FILED NOV 29 2023 NOT FOR PUBLICATION SUSAN M. SPRAUL, CLERK U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
In re: BAP No. OR-23-1085-CFB RITA KATHERINE LUETKENHAUS, Debtor. Bk. No. 3:22-bk-31915-DWH
RITA KATHERINE LUETKENHAUS, Appellant, v. MEMORANDUM* CAREY SMITH; RICHARD LUETKENHAUS, Appellees.
Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Oregon David W. Hercher, Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding
Before: CORBIT, FARIS, and BRAND, Bankruptcy Judges.
INTRODUCTION
Chapter 13 1 debtor, Rita Katherine Luetkenhaus (“Rita 2”) appeals the
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication. Although it may be cited for whatever persuasive value it may have, see Fed. R. App. P. 32.1, it has no precedential value, see 9th Cir. BAP Rule 8024-1. 1 Unless specified otherwise, all chapter and section references are to the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532, all “Rule” references are to the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure, and all references to “ORS” are to the Oregon Revised Statutes. 2 For ease of reading and clarity we refer to the parties by their first name, no bankruptcy court’s order overruling her objections to the proof of claim
filed by her first ex-husband Carey Smith (“Carey”) and the proof of claim
filed by her second ex-husband Richard Luetkenhaus (“Richard”). Because
we find no error, we AFFIRM.
FACTS
A. History
1. Rita’s first marriage and divorce
Rita and Carey were married in 1993 and had two children together.
In 2008, Rita and Carey divorced 3 (“Rita and Carey Dissolution and Child
Custody Action”). Initially, Rita was awarded primary custody.
In May 2011, Carey filed a motion in the Rita and Carey Dissolution
and Child Custody Action for an order to show cause why custody should
not be changed to him. In December 2011, after an evidentiary hearing,
Carey was awarded primary custody of the children and, in a
supplemental judgment, Carey was awarded $15,000 in attorneys’ fees and
costs as the prevailing party pursuant to ORS 20.075 and ORS 107.135
(“State Court Judgment”). The State Court Judgment would “bear simple
interest at the rate of 9 percent (9%) per annum until paid in full.”
Rita appealed both the custody order and the attorneys’ fees
judgment. In August 2015, the Oregon Court of Appeals “affirmed without
opinion” the change in custody and the attorneys’ fees awarded in the Rita
disrespect is intended. 3 Smith v. Smith, No. C06-2236-DRC, Circuit Court, Washington County, Oregon.
2 and Carey Dissolution and Child Custody Action. The Oregon Court of
Appeals also awarded Carey $8,327.75 in attorneys’ fees and costs as the
prevailing party in the appeal (“State Appellate Judgment”).
2. Rita’s second marriage and divorce
Rita married Richard in August 2008. Rita and Richard had one child
together. In 2011, Richard petitioned for divorce. The divorce was finalized
in May 2014 (“Rita and Richard Dissolution and Child Custody Action”).4
Richard sought $84,000 in attorneys’ fees and costs and was awarded
$60,000 (“Richard’s State Court Judgment”). The judgment stated that it
would bear simple interest at the rate of 9 percent per annum.
B. Rita’s bankruptcies
1. Rita’s 2012 bankruptcy
On October 24, 2012, while the Rita and Richard Dissolution and
Child Custody Action was still pending, Rita filed a chapter 13 bankruptcy
petition, case no. 12-38042 (“2012 Bankruptcy”). Rita did not identify Carey
as a creditor nor the State Court Judgment as a claim on any of her
schedules. Rita’s chapter 13 plan did not propose to pay any amount
toward the State Court Judgment.5
4 Luetkenhaus v. Luetkenhaus, C11-2468-DRC, Circuit Court, Washington County, Oregon. 5 Pursuant to Federal Rule of Evidence 201(b), we exercise our discretion to take
judicial notice of materials electronically filed in the underlying cases. See Atwood v. Chase Manhattan Mortg. Co. (In re Atwood), 293 B.R. 227, 233 n.9 (9th Cir. BAP 2003). 3 Carey filed a proof of claim in the amount of $15,629.35 (State Court
Judgment plus interest) for “Domestic Relations Orders.” In section 5 of the
proof of claim, Carey indicated that $629.35 was a domestic support
obligation (“DSO”) entitled to priority pursuant to § 507(a)(1)(A).
