(s) or sealed pleadings or transcripts identified by Mr. Schuelke in his Report should be withheld from the public,” the Department of Justice:

[A]dvise[d] the court that it does not intend to file a motion regarding Mr. Schuelke’s report. The government does not contend there is any legal prohibition on the disclosure of any references in Mr. Schuelke’s report to grand jury material, court-authorized interceptions of wire communications, or any sealed pleadings or transcripts that have now been unsealed. Moreover, in order to be as cooperative as possible with Mr. Schuelke’s investigation, the Department did not withhold any information from Mr. Schuelke on the basis of a privilege belonging to the government, such as the deliberative process or attorney-work product privilege, and therefore asserts no such privilege now with respect to the information contained in Mr. Schuelke’s report.

DOJ Notice at 1-2 (citing Fed.R.Crim.P. 6(e)(3)(E)(i); 18 U.S.C. § 2517(2)) (footnote omitted).

Accordingly, release of the Report does not violate any legal or procedural rules requiring confidentiality or secrecy.

c. The Reasons Underlying Grand Jury Secrecy are Largely Inapplicable to Mr. Schuelke’s Investigation

As cited previously, the reasons for grand jury secrecy are well established:

First, if preindictment proceedings were made public, many prospective witnesses would be hesitant to come forward voluntarily, knowing that those against whom they testify would be aware of that testimony. Moreover, witnesses who appeared before the grand jury would be less likely to testify fully and frankly, as they would be open to retribution as well as to inducements. There also would be the risk that those about to be indicted would flee, or would try to influence individual grand jurors to vote against indictment. Finally, by preserving the secrecy of the proceedings, we assure that persons who are accused but exonerated by the grand jury will not be held up to public ridicule.

Douglas Oil, 441 U.S. at 218-19, 99 S.Ct. 1667.

These reasons are largely inapplicable to Mr. Schuelke’s investigation. First, the subjects in this matter are all government attorneys, and each of them knew or had reason to know what witnesses Mr. Schuelke would likely be interviewing or deposing, most of whom were other government attorneys or employees. As for the non-subject witnesses, because the subjects and scope of the investigation were publicly known from the outset and the investigation itself was the source of considerable media attention, any hesitation to “come forward voluntarily” could not be alleviated by secrecy.

Second, because the subjects are government attorneys, as were most of the other witnesses, the Court assumes that the risk that these individuals would be “less likely to testify fully and frankly” or that they would be “open to retribution as well as to inducements” is minimal, regardless of the level of secrecy afforded by Mr. Schuelke’s investigation. Similarly, the risk that the subjects might flee seems remote (in fact, the subjects remain attorneys employed by the Department of Justice), as does the risk that they would try to influence Mr. Schuelke or Mr. Shields to recommend against prosecution. Moreover, Mr. Schuelke and Mr. Shields are both well-respected attorneys with a wealth of experience, including prosecutorial experience, and highly unlikely to be susceptible to any such attempts to influence their decisions in this matter. 19

The final factor, protecting the accused from “public ridicule,” is discussed below, though it is worth noting here that the public has been well aware of the identity of the subjects from the outset.

2. Potential Prejudice to the Subject Attorneys

The opposing attorneys argue that grand juries may not accuse a person of criminal misconduct unless they return a valid indictment, and that grand juries may not issue reports or presentments if the investigation does not lead to an indictment. See Sullivan Motion at 9-10 (citing authorities). Because Mr. Schuelke and Mr. Shields are not recommending that the subject attorneys be prosecuted for criminal contempt, the opposing attorneys contend that the Report should remain sealed, based on the same reasons that grand juries are prohibited from issuing reports in cases where there is no indictment.

As the opposing attorneys point out, there are compelling reasons to prohibit grand juries from issuing reports in cases where there will not be an. indictment. See Sullivan Motion at 9-10; Marsh Motion at 11. For example, grand juries are not adversarial proceedings, nor are they governed by the rules of evidence, so the grand jury can “hear any rumor, tip, hear say, or innuendo it wishes, in secret, with no opportunity for cross-examination.” In re Grand Jury Proceedings, Special Grand Jury 89-2 (Rocky Flats Grand Jury), 813 F.Supp. 1451, 1463 (D.Colo. 1992) (citation omitted). Moreover, “[t]he grand jury is not required to hear or consider evidence which would exonerate a target of an investigation, and the fairness of its methods is unreviewable.” Id. Finally, as two opposing attorneys argue, “a report issued by a non-indicting grand jury making accusations against an uncharged individual causes the individual to suffer public stigma and reputational damage without affording the individual any meaningful opportunity to rebut the allegations.” Sullivan Motion at 10; see also Marsh Motion at 11-12.

