MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
SARIS, District Judge.
I. INTRODUCTION
Plaintiff originally filed this lawsuit in Maricopa County, Arizona on March 18, 2002 seeking to recover damages for overcharges paid by patients for prescription drugs as a result of an alleged conspiracy to market and sell the drugs at inflated prices. Plaintiff initially named ten pharmaceutical company defendants and twenty individual defendants, and subsequently filed subsequent amended complaints, on June 28, 2002, and December 20, 2002, adding several additional corporate defendants, including GlaxoSmithKline, P.L.C. (“GSK”). On January 10, 2003, GSK filed a Notice of Removal.
Relying on the Rule of Unanimity, plaintiff moves to remand this ease on the ground that the case was improperly removed to federal court because not all defendants consented to removal. Defendants respond that removal is appropriate because G.D. Searle & Co., Inc. (“Searle”), the defendant that failed to consent, was misnamed on the summons and, therefore, not properly served. After hearing and supplemental briefing, the motion to remand is ALLOWED.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Rule of Unanimity
In cases involving multiple defendants, all defendants who have been served must join or assent in the removal petition. See Montana v. Abbot Labs., 266 F.Supp.2d 250, 260 (D.Mass.2003) (citing Lapides v. Board of Regents of the Univ. Sys. of Ga., 535 U.S. 613, 620, 122 S.Ct. 1640, 152 L.Ed.2d 806 (2002)). This rule of unanimity requires that all defendants file their notice of removal or consent to removal within thirty days of being served, and failure to do so is a ground for remand. Id. at 260. While some courts have construed § 1446(b) to require that the consent to removal be in writing, see Getty Oil Corp. v. Ins. Co. of N. Am., 841 F.2d 1254, 1262 n. 11 (5th Cir.1988), most courts have held more generally that the rule of unanimity requires that each defendant’s consent “be manifested clearly and unambiguously to the Court within the statutorily prescribed thirty days.” Sansone v. Morton Machine Works, Inc., 188 F.Supp.2d 182, 184 (D.R.I.2002) (collecting cases and finding that “overwhelming weight of authority requir[es] that each defendant independently notify the court of its consent”).
Plaintiff argues that the ease must be remanded to state court regardless of Searle’s lack of consent. Under the so-called “first-served defendant rule,” a later-served defendant has no ability to remove the case to federal court if the thirty-day period has run with respect to an earlier-served defendant. See Getty Oil Corp., 841 F.2d at 1262-63 (“In cases involving multiple defendants, the thirty-day period begins to run as soon as the first defendant is served .... ”); Brown v. Demco, Inc., 792 F.2d 478, 482 (5th Cir.1986) (holding that the unfairness of allowing defendants to remove after litigating for years in state court outweighs any unfairness in depriving later-served defendant of opportunity to remove).
Defendants urge the Court to adopt the “last-served defendant rule,” under which the last-served defendant has thirty days from the date of service on it to file a notice of removal with the unanimous consent of its co-defendants, even though the previously-served co-defendants did not file a notice of removal within thirty days of service on them. Marano Enters. v. Z-Teca Rests., 254 F.3d 753, 757 (8th Cir.[194]*1942001); Brierly v. Alusuisse Flexible Packaging, Inc., 184 F.3d 527, 533 (6th Cir.1999) (“If Congress had intended the 30-day removal period to commence upon service of the first defendant, it could have easily so provided.”).
The First Circuit has not adopted either rule. This Court need not adopt one either, for even under last-served defendant rule, the case must be remanded because not all defendants have consented to GSK’s removal petition within thirty days. No court applying the last-served rule has eviscerated the requirement of unanimous consent by all defendants in the case.
B. G.D. Searle
Conceding that Searle did not notify the Court of its consent to removal, defendants argue that Searle’s consent is unnecessary as Searle was not properly served with process, having been misnamed in the summons.1 See Abbot Labs., 266 F.Supp.2d at 260 (“[A]ll defendants who have been served must join or assent in the removal petition.”) (emphasis added).
The record demonstrates that on January 3, 2003, Searle was served with a summons that named another defendant, Hoechst Marion Roussel, Inc., although the caption of the summons named both Searle and Hoescht Marion Roussel. The record indicates that Senior Administrative Assistant Cheryl L. Carr accepted service of the second amended complaint on behalf of Searle on January 3, 2003, at Searle’s offices in Skokie, Illinois. The case caption on the complaint listing all defendants includes Searle, and the complaint specifically refers to Searle several times.