Rita objected to the proof of claim, stating that she was appealing the
$15,000 judgment and the $629.35 was for medical bills, not a DSO. The
bankruptcy court granted Rita’s objection in part by entering an order
allowing Carey’s proof of claim in the amount of $15,000 as a nonpriority,
unsecured claim. There was no explanation or rationale included in the
bankruptcy court’s order. Because no part of Carey’s proof of claim was
entitled to priority, Rita was not obligated to provide for payments of the
claim in her chapter 13 plan. The bankruptcy court confirmed Rita’s
chapter 13 plan on January 4, 2013.
In September 2014, Rita sought to dismiss her chapter 13 case because
she was not making the plan payments as required, and she alleged that
her financial circumstances were such that she was “unable to propose a
feasible modified plan.” The bankruptcy court granted the dismissal
motion on September 8, 2014. At the time Rita’s 2012 Bankruptcy was
dismissed, it had been pending for 25 months, and the total amount Rita
had paid through the plan was $2,819.66 ($943 in attorneys’ fees and costs
and $1,876.49 to the Oregon Department of Revenue).
4 2. Rita’s 2014 bankruptcy
Rita filed another chapter 13 petition on September 17, 2014, case no.
14-35273 (“2014 Bankruptcy”). By this time, both divorces were final, and
Carey and Richard had each recovered money judgments against Rita.
Richard and Carey each filed a proof of claim for their respective
attorneys’ fees awards. Richard filed a proof of claim in in the amount of
$60,192.27 for “Attorney Fees Awarded in a Dissolution” and claimed it as
a DSO entitled to priority under § 507(a). The supporting documents
demonstrated the claim arose from Richard’s State Court Judgment plus
interest. Carey filed a proof of claim for a DSO in the amount of $73,589.00 6
for “fees and costs from family court litigation.”
Both Richard and Carey also filed objections to confirmation of Rita’s
plan. Rita’s chapter 13 plan was not confirmed, and her case was
dismissed.
3. Rita’s 2016 bankruptcy
On February 10, 2016, Rita filed another chapter 13 bankruptcy
petition, case no. 16-30474 (“2016 Bankruptcy”). Rita also filed a proposed
chapter 13 plan on the same day.
Again, Richard and Carey each filed a proof of claim. Richard filed a
proof of claim in the amount of $61,183.25 for a “judgment for attorney fees
awarded in dissolution of marriage involving a child.” The supporting
6 The amount of Mr. Smith’s proof of claim included additional anticipated awards of attorneys’ fees. 5 documents demonstrated the claim arose from Richard’s State Court
Judgment plus interest. Richard alleged that the entire amount was a DSO
entitled to priority pursuant to § 507(a)(1).
Carey filed a proof of claim in the amount of $28,163.50 for “DSO
attorney fees awarded in state court concerning child welfare.” The
supporting documents indicated that the claim was comprised of the State
Court Judgment plus interest and the State Appellate Judgment plus
interest.
Rita objected to both claims, arguing that neither claim was a DSO
and, therefore, neither claim was entitled to priority. On August 23, 2016,
after an evidentiary hearing, the bankruptcy court entered a letter ruling on
Rita’s objection to Richard’s proof of claim. The bankruptcy court allowed
Richard’s proof of claim as a DSO in the reduced amount of $48,946.60 (the
bankruptcy court determined that 80% of the $61,183.25 was related to
custody matters).
Because 80 percent of Richard’s claim was allowed as a DSO entitled
to priority, the bankruptcy court determined that Rita was obligated to pay
that portion of the claim in full through the plan pursuant to § 1322(a)(2).
Rita’s proposed plan, however, treated both Richard’s and Carey’s claims
as general unsecured claims and did not provide for payment on either
claim. Accordingly, the bankruptcy court entered an order denying
confirmation of the plan and gave Rita the option of amending her plan to
provide payment of Richard’s proof of claim or converting to a chapter 7.
6 On December 12, 2016, after another evidentiary hearing, the
bankruptcy court entered a letter ruling on Rita’s objection to Carey’s proof
of claim. The bankruptcy court determined that Carey was precluded from
asserting that the State Court Judgment was a DSO, because he had not
appealed the bankruptcy court’s determination in the 2012 Bankruptcy that
the State Court Judgment was a general unsecured claim, not a DSO.