The Court is not insensitive to this issue and recognizes that Mr. Schuelke is not recommending criminal contempt proceedings. Nevertheless, the unique circumstances of this case are distinct from the concerns expressed by the opposing attorneys and the Rocky Flats court, and any claimed prejudice to the subject attorneys is further addressed by the Court’s decision to permit the subject attorneys to submit comments for publication with the Report. 20

First, although Mr. Schuelke’s investigation was not an adversarial proceeding, the subject attorneys were represented by counsel, who were permitted and did ask questions during the depositions of their clients. See Schuelke Deck ¶ 3. The subjects were also provided access to the underlying evidence and therefore had the opportunity to, and did, present defenses. See Id. ¶ 2. In fact, this is evident from the deposition testimony excerpted at length in the Report. Moreover, while Mr. Schuelke’s investigation was not specifically governed by the rules of evidence, given the nature and scope of the investigation and its subjects, as well as Mr. Schuelke and Mr. Shields’ experience investigating, prosecuting and defending criminal matters, see supra n. 19, there should be no concern regarding their inclination to consider or be susceptible to “rumor, tip, hearsay, or innuendo.” 21 In addition, as is clear from his Report, Mr. Schuelke did consider evidence favorable to the subjects of his investigation, and drew certain conclusions based on that evidence. Releasing Mr. Schuelke’s Report will actually subject the “fairness of [his] methods” to review. Rocky Flats, 813 F.Supp. at 1463.

Finally, the need to guard against any public stigma and reputational damage in releasing the Report is diminished by the unique circumstances of this case. Here, both the issues under investigation and the subjects of the investigation have been known and widely publicized from the outset, as they stemmed from very public proceedings. The subjects were also on notice from the outset that the Court intended the results of the investigation to be public because the Court announced that intent during the April 7, 2009 hearing when it appointed Mr. Schuelke. April 7, 2009 Tr. at 46:7-11 (“[T]he events and allegations in this case are too serious and too numerous to be left to an internal investigation that has no public accountability. This court has an independent obligation to ensure that any misconduct is fully investigated and addressed in an appropriate public forum.”). In fact, at least some of the subject attorneys themselves have made statements to the press about the investigation. See, e.g., Mike Scarcella, Judge: Ted Stevens Investigation Reveals Prosecutorial Misconduct, The Blog of Legal Times (Nov. 21, 2011, 11:57 AM), http://legaltimes.typepad.com/blV2011/ll/ judge-ted-stevens-investigation-revealsproseuctorial-miseonduct.html; Mike Scarcella, Appeals Court Backs Civil Contempt Ruling in Ted Stevens Case, The Blog of Legal Times (Dec. 9, 2011 4:57 PM), http:// legaltimes.typepad.com/blV2011/12/ appeals-eourt-backs-civil-contempt-rulingin-ted-stevens-case.html.

Moreover, it is significant that two of the six subject attorneys either do not oppose and/or favor publicly releasing the Report. In addition, all of the subject attorneys work for the Department of Justice and were investigated by the Department’s Office of Professional Responsibility (“OPR”), presumably regarding the same conduct investigated by Mr. Schuelke, and the Department of Justice has reviewed Mr. Schuelke’s Report. 22 Accordingly, the subject attorneys’ employer is already aware of the information in the Report, and therefore any argument that they will suffer professional damage from release of the Report is speculative.