Plaintiffs served the second amended complaint a second time on February 25, 2003. A package containing a summons directed to G.D. Searle & Company as well as a copy of the second amended complaint was delivered to a security guard working at the building located at 5200 Old Orchard Road, Skokie, Illinois, 60077, where Searle maintains its principal place of business. The security guard, who was employed by an independent security contractor, was not authorized to accept service on behalf of Searle. The security guard then delivered the package to the legal department of Pharmacia in that building. Pharmacia is the former corporate parent company of Searle. Searle has never contested service, and joined in an opposition in the MDL proceedings to plaintiffs’ motion to vacate conditional transfer (Order No. 7).
The disputed issue before the Court is whether the thirty-day deadline for consent to removal began to run on January 3, when the complaint and summons were served, despite the misnomer in the summons. The adequacy of service on February 25, 2003 is not directly relevant because it was made after GSK filed notice of removal.
The removal statute requires that “the notice of removal of a civil action or proceeding shall be filed within thirty days after the receipt by the defendant, through service or otherwise, of a copy of the initial pleading setting forth the claim for relief upon which such action or proceeding is based ....” 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b) (emphasis added). The Supreme Court has clarified the meaning of the term “through service or otherwise,” by holding that the 30-day removal period does not begin to run until a defendant is formally served with the complaint. In Murphy Brothers v. Michetti Pipe Stringing, Inc.,
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MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
SARIS, District Judge.
I. INTRODUCTION
Plaintiff originally filed this lawsuit in Maricopa County, Arizona on March 18, 2002 seeking to recover damages for overcharges paid by patients for prescription drugs as a result of an alleged conspiracy to market and sell the drugs at inflated prices. Plaintiff initially named ten pharmaceutical company defendants and twenty individual defendants, and subsequently filed subsequent amended complaints, on June 28, 2002, and December 20, 2002, adding several additional corporate defendants, including GlaxoSmithKline, P.L.C. (“GSK”). On January 10, 2003, GSK filed a Notice of Removal.
Relying on the Rule of Unanimity, plaintiff moves to remand this ease on the ground that the case was improperly removed to federal court because not all defendants consented to removal. Defendants respond that removal is appropriate because G.D. Searle & Co., Inc. (“Searle”), the defendant that failed to consent, was misnamed on the summons and, therefore, not properly served. After hearing and supplemental briefing, the motion to remand is ALLOWED.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Rule of Unanimity
In cases involving multiple defendants, all defendants who have been served must join or assent in the removal petition. See Montana v. Abbot Labs., 266 F.Supp.2d 250, 260 (D.Mass.2003) (citing Lapides v. Board of Regents of the Univ. Sys. of Ga., 535 U.S. 613, 620, 122 S.Ct. 1640, 152 L.Ed.2d 806 (2002)). This rule of unanimity requires that all defendants file their notice of removal or consent to removal within thirty days of being served, and failure to do so is a ground for remand. Id. at 260. While some courts have construed § 1446(b) to require that the consent to removal be in writing, see Getty Oil Corp. v. Ins. Co. of N. Am., 841 F.2d 1254, 1262 n. 11 (5th Cir.1988), most courts have held more generally that the rule of unanimity requires that each defendant’s consent “be manifested clearly and unambiguously to the Court within the statutorily prescribed thirty days.” Sansone v. Morton Machine Works, Inc., 188 F.Supp.2d 182, 184 (D.R.I.2002) (collecting cases and finding that “overwhelming weight of authority requir[es] that each defendant independently notify the court of its consent”).
Plaintiff argues that the ease must be remanded to state court regardless of Searle’s lack of consent. Under the so-called “first-served defendant rule,” a later-served defendant has no ability to remove the case to federal court if the thirty-day period has run with respect to an earlier-served defendant. See Getty Oil Corp., 841 F.2d at 1262-63 (“In cases involving multiple defendants, the thirty-day period begins to run as soon as the first defendant is served .... ”); Brown v. Demco, Inc., 792 F.2d 478, 482 (5th Cir.1986) (holding that the unfairness of allowing defendants to remove after litigating for years in state court outweighs any unfairness in depriving later-served defendant of opportunity to remove).
