The summaries of the Colorado Court of Appeals published opinions constitute no part of the opinion of the division but have been prepared by the division for the convenience of the reader. The summaries may not be cited or relied upon as they are not the official language of the division. Any discrepancy between the language in the summary and in the opinion should be resolved in favor of the language in the opinion.
SUMMARY May 23, 2019
2019COA80
No. 17CA2318, In re Marriage of Olsen — Family Law — Dissolution — Parents and Children — Assisted Reproduction — Embryos
A division of the court of appeals considers the disposition of a
divorced couple’s cryogenically frozen pre-embryos under the
guidance of In re Marriage of Rooks, 2018 CO 85. The division
concludes that wife’s subjective belief that the pre-embryos should
be protected as human life should not be weighted more heavily
than husband’s constitutional interest in not procreating using the
pre-embryos. Consequently, the division remands to the district
court to rebalance the parties’ interests in accord with Rooks. COLORADO COURT OF APPEALS 2019COA80
Court of Appeals No. 17CA2318 El Paso County District Court No. 12DR5458 Honorable Timothy Schutz, Judge
In re the Marriage of
Jamie R. Fabos, f/k/a Jamie R. Olsen,
Appellee,
and
Justin R. Olsen,
Appellant.
JUDGMENT REVERSED AND CASE REMANDED WITH DIRECTIONS
Division VI Opinion by JUDGE RICHMAN Navarro and Welling, JJ., concur
Announced May 23, 2019
Theresa Sidebotham, Monument, Colorado; Joan M. Mannix, Chicago, Illinois, for Appellee
Paige Mackey Murray, LLC, Paige Mackey Murray, Boulder, Colorado, for Appellant ¶1 In this dissolution of marriage proceeding, we are called upon,
as was the division in In re Marriage of Rooks, 2016 COA 153 (Rooks
I), rev’d, 2018 CO 85 (Rooks II), to review a district court’s
disposition of a divorcing couple’s cryogenically frozen pre-embryos.
I. Background and Procedural History
¶2 Similar to the couple in Rooks, the divorcing couple here,
Jamie R. Fabos, formerly known as Jamie R. Olsen (wife), and
Justin R. Olsen (husband), sought in vitro fertilization (IVF) during
their marriage after they were unable to conceive otherwise. Four of
wife’s eggs were fertilized; two of the resulting pre-embryos were
implanted successfully, leading to the births of the parties’ twins in
2011; and the remaining two pre-embryos were cryogenically frozen
for possible future use.
¶3 Also similar to the situation in Rooks, although the parties had
entered into an agreement with the fertility center where they
underwent IVF — entitled “Informed Consent for Assisted
Reproduction” — that agreement did not specify a disposition of
their remaining pre-embryos if they divorced. Rather, it provided,
as did the agreement in Rooks, that in the event of divorce
1 ownership of the pre-embryos would be “as directed by court decree
and/or settlement agreement.” See Rooks II, ¶¶ 2, 13, 73.
¶4 But the agreement provided an option for the parties to elect a
disposition for their pre-embryos in the event of death or
incapacitation of both of them, as well as when wife reached age
fifty-five. Unlike in Rooks, where the couple agreed that in the
event of the wife’s death, or the death of both partners, the embryos
would be “thawed and discarded,” see id. at ¶ 12, here for both of
these scenarios, wife and husband initialed the option to donate the
pre-embryos to another couple. They did not initial the other
available options: to “thaw and discard” the pre-embryos or “donate
the pre-embryo(s) for research.”
¶5 In 2012, wife petitioned for dissolution of marriage. A decree
was entered in 2013 resolving all dissolution issues except for the
disposition of the pre-embryos, which was reserved for further
proceedings.
¶6 It is at this point where the facts of this case diverge materially
from those in Rooks. Mrs. Rooks asked the divorce court to award
the pre-embryos to her because she wanted to preserve them for
future implantation so that she could have more children, whereas
2 Mr. Rooks wanted to thaw and discard them. Id. at ¶ 14. In this
case, however, wife does not want more children and instead wants
to donate the pre-embryos to another infertile couple, whereas
husband wants to discard them.