Nevertheless, in order to address any claimed prejudice that could result from releasing the Report when its findings will not be subjected to an adversarial proceeding, the Court will afford the subject attorneys another opportunity to submit comments on the Report. See supra n. 8. Those comments shall be published with the Report, to enable the public to consider the subject attorneys’ comments simultaneously with the Report. This is in keeping with the process followed by the D.C. Circuit in In re North and subsequent cases, where there were similar concerns about publicly releasing a report containing allegations that would not be subjected to an adversarial process. See North, 16 F.3d at 1236, 1241; see also In re Cisneros, 426 F.3d 409, 413-14 (D.C.Cir. 2005); In re Espy, 259 F.3d 725, 729 (D.C.Cir.2001).

C. The D.C. Circuit’s Decision in In re North

In the case of In re North, the D.C. Circuit considered whether to publicly re lease the Independent Counsel’s report on the Iran-Contra investigation. 16 F.3d 1234. To be clear, the expired Independent Counsel statute is obviously not directly applicable to this case. Nevertheless, the Circuit’s analysis in North is instructive. In North, as here, the court was faced with objections to publicly releasing the Independent Counsel’s report based on arguments that (1) it was unfair to release a report raising allegations of wrongdoing when those allegations would not be tested by an adversarial process; and (2) the report contained grand jury material subject to Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 6(e)’s secrecy requirements. As discussed supra Part II.B., those are the same arguments raised by the subject attorneys opposed to releasing Mr. Schuelke’s Report.

In the final analysis, and not without reservations, the North court determined that the report should be released, with the inclusion of an appendix consisting of comments from persons named in the report. 16 F.3d at 1241. The court reached that determination after weighing four factors, and it later used the same framework and reached the same or similar conclusions in two subsequent cases involving whether to release reports by two other Independent Counsel. See id. at 1240-41; Cisneros, 426 F.3d at 413-14; Espy, 259 F.3d at 729-30.

This Court has already determined, as discussed supra Part II.A, that the First Amendment right of access compels disclosure of Mr. Schuelke’s Report. A brief discussion of the factors set forth in North, however, demonstrates that those factors also overwhelmingly weigh in favor of disclosure. Those factors are:

(1) whether the subjects of the investigation have already been disclosed to the public; (2) whether the subjects do not object to the filings being released to the public; (3) whether the filings contain information which is already publicly known[;] and (4) whether the [cjourt filings consist of legal or factual rulings in a case which should be publicly available to understand the court’s rules and precedents or to follow developments in a particular matter.

North, 16 F.3d at 1240; see also Cisneros, 426 F.3d at 413; Espy, 259 F.3d at 729.

1. Whether the Subjects of the Investigation Have Already Been Disclosed to the Public

This factor obviously requires little discussion or analysis. As discussed throughout, the subject attorneys were named in the Court’s public order appointing Mr. Schuelke, have been identified in any number of articles regarding the investigation, and several have made statements to the media themselves about Mr. Schuelke’s investigation.

2. Whether the Subjects Do Not Object to the Filings Being Released to the Public

As previously noted, four of the six subject attorneys oppose releasing Mr. Schuelke’s Report — though the degree and extent of their opposition varies. See supra n. 5. One of the subject attorneys, on the other hand, “welcomes” release of the Report, and the sixth subject attorney does not oppose release. See Morris Submission; Welch Notice. It is not possible, nor would it be appropriate under the unique circumstances in this case, to release only those portions that relate to the non-opposing attorneys. See, e.g., North, 16 F.3d at 1240 (“Movants seeking release and movants opposing are the subjects of accounts as intertwined and inseparable as fibers within the strands of a woven rope.”). Accordingly, while this factor independently might weigh against release, it is heavily outweighed by the other factors under North and for all of the reasons discussed previously in this decision.

3. Whether the Filings Contain Information Which is Already Publicly Known

This factor weighs heavily in favor of disclosure. Not only does the Report relate to representations made and actions taken by the subject attorneys during and leading up to the highly-publicized Stevens trial, it also reveals underlying facts that counter or contradict some of those actions and representations. In other words, withholding the Report leaves the public in some cases with only the wrong or misleading information. 23 See North, 16 F.3d at 1240 (“Not only is the information widely known, it is widely known incorrectly.”).