Defendants urge the Court to adopt the “last-served defendant rule,” under which the last-served defendant has thirty days from the date of service on it to file a notice of removal with the unanimous consent of its co-defendants, even though the previously-served co-defendants did not file a notice of removal within thirty days of service on them. Marano Enters. v. Z-Teca Rests., 254 F.3d 753, 757 (8th Cir.[194]*1942001); Brierly v. Alusuisse Flexible Packaging, Inc., 184 F.3d 527, 533 (6th Cir.1999) (“If Congress had intended the 30-day removal period to commence upon service of the first defendant, it could have easily so provided.”).
The First Circuit has not adopted either rule. This Court need not adopt one either, for even under last-served defendant rule, the case must be remanded because not all defendants have consented to GSK’s removal petition within thirty days. No court applying the last-served rule has eviscerated the requirement of unanimous consent by all defendants in the case.
B. G.D. Searle
Conceding that Searle did not notify the Court of its consent to removal, defendants argue that Searle’s consent is unnecessary as Searle was not properly served with process, having been misnamed in the summons.1 See Abbot Labs., 266 F.Supp.2d at 260 (“[A]ll defendants who have been served must join or assent in the removal petition.”) (emphasis added).
The record demonstrates that on January 3, 2003, Searle was served with a summons that named another defendant, Hoechst Marion Roussel, Inc., although the caption of the summons named both Searle and Hoescht Marion Roussel. The record indicates that Senior Administrative Assistant Cheryl L. Carr accepted service of the second amended complaint on behalf of Searle on January 3, 2003, at Searle’s offices in Skokie, Illinois. The case caption on the complaint listing all defendants includes Searle, and the complaint specifically refers to Searle several times.
Plaintiffs served the second amended complaint a second time on February 25, 2003. A package containing a summons directed to G.D. Searle & Company as well as a copy of the second amended complaint was delivered to a security guard working at the building located at 5200 Old Orchard Road, Skokie, Illinois, 60077, where Searle maintains its principal place of business. The security guard, who was employed by an independent security contractor, was not authorized to accept service on behalf of Searle. The security guard then delivered the package to the legal department of Pharmacia in that building. Pharmacia is the former corporate parent company of Searle. Searle has never contested service, and joined in an opposition in the MDL proceedings to plaintiffs’ motion to vacate conditional transfer (Order No. 7).
The disputed issue before the Court is whether the thirty-day deadline for consent to removal began to run on January 3, when the complaint and summons were served, despite the misnomer in the summons. The adequacy of service on February 25, 2003 is not directly relevant because it was made after GSK filed notice of removal.
The removal statute requires that “the notice of removal of a civil action or proceeding shall be filed within thirty days after the receipt by the defendant, through service or otherwise, of a copy of the initial pleading setting forth the claim for relief upon which such action or proceeding is based ....” 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b) (emphasis added). The Supreme Court has clarified the meaning of the term “through service or otherwise,” by holding that the 30-day removal period does not begin to run until a defendant is formally served with the complaint. In Murphy Brothers v. Michetti Pipe Stringing, Inc., 526 U.S. 344, 119 S.Ct. 1322, 143 L.Ed.2d 448 (1999), it held, “[A] named defendant’s time to re[195]*195move is triggered by simultaneous service of the summons and complaint, or receipt of the complaint ‘through service or otherwise,’ after and apart from service, but not by mere receipt of the complaint unattended by formal process.” Id. at 347-48, 119 S.Ct. 1322 (involving a plaintiff who filed a complaint in state court and faxed a courtesy copy of the filed complaint to the defendant but did not serve the complaint until fourteen days later). The Supreme Court has emphasized that formal rights and obligations attach only when a party is served with process. “[0]ne becomes a party officially, and is required to take action in that capacity, only upon the service of summons or other authority-asserting measure stating the time within which the party served must appear and defend.” Id. at 350, 119 S.Ct. 1322. See Fed. R.Civ.P. 4(a) (the summons shall “state the time within which the defendant must appear and defend and notify the defendant that failure to do so will result in a judgment by default against the defendant”).