However, the bankruptcy court determined that the part of Carey’s proof
of claim related to the State Appellate Judgment was not, and could not
have been, included in the 2012 Bankruptcy proof of claim. After
considering the evidence, the bankruptcy court determined the portion of
Carey’s proof of claim related to the State Appellate Judgment would be
allowed as a DSO, entitled to priority and full payment under the plan.
In the letter ruling, the bankruptcy court explained that it would give
Rita additional opportunity to propose an amended plan that provided for
payment of the DSO portions of Carey’s and Richard’s claims and that it
would “not enter any orders on the claim objections or plan confirmation
until that time has run.” The letter ruling further advised the parties that
“[i]f no request for hearing is filed, claimants should submit orders on the
claim objections consistent with this ruling.” However, no party ever
requested that the bankruptcy court enter an order consistent with its letter
rulings on the claim objections.
Rita did not file an amended plan. Rather, she filed a motion to
convert her chapter 13 case to a chapter 7 case. On January 5, 2017, the
7 bankruptcy court granted Rita’s motion to convert. In Rita’s post-
conversion schedules, she listed both Richard and Carey as holding claims
entitled to DSO priority. On April 12, 2017, Rita was granted a discharge.
4. Rita’s 2022 bankruptcy
On November 22, 2022, Rita filed her most recent chapter 13 petition,
case no. 22-31915 (“2022 Bankruptcy”).
Richard and Carey each filed a proof of claim. Richard filed a proof of
claim in the amount of $88,085.99 for the “judgment for attorney fees”
awarded in the Rita and Richard Dissolution and Child Custody Action.
The proof of claim indicated that 80 percent of the amount ($70,468.79) was
a DSO entitled to priority.
Carey filed a proof of claim in the amount of $38,575.85 for a “state
court judgment money award.” Carey asserted that the entire amount of
the claim was entitled to priority as a DSO. The supporting documents
demonstrated that Carey’s proof of claim was comprised of the State Court
Judgment totaling $28,601.20 ($15,000 plus $13,601.20 in accrued interest)
and the State Appellate Judgment in the amount of $9,974.65 ($8,686.50
award plus $1,288.15 in accrued interest).
Rita objected to both claims. In her objection to Carey’s proof of
claim, Rita disagreed with the characterization and amount of the claim.
Rita asserted that Carey had incorrectly calculated the accrued interest. Rita
8 asserted that Carey’s claim should be allowed as a priority claim for
$4,415.89 and as a nonpriority, unsecured claim for $34,147.60. 7
Rita also objected to the characterization and amount of Richard’s
proof of claim. Rita did not dispute that 80 percent of Richard’s proof of
claim should be entitled to priority. Rather, Rita disputed the calculation of
interest and asserted that Richard had failed to credit several of her
garnished-wage payments. According to Rita’s calculations, Richard
should be allowed a priority claim for $31,829.41 and a nonpriority,
unsecured claim for $7,957.35.
Rita later filed amended objections to both claims. In her supporting
memoranda, Rita argued that the full amount of both Carey’s and
Richard’s claims had been discharged in her 2016 Bankruptcy, because the
creditors had “not file[d] an adversary proceeding” and there was “no legal
determination that the debt was nondischargeable.”
Rita’s proposed plan for the 2022 Bankruptcy treated both Richard’s
and Carey’s claims as general unsecured claims and did not provide for
payment on either claim. Both Richard and Carey filed objections to the
confirmation of the proposed chapter 13 plan.
7 Although Rita argued that Carey calculated the accrued interest incorrectly, her alleged total amount of the claim was only $12.36 less than the proof of claim filed by Carey ($38,563.49 is Rita’s asserted total amount of the claim and the total amount of the claim filed by Carey was $38,575.85). 9 C. Bankruptcy court’s memorandum decision
On April 28, 2023, after an evidentiary hearing, the bankruptcy court
entered a memorandum decision overruling Rita’s objections to each proof
of claim (“Decision”).
The bankruptcy court began by acknowledging that the allowance or
disallowance of each proof of claim was a separate issue, but because there
was significant overlap in issues of fact and law, the bankruptcy court
would rule on both claims in the same decision. In the Decision, the
bankruptcy court determined: (1) what amount, if any, of the debt
represented in each proof of claim was discharged in Rita’s previous
bankruptcies; (2) what amount, if any, of the debt represented in each proof
of claim was a § 523(a)(5) DSO debt entitled to priority; and (3) the correct
amount of each proof of claim.