¶7 After a hearing, the district court, in a lengthy, thoughtful,
and detailed order, first determined that the parties did not have an
agreement on the disposition of their remaining pre-embryos in the
event they divorced. Thus, consistent with this court’s decision in
Rooks I, ¶ 24, the district court engaged in a balancing of the
parties’ interests, concluding that the pre-embryos should be
awarded to wife so that she could donate them to another couple.1
¶8 Husband appeals the district court’s judgment, contending
that the court erred in balancing the parties’ interests. 2 The district
1 The district court conditioned the donation on wife’s arranging that any donee couple “waive any right to seek contact with [husband], whether for genetic testing or any other purpose.” 2 Husband initially challenged the district court’s use of the
balancing of interests test and argued it should have applied a different standard — contemporaneous mutual consent. However, he abandoned that argument after Rooks II was announced and the supreme court adopted the balancing of interests test as the appropriate test to use in dissolution of marriage cases when there is no agreement as to the disposition of pre-embryos on divorce. See In re Marriage of Rooks, 2018 CO 85, ¶ 33 (Rooks II).
3 court granted husband’s request to stay its decision and ordered
the parties to share equally the cost of maintaining the pre-embryos
in cryogenic storage pending resolution of husband’s appeal.
¶9 Because the supreme court announced Rooks II while this
appeal was pending, we requested supplemental briefs addressing
that decision. Considering the parties’ initial and supplemental
briefs and their oral arguments, we reverse the district court’s
judgment and remand the case for further proceedings. In doing
so, we first address the framework established in Rooks II for
resolving disagreements over the disposition of pre-embryos in the
event of divorce. We then address husband’s contentions under
that framework, thereby resolving several issues not arising in, and
thus not resolved by, Rooks II.
II. Rooks and the Balancing of Interests Approach
¶ 10 In Rooks II, ¶¶ 32, 49-55, the supreme court noted that
Colorado law relevant to assisted reproduction is not helpful in
resolving disputes between divorcing parties concerning the
disposition of their cryogenically frozen pre-embryos. The court
further considered the three methods that have been used in other
jurisdictions for resolving such disputes: the contract approach, the
4 balancing of interests approach, and the contemporaneous mutual
consent approach. Id. at ¶¶ 40-48.
¶ 11 It rejected the contemporaneous mutual consent approach,
which essentially maintains the status quo by leaving the
pre-embryos in storage indefinitely until and unless the parties
agree otherwise.3 The court noted, among other bases for rejecting
this approach, that it gives one party a de facto veto over the issue
and abdicates the court’s responsibility to resolve an issue on which
the parties have proven unable to agree. Id. at ¶¶ 45, 60.
¶ 12 The court held that, instead, a dissolution court must first
look to any existing agreement between the parties as to disposition
of their pre-embryos in the event of divorce. Id. at ¶¶ 61, 74. The
court agreed with other jurisdictions applying a contract approach
that if there is such an agreement the court must enforce it, thereby
allowing the parties, as progenitors, and not the court, to decide the
private, personal matter of what will happen to their pre-embryos.
See id. at ¶¶ 63, 72. When there is no express agreement on the
3Justice Hood, joined by two members of the court, dissented in Rooks II, arguing for adoption of the contemporaneous mutual consent approach. See Rooks II, ¶¶ 82-107.
5 disposition of the pre-embryos in the event of a divorce, however,
the court should apply a balancing of interests approach to
determine the issue. Id. at ¶¶ 33, 64, 72, 74.
¶ 13 The Rooks II court provided “a non-exhaustive list” of factors
that the court should consider in balancing the parties’ interests:
• the intended use of the disputed pre-embryos by the party
who seeks to preserve them;
• the demonstrated physical ability or inability of the party
seeking to preserve the pre-embryos to have biological children
through other means;
• the parties’ original reasons for undergoing IVF — for example,
to preserve a party’s future ability to have biological children
in the face of potential fertility loss due to medical treatment;
• the hardship for the party seeking to avoid becoming a genetic
parent, including emotional, financial, or logistical
considerations;
• either party’s demonstrated bad faith or attempt to use the
pre-embryos as leverage in the dissolution proceedings; and
• other relevant factors based on the circumstances of the case.
Id. at ¶¶ 65-71, 74.
6 ¶ 14 The supreme court also listed certain other factors that courts
must not consider in a balancing test: economic considerations
such as whether the party seeking to become a genetic parent can
afford to have another child, whether that party could instead adopt
or otherwise parent nonbiological children, and the sheer number of
a party’s existing children. Id. at ¶¶ 71, 74. Because the division of
our court in Rooks I had upheld a district court’s disposition that
relied in part on these prohibited factors, the supreme court in
Rooks II reversed that decision and remanded the case for the
district court to rebalance the parties’ interests under the
framework it adopted. Id. at ¶¶ 5, 73.