C. Arizona State Law
After Murphy Brothers, proper service of process under state law is required to trigger a defendant’s removal obligations. T.E. Constr. Specialties, Inc. v. Vista Benefits, Inc., 2003 WL 22259075, at *3 (W.D.Tex. Sept.23, 2003) (construing state law to conclude that service of process was sufficient to invoke thirty-day removal deadline); 14C Wright, Miller & Cooper, Federal Practice & Procedure § 3732 (2003 Supplement) (“[G]iven the Supreme Court’s rejection of the Fifth and Seventh Circuit’s rules regarding the triggering mechanism for the removal period, state law must now be followed for formal service of process to protect defendants’ interests.”). “In determining the validity of service prior to removal, a federal court must apply the law of the state under which the service was made.” Romo v. Gulf Stream Coach, Inc., 250 F.3d 1119, 1122 (7th Cir.2001) (citation omitted). Therefore, Arizona law applies in this case. See 16 Ariz.Rev.Stat. Rules of Civil Procedure 4.2(h) (governing service of summons upon corporations located outside Arizona but within United States), 4.1(k).
The defendants do not challenge formal service of process under Arizona law except with respect to the misnaming of Searle on the summons. The Court may allow amendment of process at any time “unless it clearly appears that material prejudice would result to the substantial rights of the party against whom the process issued.” 16 Ariz.Rev.Stat. Rule of Civil Procedure 4(h). While there is a paucity of Arizona law regarding misnomer in a summons, and the parties have not briefed the point, it has long been the rule in Arizona that technical defects in a summons will not vitiate the proceedings so long as a litigant is not misled. See Mosher v. Wayland, 62 Ariz. 498, 503, 158 P.2d 654, 656 (1945) (involving an error in designated court in which an action is brought). See also Ill. Comp. Stat. 5/2-401(b) (1994);2 Borg v. Chicago Zoological Soc’y, 256 Ill.App.3d 931, 934, 194 Ill.Dec. 809, 628 N.E.2d 306, 308 (1993) (“The pivotal determination is whether plaintiff actually serves the real party in interest with a copy of the complaint and summons, within the time limits allowed by law, so that actual notice of the complaint has been lodged against it and notice of the [196]*196need to respond has been given to the party in interest, albeit incorrectly named.”).
As a general rule of federal law, the misnomer of a corporation in a summons is immaterial if it appears that the corporation could not have been, or was not misled. Morrel v. Nationwide Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 188 F.3d 218, 223-24 (4th Cir.1999) (“[Sjervice of process is not legally defective simply because the complaint misnames the defendant in some insignificant way.”). Technical defects in the form of the summons and the complaint do not invalidate an otherwise proper and successful delivery of process under Fed. R.Civ.P. 4. Mid-Continent Wood Prods., Inc. v. Harris, 936 F.2d 297, 301 (7th Cir.1991) (citing United Food & Commercial Workers Union v. Alpha Beta Co., 736 F.2d 1371 (9th Cir.1984)). In other contexts, federal courts have determined that a technical defect in the service of process does not invalidate the service where the plaintiff has substantially complied with the appropriate state-law rule. Norsyn, Inc. v. Desai, 351 F.3d 825, 829-30 (8th Cir.2003) (holding that there was no duty to answer a complaint after removal, but pointing out that South Dakota law will excuse a technical defect in the service of process where a plaintiff has otherwise substantially complied with the appropriate rule); Freeman v. Freeman, 2002 WL 539061, at *1 n. 1 (D.Kan. Mar.18, 2002) (denying a motion to remand on the ground that any defects in service were technical). Medical Graphics Corp. v. Compumedics Sleep PTY, Ltd., 2001 WL 1454026, at *2 (D.Minn. Nov.15, 2001) (under Minnesota law, holding that misnomer in summons was a technical defect which did not justify dismissal because misnamed party could not demonstrate actual prejudice).
Given this near-uniform flexible approach to misnomers in the caselaw, I conclude that formal service of process was effected under Arizona law on January 3, 2003. This formal service of the summons and complaint provided Searle with actual notice that it was a named defendant in the lawsuit, and that it had to appear and defend, triggering the thirty-day period for consent to removal. Any defect in the summons was technical. There was no evidence of any prejudice or confusion by the misnomer. Indeed, it was not even asserted as a ground for removal until the other options proved fruitless. Because Searle did not consent to removal, defendants do not demonstrate compliance with the rule of unanimity, and remand is required.
III. ORDER
The Court ALLOWS the motion to remand (Docket No. 64 in Swanston v. Tap Pharmaceutical Products, Inc., No. 2:03-CV-00062 (D.Ariz.)).