4. Whether the Court Filings Consist of Legal or Factual Rulings In a Case Which Should Be Publicly Available to Understand the Court’s Rules and Precedents or to Follow Developments in a Particular Matter

Finally, this factor also weighs heavily in favor of disclosure. 24 Again, the extent to which the media and the public followed the developments in the Stevens trial is nearly unprecedented. As the Court said in its November 21, 2011 Order,

The public availability of the results of Mr. Schuelke’s Report will facilitate the public’s understanding of the Court’s rulings in the Stevens case and the constitutional and procedural requirements inherent in our criminal justice system, and will better enable the public to follow and place in context the developments in the Stevens case, all of which, again, were widely publicized at the time.

November 21, 2011 Order at 12.

Moreover, as discussed supra, the Stevens trial and its aftermath have led to an ongoing national dialogue regarding the constitutional and procedural requirements — or lack thereof — that protect defendants in the criminal justice system. See, e.g., Mike Scarcella, Divided on Discovery; A Bare Majority of Judges Would Impose Stricter Rules on Prosecutors, National Law Journal, Mar. 14, 2011 (explaining that Stevens led to a call for the Judicial Conference Criminal Rules Committee to reconsider expanding prosecutors’ discovery obligations; according to a survey by the Federal Judicial Center, 51 percent of federal and magistrate judges favor changing Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 16 to require the disclosure of all exculpatory information to the defense); American Bar Association, Select Committee Report on the ABA Annual Meeting 14 (Sept. 2, 2011), available at http://www. americanbar.org/groupsAeadership/2011_ annual_house_mtg_docs.html (follow “Select Committee Report (September 7, 2011)” hyperlink) (noting approval by ABA House of Delegates of Criminal Committee Resolution 105D, urging governments to adopt formal disclosure rules requiring prosecutors to disclose exculpatory evidence to defense) (last visited Feb. 6, 2012); Model Criminal Code, 18 U.S.C. § 3014 (Draft Proposed by Nat’l Ass’n of Criminal Defense Lawyers 2011), available at http://www.nacdl.Org/N ewsReleases. aspx?id=20531 (follow “NACDL Proposed 18 USC § 3014” hyperlink at bottom of page) (requiring prosecutors to disclose information favorable to the defendant) (last visited Feb. 6, 2012). The exhaustive efforts of Mr. Schuelke and Mr. Shields, which involved review of more than 150,-000 pages of documents, twelve depositions, witness interviews, and a comprehensive understanding of the government’s investigation, charges, pre-trial and trial proceedings, not only in the Stevens matter, but also in relevant aspects of at least two other federal prosecutions brought by the Department of Justice’s Public Integrity Section against Alaskan state officials, can greatly inform that national discussion. 25 ’ 26

III. Conclusion

As set forth above, the public has a First Amendment right of access to Mr. Schuelke’s Report. In fact, under the circumstances of this case, it would be a disservice and an injustice to withhold the results of the Report, particularly where the Court indicated from the outset that it would make the Report public. Mr. Schuelke’s Report chronicles significant prosecutorial misconduct in a highly publicized investigation and prosecution brought by the Public Integrity Section against an incumbent United States Senator. The government’s ill-gotten verdict in the case not only cost that public official his bid for re-election, the results of that election tipped the balance of power in the United States Senate. That the government later moved to dismiss the indictment with prejudice and vacate the verdict months after the trial does not eradicate the misconduct, nor should it serve to shroud that misconduct in secrecy. The First Amendment serves the important function of monitoring prosecutorial misconduct, but the public cannot monitor the misconduct in the Stevens case without access to the results of Mr. Schuelke’s investigation, which are detailed in his five-hundred-page Report.

Accordingly, it is hereby

ORDERED that the two motions to withhold the Report are DENIED; it is further

ORDERED that Mr. Schuelke shall distribute an unredacted version of this Memorandum Opinion to all attorneys who received copies of the Report, pursuant to the Court’s November 21, 2011 Order and the executed Confidentiality Agreement; it is further

ORDERED that by no later than March 8, 2012, each subject attorney may submit to Mr. Schuelke four paper copies and one electronic copy of written comments or objections to be filed as addenda to Mr. Schuelke’s Report; it is further

ORDERED that Mr. Schuelke shall file his Report on the public docket on March 15, 2012, which shall include as addenda to the Report any comments or objections received from the subject attorneys; it is further

ORDERED that when the Report is made public, the individuals who are subject to the Confidentiality Agreement as a condition to having access to the Report shall be released from that Confidentiality Agreement; it is further

ORDERED that on March 15, 2012, all pleadings related to Mr. Schuelke’s Report and filed in response to this Court’s November 21, 2011 Order shall be unsealed and placed on the public docket; finally, it is further

ORDERED that on March 15, 2012, an unredacted version of this Memorandum Opinion shall be placed on the public docket.