¶ 15 Although the district court in the present case did not have
the benefit of the decision of the supreme court in Rooks II, it did
apply a balancing test using pertinent factors. The district court
identified seven specific factors to be balanced, and, although
phrased differently than the supreme court’s list of factors in Rooks
II, the pertinent factors applied by the district court are sufficiently
similar to the Rooks II factors that we will not reverse the district
court ruling solely because its phraseology differed.
III. Husband’s Appeal
7 ¶ 16 Husband contends that the district court erred in applying the
balancing of interests test because it weighted wife’s interest in
donating the pre-embryos more heavily than his interest in avoiding
procreation based on wife’s moral belief that the pre-embryos are
human lives. We agree and thus reverse the judgment and remand
the case for the district court to rebalance the parties’ interests
consistent with this opinion and Rooks II.
A. Standard of Review
¶ 17 The parties disagree regarding the standard of review we
should apply in reviewing the district court’s decision. Husband
argues that a de novo standard applies because the case involves
constitutionally protected interests. Wife argues that application of
a balancing of interests test is necessarily an exercise of the district
court’s equitable discretion and therefore an abuse of discretion
standard applies.
¶ 18 The supreme court in Rooks II granted certiorari in part to
address “[w]hether the court of appeals erred in applying an abuse
of discretion standard of review in reviewing the trial court’s
determination of the disposition of a couple’s cryogenically frozen
8 pre-embryos in a dissolution of marriage.” Id. at ¶ 3 n.1. But, the
court did not resolve this issue.
¶ 19 The court did, however, characterize the pre-embryos as
marital property, albeit “marital property of a special character”
because they “contain the potential for human life.” Id. at ¶ 57.
And it noted the district court’s discretion under section
14-10-113(1), C.R.S. 2018, and In re Marriage of Balanson, 25 P.3d
28, 35 (Colo. 2001), to divide marital property equitably after
considering relevant factors. Rooks II, ¶¶ 58, 72. These statements
imply that an abuse of discretion standard applies as it would in
reviewing any marital property distribution. See Balanson, 25 P.3d
at 35 (recognizing district court’s “great latitude” to equitably
distribute marital property and that an appellate court must not
disturb its decision “unless there has been a clear abuse of
discretion”).
¶ 20 Additionally, the supreme court has previously applied an
abuse of discretion standard of review to an issue involving
competing constitutional rights. See In re Marriage of Ciesluk, 113
P.3d 135, 142, 148 (Colo. 2005). In Ciesluk, the court reviewed a
parental relocation determination under section 14-10-129(2)(c),
9 C.R.S. 2018, for an abuse of discretion, noting that the
determination involved balancing the mother’s constitutional right
to travel between states against the father’s constitutional right to
parent his child. Ciesluk, 113 P.3d at 142, 148.
¶ 21 Thus, we apply an abuse of discretion standard. In doing so,
however, we more carefully scrutinize the district court’s
determination because it involves the parties’ constitutional rights.
See Nikander v. Dist. Court, 711 P.2d 1260, 1262 (Colo. 1986).
B. The District Court’s Balancing of Interests Analysis
¶ 22 The district court began its analysis with three “constructs”
that had informed its balancing analysis: (1) the pre-embryos are
not legally considered human lives; (2) neither party can
persuasively argue that he or she would involuntarily become a
parent, legally or financially, of any child born using the pre-
embryos; and (3) the parties’ competing interests are grounded in
constitutional rights — the right to procreate and the right not to
procreate. These constructs are consistent with Rooks II, ¶¶ 35-39,
50-57.
10 ¶ 23 Against this backdrop, the court then weighted the parties’
interests, applying the factors listed in the division’s decision in
Rooks I, ¶¶ 42-62, to the extent they were pertinent to this case.
¶ 24 Husband contends only two of the supreme court’s Rooks II
balancing factors are relevant to the circumstances here: wife’s
intended use of the embryos and the hardship on him if he were
forced to become a genetic parent. See Rooks II, ¶¶ 66, 69. Wife
did not want to have more children herself using the pre-embryos
so her physical ability to have more children through other means
is not relevant. Also, the parties did not have a reason for
undergoing IVF other than to have children, which they
successfully did. Further, neither party argued in the district court
that the other was acting in bad faith or using the pre-embryos as
unfair leverage in the divorce proceedings, as all other dissolution
issues had been resolved. The district court also did not consider
any of the Rooks II prohibited factors. See id. at ¶ 71.