1. Effect of prior bankruptcies
a. 2012 Bankruptcy
The bankruptcy court determined that Carey was precluded from
asserting that the portion of his proof of claim relating to the State Court
Judgment was a DSO entitled to priority, because the issue had been
previously presented and ruled on by the bankruptcy court in Rita’s 2012
Bankruptcy.
The 2012 bankruptcy court did not make any rulings as to Richard,
because Richard’s State Court Judgment (creating the debt identified in his
later filed proof of claim) was not awarded until 2014. Therefore, the 10 bankruptcy court found that the 2012 Bankruptcy had no effect on
Richard’s proof of claim filed in the 2022 Bankruptcy.
b. 2016 Bankruptcy
The bankruptcy court determined that the letter rulings in the 2016
Bankruptcy did not constitute an order and, therefore, had no preclusive
effect in the current bankruptcy as to the amount or characterization of
either proof of claim.
The bankruptcy court also determined that because Carey’s and
Richard’s claims were of the type described in § 523(a) (but not § 523(a)(2),
(4), or (6)), the claims were “not discharged in the 2016 case, even though
no adversary proceeding ha[d] yet determined their dischargeability.”
2. DSO determinations
a. Carey’s proof of claim
The bankruptcy court examined and summarized the evidence
supporting Carey’s proof of claim (copies of the judgments and the order
allowing attorneys’ fees and costs and disbursements). The bankruptcy
court then analyzed current case law relating to § 523(a)(5) (DSO) and
§ 523(a)(15) (other debts incurred in the course of a divorce).
Based on its review, the bankruptcy court summarized its
understanding of current case law, stating that “attorney fees from
litigation over support of a child are in the nature of child support
whenever they were incurred in a proceeding to determine the child’s best
interest.” The bankruptcy court also found that financial need was not
11 determinative when characterizing the nature of an attorneys’ fees award.
Rather, “in child-custody proceedings, all fees incurred by any participant
are child support, regardless of which party has custody and regardless of
which ex-spouse is in greater need of support.”
The bankruptcy court determined that from the evidence presented,
the State Appellate Judgment would be allowed as a DSO. The bankruptcy
court explained that because Rita’s appeal was from a judgment changing
child custody, the appeal was effectively an extension of a child-custody
proceeding begun in the Rita and Carey Dissolution and Child Custody
Action, “making the court of appeals’ attorney-fee award against Rita a
debt to Smith for child support nondischargeable pursuant to § 523(a)(5)
and entitled to priority pursuant to § 507(a).”
b. Richard’s proof of claim
The bankruptcy court found that neither of Rita’s objections to
Richard’s proof of claim challenged his entitlement to priority of 80 percent
of his claim. Therefore, 80 percent of Richard’s proof of claim would be
allowed as a DSO entitled to priority pursuant to § 507(a).
3. Bankruptcy court’s calculation of each proof of claim
Because Rita objected to the amount of each proof of claim, the
bankruptcy court was tasked with determining the correct amount for each
claim. The bankruptcy court rejected Rita’s argument that simple interest
required that all her payments be first applied to the principal rather than
accrued interest. The bankruptcy court found that Rita provided no legal
12 support for her proposition. Furthermore, the bankruptcy court found that
Rita’s proposed method of calculation was contrary to the “United States
[R]ule,” which directed partial payments to apply first to the interest due,
and if the payment exceeded the interest, then the surplus would be
applied toward principal, as explained in First Nat. Bank of Portland v.
Courtright, 161 P. 966, 967-68 (1916), and Ainslie v. Spolyar, 926 P.2d 822, 828
(Or. App. 1996).
As to the amount of each proof of claim, the bankruptcy court
summarized the calculations and evidence supporting each party’s
position as argued in their briefing and through their testimony at the
evidentiary hearing.
The bankruptcy court found that based on the evidence, Rita was not
challenging the amount of Carey’s proof of claim related to the State Court
Judgment, which was $28,601.20 ($15,000 plus accrued interest of 9% per
annum). Therefore, the bankruptcy court determined that $28,601.20 was
accurate and allowed as to the amount owing on the State Court Judgment.