An appropriate Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.

1 . In addition to the two motions, two individuals or entities filed objections to publicly disclosing Mr. Schuelke’s Report, and one entity filed a memorandum in support of publicly releasing the Report, but these individuals and entities did not specifically move the Court for their requested relief. Nevertheless, as discussed infra Part I.B., the Court has considered and will address all arguments made in opposition to and in support of public disclosure, regardless of whether they were made by motion, memorandum, or notice. As also discussed infra Part I.B., the Department of Justice and two of the subject attorneys filed pleadings indicating that they do not oppose release of the Report.

2 . Because this Memorandum Opinion references information that is currently under seal, the Court has made limited redactions to this Opinion. In view of the Court’s decision to publicly release Mr. Schuelke's Report and the various pleadings discussed herein on March 15, 2012, the Court will also post an unredacted version of this Memorandum Opinion on that date.

3 . Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 83 S.Ct. 1194, 10 L.Ed.2d 215 (1963).

4 . One of the subject attorneys, Nicholas Marsh, died on September 26, 2010, while Mr. Schuelke's investigation was ongoing. A pleading was filed on behalf of Mr. Marsh’s estate, which the Court will refer to as Mr. Marsh's pleading.

5 . This is not to say that the pleadings are equally comprehensive or that each of the opposing attorneys made all of the same arguments. Compare, e.g., the twenty-two-page Sullivan Motion (including extensive case law and analysis) and thirteen-page Marsh Motion (including considerable case law and analysis) with the two-page Bottini Submission (citing no legal authority) and the four-page Goeke Memorandum (citing three cases with little to no analysis). Although four of the six subject attorneys noted their opposition to releasing the Report, only two of them strenuously object and raise legal bases for withholding the Report from the public. Nevertheless, because the general objections to publicly releasing the Report are common to each of the pleadings and all four opposing attorneys seek the same relief, i.e., keeping the Report from the public, the Court will consider the pleadings collectively. It is important to make clear, however, that at times the Court is attributing all of the arguments made to all four of the opposing attorneys, where in most instances the argument, and certainly any analysis, were in reality only proffered by one and sometimes two of the opposing attorneys.

6 . Senator Stevens died on August 9, 2010, while Mr. Schuelke’s investigation was ongoing. The attorneys at Williams & Connolly who represented Senator Stevens throughout the Stevens proceedings filed a pleading, which the Court will refer to as Senator Steven’s pleading.

7 . In addition to the pleadings already discussed, one individual or entity filed a motion to modify Mr. Schuelke’s Report. See Motion for Modifications to Report filed by Bill J. Allen. That motion was later withdrawn. Notice of Bill J. Allen regarding Mr. Schuelke’s Amended Report.

8 . The Court notes that at least two of the opposing attorneys imply in their pleadings that they were not "invited” to comment on the substance of the Report. See Marsh Motion at 11 ("We do not understand the Court’s order to invite comments on the substance of the report and we do not undertake that effort here.”); Goeke Memorandum at 3 ("While we understand that the Court's November 21, 2011 Order did not invite Mr. Goeke and the other government attorneys to rebut the substance of the Schuelke Report....”). The Court's November 21, 2011 Order, however, specifically and explicitly provided that opportunity. See November 21, 2011 Order at 10-11 ("It is further ORDERED that any other individual seeking to withhold from the public information contained in Mr. Schuelke’s Report shall file a motion under seal, and, if appropriate, any comments or factual information regarding the Report, by no later than January 6, 2012, and shall provide the basis and nature of the relief sought.”) (emphasis added).

9 . The Supreme Court has recognized that the public may obtain its access to judicial proceedings through the media. See Richmond Newspapers, 448 U.S. at 572-73, 100 S.Ct. 2814 ("Instead of acquiring information about trials by firsthand observation or by word of mouth from those who attended, people now acquire it chiefly through the print and electronic media. In a sense, this validates the media claim of functioning as surrogates for the public. While media representatives enjoy the same right of access as the public, they often are provided special seating and priority of entry so that they may report what people in attendance have seen and heard. This 'contribute[s] to public understanding of the rule of law and to comprehension of the functioning of the entire criminal justice system ....’" (quoting Nebraska Press Ass'n v. Stuart, 427 U.S. 539, 587, 96 S.Ct. 2791, 49 L.Ed.2d 683 (1976) (Brennan, J„ concurring in judgment))).

10 . Nor is it significant that the clerk's office created a miscellaneous case number for filings in these contempt proceedings. This administrative act has no bearing on whether the Report is a judicial document relating to the Stevens case, which, of course, it is. In fact, this is precisely the position taken by two of the subject attorneys in the Court of Appeals when they appealed this Court's decision related to a finding of civil contempt. See In re Contempt Finding in United States v. Stevens, Case No. 10-5372 (D.C.Cir.), Motion to Include District Court Docket in United States v. Stevens, 08-cr-231 (D.D.C.), in the Record on Appeal ("Following its decision to hold Appellants in contempt, the District Court created a separate docket, In re Contempt Finding in United States v. Stevens, 09-mc-273-EGS (D.D.C.), for further contempt proceedings, which did not include entries for orders, filings, and transcripts that are at the heart of the contempt finding.... Only by including the docket entries in United States v. Stevens can this Court have ready access to all of the information necessary to render a full and fair decision in this appeal.”). The D.C. Circuit affirmed this Court's decision on December 9, 2011. 663 F.3d 1270 (D.C.Cir. 2011).

11 . In fact, just two months before the government's dramatic move to dismiss the indictment, the prosecution team told the Court that there was no need for any post-trial discovery and that "the government is confident that [its response to the Defendant's post-trial motions] will resolve the need for further inquiry into the allegations as they relate to the trial and the convictions of the Defendant.” See Gov’t's Proposed Scheduling Order at 1, Stevens (Feb. 6, 2009).

12 . It is also significant to this analysis that the information revealed as a result of the government's motion to dismiss the indictment and vacate the verdict in the Stevens case, and this Court's decision to appoint Mr. Schuelke to investigate the subject attorneys, had dramatic implications for two other individuals convicted by the Public Integrity Section as part of the "Polar Pen Investigation” of Alaska political corruption. Peter Kott, former Speaker of the Alaska House of Representatives, and Victor H. Kohring, a former member of the Alaska House of Representatives, had been convicted and were serving prison sentences on bribery and extortion-related charges when the government moved to dismiss the Stevens case and the Court appointed Mr. Schuelke. Because of these events, in April 2009, Mr. Kott and Mr. Kohring moved for release from custody and for disclosure of all Brady material in their own cases. In June 2009, the government uncovered Brady material in both cases and asked the Ninth Circuit to remand the cases to the District Court of Alaska and to immediately release Kott and Kohring on personal recognizance. The Ninth Circuit granted the requested relief. See Order, U.S. v. Kohring, Case No. 08-30170 (9th Cir. June 10, 2009) Doc. No. 41; Order, U.S. v. Kott, 333 Fed. Appx. 204 (9th Cir.2009) Doc. No. 59. In March 2011, the Ninth Circuit found that information suppressed by the government in both cases was favorable and material to the defense and that the prosecution violated Brady and Giglio v. United States, 405 U.S. 150, 92 S.Ct. 763, 31 L.Ed.2d 104 (1972). The Court of Appeals vacated the convictions and remanded the cases to the District Court for new trials. See United States v. Kohring, 637 F.3d 895 (9th Cir.2011); United States v. Kott, 423 Fed.Appx. 736 (9th Cir.2011). On October 21, 2011, both men pleaded guilty and were sentenced to time served. Richard Mauer, Corruption Trials Ended; Kott, Kohring Plead Guilty, Sentenced to Time Served, Anchorage Daily News (Oct. 22, 2011).

13 . Nor have any of the opposing attorneys contended that the Report is factually inaccurate, with the exception of Mr. Bottini, who asserted that the Report "contains inaccuracies” but identified none. Bottini Submission at 2.