As to the remaining part of Carey’s proof of claim, that which related
to the State Appellate Judgment, the bankruptcy court found Carey’s
testimony and evidence more credible, stating, “I credit his testimony and
not hers,” with the exception of $1.00 that Carey had failed to credit. The
bankruptcy court determined that if Carey had credited the $1.00, then
$0.45 of interest would not have accrued. Based on its review of the record
13 and its own calculations, the bankruptcy court determined that the DSO
part of Carey’s proof of claim would be “reduced from $9,974.65 by $1.45 to
$9,973.20.”
Based on the foregoing, the bankruptcy court allowed Carey’s proof
of claim as “(1) claim with 507(a)(1) priority for $9,973.20, which is the
petition-date balance” under his State Appellate Judgment, and “(2) as a
nonpriority, unsecured claim for $28,601.20, which is the petition-date
balance” under his State Court Judgment.
Both Rita and Richard provided the bankruptcy court with
spreadsheets explaining their calculations. After reviewing the
spreadsheets and supporting documentation and taking testimony, the
bankruptcy court conducted its own calculations and determined that at
the petition date, the balance due under Richard’s State Court Judgment
was $83,264.55. 8 Based on its previous determination that 80 percent of
Richard’s claim would be allowed as a priority claim, the bankruptcy court
allowed Richard’s proof of claim in the total amount of $83,264.55, with
$66,611.64 allowed as a DSO entitled to priority and the remaining
$16,652.91 allowed as a general unsecured claim.
Rita timely appealed.
8 The bankruptcy court created a spreadsheet detailing its calculations and included it as an attachment to the Decision. 14 JURISDICTION
The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1334 and
157(b)(2)(A) and (B). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 158.
ISSUES
Did the bankruptcy court err in determining that part of each proof of
claim was a DSO?
Did the bankruptcy court err in its calculations as to the amount of
each proof of claim?
Did the bankruptcy court err when it determined that the debts were
not discharged in the 2016 Bankruptcy?
STANDARDS OF REVIEW
In the context of claim objections, we review the bankruptcy court’s
legal conclusions de novo and its factual findings for clear error. See Pierce
v. Carson (In re Rader), 488 B.R. 406, 409 (9th Cir. BAP 2013) (“An order
overruling a claim objection can raise legal issues (such as the proper
construction of statutes and rules) which we review de novo, as well as
factual issues[,] . . . which we review for clear error.”) (citation omitted);
Seixas v. Booth (In re Seixas), 239 B.R. 398, 401 (9th Cir. BAP 1999) (“We
review the bankruptcy court’s factual determination that a debt was for
alimony, maintenance, or support for clear error.”).
A factual finding is clearly erroneous if it is illogical, implausible, or
without support in the record. United States v. Hinkson, 585 F.3d 1247, 1261–
62 & n.21 (9th Cir. 2009) (en banc). “Where there are two permissible views
15 of the evidence, the factfinder’s choice between them cannot be clearly
erroneous.” Anderson v. City of Bessemer City, 470 U.S. 564, 574 (1985).
We review the bankruptcy court’s legal conclusions, including its
interpretation of provisions of the Bankruptcy Code and state law, de novo.
Roberts v. Erhard (In re Roberts), 331 B.R. 876, 880 (9th Cir. BAP 2005), aff'd,
241 F.App’x 420 (9th Cir. 2007). De novo review requires that we consider a
matter anew, as if no decision has been rendered previously. United States
v. Silverman, 861 F.2d 571, 576 (9th Cir. 1988).
DISCUSSION
A. The bankruptcy court did not commit clear error in determining that a portion of each proof of claim was a DSO.
On appeal, Rita argues that the bankruptcy court erred in
determining that part of each of Carey’s and Richard’s proof of claim was a
DSO entitled to priority pursuant to § 507(a)(1). Rita argues the bankruptcy
court did not have sufficient evidence to find that any part of either proof
of claim was “in the nature of support.” Rita asserts that the only evidence
the bankruptcy court relied upon was the 2016 bankruptcy court letter
rulings. We disagree.
1. The bankruptcy court did not err in determining that 80 percent of Richard’s proof of claim was a DSO entitled to priority.
Prior to this appeal Rita disputed the total amount of Richard’s claim
but she did not dispute that 80 percent of the total claim was a DSO
entitled to priority. Yet, Rita now argues for the first time that there was 16 insufficient evidence for the bankruptcy court to make that determination.
Generally, an issue will be “deemed waived on appeal if the
argument was not raised sufficiently for the trial court to rule on it.”