14 . Having concluded that the public has a First Amendment right of access to Mr. Schuelke's Report, the Court need not determine whether there is also a common law right of access to the Report as a judicial document. Stevens Memo at 6-8.

15 . An individual can waive her right to an indictment by grand jury, in which case a prosecutor can file with the court a charging document known as an “Information,” which need not be approved or even presented to a grand jury. Fed.R.Crim.P. 7(b).

16 . Rule 42(a)(2) provides that the court “must request that the contempt be prosecuted by an attorney for the government, unless the interest of justice requires the appointment of another attorney.” Fed.R.Crim.P. 42(a)(2). Where, as here, the government attorneys are involved or possible subjects of the prosecution, the court may choose to appoint a non-government attorney. See, e.g., In re Special Proceedings, 373 F.3d 37, 43 (1st Cir.2004) (upholding district court's decision to appoint non-government attorney under Fed. R.Crim.P. 42(a)(2) where the district court had "multiple reasons for concern about having the government handle the matter[,]” including that the prosecution was a potential source of the leak being investigated in the contempt proceeding); see also Young v. United States ex rel. Vuitton Et Fils S.A., 481 U.S. 787, 800-01, 107 S.Ct. 2124, 95 L.Ed.2d 740 (1987) ("While contempt proceedings are sufficiently criminal in nature to warrant the imposition of many procedural protections, their fundamental purpose is to preserve respect for the judicial system itself. As a result, courts have long had, and must continue to have, the authority to appoint private attorneys to initiate such proceedings when the need arises.").

17 . The principal issue before the court in In re Special Proceedings was a subject’s challenge to the district court's appointment of a private attorney, rather than a government attorney, to prosecute contempt proceedings. As discussed supra n. 16, the Court of Appeals rejected the subject’s multiple arguments and affirmed the district court's appointment of a non-government attorney.

18 . The exceptions in the Rule providing for when grand jury information may be made public are not exclusive. See, e.g., In re Kutler, 800 F.Supp.2d 42, 45 (D.D.C.2011) ("Consistent with this principle, it has been the initiative of courts — through the exercise of their inherent authority regarding grand jury records — that has shaped the development of Rule 6(e). Since its adoption by the Supreme Court in 1944, the rule has been amended to reflect 'subsequent developments wrought in decisions of the federal courts.’ These amendments confirm that courts’ ability to order the disclosure of grand jury records has never been confined by Rule 6(e)'s enumerated exceptions.” (citation omitted)).

19 . Mr. Schuelke served in the Judge Advocate General's Corps, U.S. Army, including as a Military Judge in the U.S. Army Judiciary. Mr. Schuelke is also a former Assistant United States Attorney for the District of Columbia, and has served as Special Counsel to the U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Special Counsel to the U.S. Senate Select Committee on Ethics, a member of this court’s Committee on Grievances, and currently serves as Special Counsel to the District of Columbia Commission on Judicial Disabilities and Tenure. He has practiced white-collar criminal defense for thirty-two years. Mr. Shields served as an Assistant District Attorney in the New York County District Attorney’s Office, and later as a Special Assistant Attorney General in New York, where he led investigations and prosecutions of health care fraud. Mr. Shields has practiced white-collar criminal defense for twenty-four years.

20 . One of the opposing attorneys argues that the Report should be permanently sealed because Rule 42 does not authorize or contemplate such a report. See Sullivan Motion at 21, n. 10. That argument is unpersuasive. Rule 42 and the case law authorize the Court to appoint a non-government attorney to prosecute criminal contempt proceedings if it is in the interest of justice. See Young, 481 U.S. at 800-01, 107 S.Ct. 2124; In re Special Proceedings, 373 F.3d at 43. The purpose of the Rule is to "preserve respect for the judicial system itself.” Young, 481 U.S. at 800, 107 S.Ct. 2124. It seems incongruous that the Rule would authorize the court to appoint such an attorney but not permit the attorney to meaningfully report back to the court after investigating the matter at issue. Such a result would be inconsistent with the Rule's purpose to "preserve respect for the judicial system itself.” A detailed written report is all the more appropriate in a complex case such as this, requiring review of more than 150,-000 pages of documents, numerous depositions, and extensive research.

21 . The Report makes abundantly clear that its findings and conclusions are based exclusively on the documentary record and witness testimony.

22 . The Court notes that while the government promised, both in its April 1, 2009 Motion to Dismiss and at the April 7, 2009 hearing, to share the results of its OPR investigation at least with the Court, if not the public, the Court has yet to either see that report or be invited to see that report. See Mot. of the United States to Set Aside Verdict and Dismiss Indictment With Prejudice at 2, Stevens (Apr. 1, 2009); April 7, 2009 Tr. at 14:24-15:3. The Attorney General has, however, recognized the very public nature of the Stevens case and its aftermath. Oversight of the U.S. Department of Justice: Hearing before the Senate Judiciary Comm., Webcast at 66:00-66:10 (Nov. 8, 2011), http://www.judiciary. senate.gov/hearings/hearing.cfm?id =9b6937d5e931a0b792d258d9b32d21a8 (last visited Feb. 2, 2012), (“I want to share as much of [the OPR report] as we possibly can given the very public nature of that matter and the very public nature of the decision I made to dismiss the case[.]”).

23 . Merely by way of example, these include revelations that Rocky Williams believed that his time was being included in the Christensen bills, which supported the defense’s contention that the Senator and Mrs. Stevens believed they were paying for the VECO employee's time in the Christensen bills; the prosecutors dismissed this argument made by the defense while concealing the favorable statements made by Williams. Similarly, the prosecutors made a number of representations to the Court regarding Bill Allen and Bambi Tyree that are now known to be false. The Court made a number of rulings based on these misrepresentations, including limiting the defense's ability to cross-examine Allen about those issues. In addition, the government notified Allen’s attorney just before trial that an active state investigation into Allen’s sex with minors had "merit,” and Allen's counsel informed the government that Allen would assert his Fifth Amendment privilege if asked about these matters. The government concealed all of this from the defense and from the Court. And of course, there are the revelations in the Report regarding the "CYA” testimony. Withholding Mr. Schuelke's Report under these circumstances leaves the public with incomplete and inaccurate information about the matters involved in the Stevens trial and uncovered by Mr. Schuelke’s investigation.

24 . Curiously, one opposing attorney argues that because Mr. Schuelke’s Report contains "substantial allegations of 'concealment and serious misconduct that was previously unknown,’ " the Report “could not possibly help explain the Court’s rulings in United States v. Stevens or assist the public in following developments in a trial that ended in 2008.” Marsh Motion at 10 (quoting the Court’s November 21, 2011 Order). In other words, the opposing attorney appears to argue that because the information was concealed from the defense and the public long enough for the government to move to dismiss the indictment (upon discovery by new Department of Justice attorneys that some of the information previously withheld from the defense by the subject attorneys would at least require a new trial), the evidence of that concealment and misconduct could never have a bearing on what occurred in the Stevens trial and should never come to light. The Court finds this argument utterly devoid of merit.

25 . See supra n. 12.

26 . As noted supra, n. 16, Rule 42(a)(2) authorizes the court to appoint a private attorney to prosecute a criminal contempt proceeding where the "interest of justice” so requires. The purpose of the rule is "to preserve respect for the judicial system itself.” See Young, 481 U.S. at 800-01, 107 S.Ct. 2124. While the need to initiate criminal contempt proceedings, and to make such an appointment in the interest of justice, is thankfully rare, when it does arise, the rule's purpose of "preserving respect for the judicial system” depends on the willingness of a private attorney to accept and carry out such an appointment. Here, the appointment to investigate the six subject attorneys and determine the extent of any prosecutorial misconduct in the Stevens case was a tremendous undertaking, both because of the scope and the nature of the investigation. The Court is profoundly grateful first and foremost to Mr. Schuelke, and also to his colleague Mr. Shields and the law firm of Janis, Schuelke & Wechsler, for the significant resources they invested in this matter over the course of nearly three years. The Court is particularly appreciative of what is so evident in the Report, and that is the thoughtful, diligent, fair, and sensitive way in which Mr. Schuelke and Mr. Shields approached their responsibilities pursuant to this appointment. In the Court’s view, their professionalism does indeed "preserve respect for the judicial system itself.”