Mercury Interactive Corp. Sec. Litig. v. Mercury Interactive Corp. (In re Mercury
Interactive Corp. Sec. Litig.), 618 F.3d 988, 992 (9th Cir. 2010) (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted). Because Rita did not argue to the
bankruptcy court that there was insufficient evidence to determine that 80
percent of Richard’s claim was a DSO entitled to priority, we are not
required to address the issue on appeal. As such, we will not review or
disturb the bankruptcy court’s determination that 80 percent of Richard’s
claim was a DSO entitled to priority.
2. Carey’s State Appellate Judgment was entitled to priority.
As to Carey’s proof of claim, contrary to Rita’s argument, the
bankruptcy court did not rely on the 2016 bankruptcy court letter rulings
when deciding what part, if any, of the claim was entitled to priority.
Indeed, the bankruptcy court specifically determined that the 2016 letter
rulings were not orders, were “not preclusive either as to priority or
amount,” would not be considered evidence, and were not part of the
bankruptcy court’s Decision.
Rather, the bankruptcy court relied upon the testimony and
documents (including copies of the judgments) provided by the parties in
their briefing and at the evidentiary hearing. The bankruptcy court also
looked to Oregon state law regarding a state court’s discretion to award 17 attorneys’ fees as part of child custody hearings and federal bankruptcy
law interpreting and applying § 523(a)(5) and (a)(15).
Section 523(a)(5) excepts from discharge any child or spousal support
payment resulting from a separation or divorce agreement.9 Cases in the
Ninth Circuit and in other circuits generally hold that attorneys’ fees
awarded in connection with a dissolution proceeding are nondischargeable
in bankruptcy under § 523(a)(5) as alimony, maintenance, or support.
Gionis v. Wayne (In re Gionis), 170 B.R. 675, 682–84 (9th Cir. BAP 1994), aff’d,
92 F.3d 1192 (9th Cir. 1996).
Similarly, “the vast majority of reported decisions dealing with an
award of attorneys’ fees in a child custody proceeding have concluded that
the fees were in the nature of the child’s support within the meaning of
§ 523(a)(5).” Rehkow v. Lewis (In re Rehkow), BAP No. AZ-05-1395-AMoS,
2006 WL 6811011, *3 (9th Cir. BAP Aug. 17, 2006) (collecting cases), aff'd,
239 F. App’x 341 (9th Cir. 2007). Courts have reached this conclusion
because “determination of child custody is essential to the child’s proper
‘support,’ [and] attorney fees incurred and awarded in child custody
litigation should likewise be considered as obligations for ‘support,’ at least
in the absence of clear indication of special circumstances to the contrary.”
Id. at *4. “The legal question is not whether repayment of the debt will
9 Congress has defined a domestic support obligation as a debt “in the nature of alimony, maintenance, or support[,] . . . without regard to whether such debt is expressly so designated.” § 101(14B). 18 benefit the children, but whether the basis of the debt benefitted the
children.” Leibowitz v. Cnty. of Orange (In re Leibowitz), 217 F.3d 799, 803 (9th
Cir. 2000).
In this case, Carey’s State Court Judgment indicated that Carey was
awarded attorneys’ fees and costs as the prevailing party in the Rita and
Carey Dissolution and Child Custody Action pursuant to ORS 20.075 and
ORS 107.135. 10
The appellate order affirming the State Court Judgment explained the
money award and described the appealed judgment as “changing custody
of the parties’ children from mother to father.” The Oregon Court of
Appeals subsequently entered the State Appellate Judgment which
awarded Carey attorneys’ fees and costs as the prevailing party in the
appeal.
The bankruptcy court did not clearly err in determining that the
appeal was a continuation of the child custody proceedings that started in
the Rita and Carey Dissolution and Child Custody Action. There was
sufficient evidence for the bankruptcy court to find that the attorneys’ fee
debt was incurred while litigating child custody proceedings in which
10In Oregon, ORS 107.135(1)(a) allows a party to move to modify support, custody, and parenting time based on a substantial change in circumstances if it would be in the child’s best interests. See In re Travis, 237 P.3d 868, 870 (2010) (applying factors from ORS 107.137(1)). And, when a party seeks to modify the custody arrangement, the court has discretion to award “a reasonable attorney fee and costs for the benefit of the other party” pursuant to ORS 107.135(8). Dickson v. Abrams (In re Abrams), No. 20-61372- TMR13, 2021 WL 4483102, at *4 (Bankr. D. Or. Sept. 30, 2021). 19 issues involving the best interests of the child were in dispute, and
therefore, the proceedings were in the nature of support and thus, non-
dischargeable in bankruptcy. In re Rehkow, 2006 WL 6811011, at *4 (“We . . .
hold that attorneys’ fees incurred in child custody proceedings in which
issues involving the best interests of the child are in dispute are in the
nature of support and, thus, non-dischargeable in bankruptcy.”); see also
Beaupied v. Chang (In re Chang), 163 F.3d 1138, 1141 (9th Cir. 1998)
(explaining the nature of the debt was determinative and holding guardian
ad litem fees were DSOs pursuant to § 523(a)(5) because the fees were
incurred for the child’s benefit and were in the nature of support for that
child).
The bankruptcy court did not commit clear error in determining that
the portion of Carey’s proof of claim relating to the State Appellate
Judgment, including accrued interest, was a DSO.
B. The bankruptcy court did not commit clear error in determining that the claims were not discharged in Rita’s 2016 Bankruptcy.
On appeal, Rita also argues that the bankruptcy court erred in
allowing Richard’s and Carey’s claims because both claims were
discharged in her 2016 Bankruptcy. According to Rita, there was no
adversary proceeding as to the nondischargeability of the debts identified
in either Richard’s or Carey’s proof of claim. Therefore, she concludes that,
“with the absence of such a proceeding, the logical conclusion is that the
debts were discharged” in the 2016 Bankruptcy. Rita points to no law
20 supporting her argument.
Generally, § 523(a), the statute pertaining to debts excepted from
discharge, states that a discharge under chapter 7 and chapter 13 does not
discharge a debtor from debts of the kind described in nineteen
subsections. These include § 523(a)(5), which covers debts for domestic
support obligations, and § 523(a)(15), which applies to any debt to a spouse
or former spouse incurred by the debtor in the course of a divorce.
Section 523(c) provides that debts of the kind described in
subsections (2), (4), or (6) of § 523(a) are discharged unless a creditor brings
a timely adversary action and the court determines such debt to be
excepted from discharge. There is no comparable requirement for any
other subsection.
Contrary to Rita’s assertions, the dischargeability of § 523(a)(5) and
(a)(15) debts is solely dependent upon the nature of the debt, not upon
whether the creditor files an adversary action. Rita’s argument attempts to
add § 523(a)(5) and (a)(15) to § 523(c). The statute does not support this
argument. Adam v. Dobin (In re Adam), BAP No. CC-14-1416-PaKiTa, 2015
WL 1530086, at *6 (9th Cir. BAP Apr. 6, 2015) (“After [BAPCPA], debts
falling under section § 523(a)(15) are no longer included in the category of
debts that are discharged automatically if a party does not request a
determination from the bankruptcy court.”), aff'd, 677 F. App’x 353
(9th Cir. 2017).
Therefore, there is no merit to Rita’s allegation that a debt described
21 in § 523(a)(5) and/or (a)(15) is somehow discharged, even temporarily or
conditionally, until the debt is determined to be nondischargeable in an
adversary proceeding. The bankruptcy court did not err in finding that
Richard’s and Carey’s claims were not discharged in Rita’s 2016
C. The bankruptcy court did not commit clear error in determining the amount of each claim.
On appeal, Rita argues that the bankruptcy court erred in its
calculations as to the amounts of the claims. Rita simply repeats the same
arguments and presents the same evidence that she presented to the
bankruptcy court at the evidentiary hearing.
Contrary to Rita’s assertions, the bankruptcy court carefully
considered all of the evidence and testimony when determining that both
Carey and Richard were more credible than Rita as to when payments
were made and the amounts of such payments. Accordingly, the
bankruptcy court’s findings are entitled to great deference. See Wolfe v.
Jacobson (In re Jacobson), 676 F.3d 1193, 1201 (9th Cir. 2012) (“When factual
findings are based on determinations regarding the credibility of witnesses,
we give great deference to those findings.”) (alterations omitted).
Although Rita does not agree with the bankruptcy court’s findings,
she fails to identify specific factual findings that constitute error. Based on
the record provided, we cannot find the bankruptcy court’s factual findings
were illogical or without support. Therefore, the bankruptcy court did not
22 commit clear error in calculating the amounts of the claims including the
calculation of interest.
CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing, we AFFIRM.