¶ 25 Applying the first factor (intended use of the pre-embryos by
the party who seeks to preserve them), the court stated that wife’s
interest in donating the pre-embryos was “less important” than her
interest would be if she planned to use the embryos to have another
11 child herself. But it still weighted this factor “slightly” in wife’s
favor because it concluded “she is seeking to utilize the embryos for
a productive purpose rather than simply discard them as [husband]
proposes.”
¶ 26 The court weighted the factor of “hardship for the party
seeking to avoid becoming a genetic parent” “slightly” in husband’s
favor, and it weighted wife’s personal view that the pre-embryos are
human lives “heavily” in her favor.
¶ 27 Separately, the district court ultimately rejected husband’s
position that his desire to avoid procreation should be given
“conclusive weight,” although it characterized this factor as
“substantial.” The court found that husband’s stated concern
about having a child born from the pre-embryos who was
genetically his child but whom he would not raise was inconsistent
with his actions in agreeing to donate the embryos in other
scenarios. And because the parties had agreed to donate the pre-
embryos in other scenarios, the court surmised that they had given
more weight to wife’s “fundamental beliefs” (that the pre-embryos
were human lives and should not be destroyed) than to husband’s
interest in avoiding undesired procreation. Thus, the court
12 weighted husband’s subjective concerns about donating the
pre-embryos in his favor but “at a level significantly less than the
subjective importance of [wife’s] desire to avoid destruction of the
[pre-]embryos.” Balancing all of these factors, the court awarded
the pre-embryos to wife.
C. Analysis
1. Preliminary Issues
¶ 28 Because wife’s argument that husband waived his right to
avoid procreating when he agreed to create the pre-embryos
through IVF is inconsistent with Rooks II, we reject it. See id. at ¶
62 (“We do not interpret a party’s commencement of the IVF
process, on its own, to establish the party’s automatic consent to
become the genetic parent of all possible children that could result
from successful implantation of the pre-embryos.”).
¶ 29 We also reject wife’s argument on appeal that we should
conclude the parties entered into an agreement to preserve the
pre-embryos for donation in the event of divorce. The record
reflects that although wife testified at the hearing that the parties
had orally agreed that any unused pre-embryos would not be
destroyed, she admitted that she had no evidence of such an
13 agreement other than her email correspondence with her friend and
sister, in which husband did not participate. Further, wife
admitted that the parties did not have an agreement for disposition
of the pre-embryos in the event they divorced.
¶ 30 When asked by the district court why, if the parties had
chosen donation of the pre-embryos in other instances, they did not
also provide for that disposition in the event of divorce, wife
responded that they did not discuss what would happen in the
event that they divorce and that she wished that she had included
such a provision but she thought they would be married forever.
¶ 31 Wife did not argue in her written briefs in the district court
that there was an oral agreement between the parties that must be
enforced. She instead consistently described the fertility center’s
written consent form as the only agreement concerning disposition
of the pre-embryos and argued, as she also did at the hearing, that
the consent form should be interpreted as indicating an intent that
the pre-embryos be donated on divorce. Although the court found
credible wife’s testimony that the parties had “discussed” her pro-
life beliefs in connection with their decision to undergo IVF, it also
found that the IVF agreement did not set forth a standard to be
14 utilized in resolving the dispute in the event of divorce, other than
to submit it to the court. Cf. J.B. v. M.B., 783 A.2d 707, 714 (N.J.
2001) (rejecting party’s assertion that an oral agreement existed for
disposition of the parties’ pre-embryos based on their discussions of
the issue before undergoing IVF). 4
¶ 32 Moreover, Rooks II, ¶ 72, held that an express agreement
between the spouses in the event of divorce would govern and
therefore be enforceable. And we discern no error in the district
court’s conclusion that the parties did not have an agreement on
the disposition of the pre-embryos in the event of divorce — except
to submit the issue to a court in the event they could not agree. We
similarly reject husband’s argument in his reply brief that section
19-4-106(7), C.R.S. 2018, which requires both parties’ consent to
IVF, controls the disposition issue presented here. See Rooks II, ¶¶
51-52 (rejecting similar argument and holding that “consent” in
4 Wife argues for the first time in her answer brief that husband is equitably estopped from arguing that the pre-embryos should be destroyed because she only agreed to IVF on the understanding that any unused pre-embryos would not be destroyed. However, we will not address an argument raised for the first time on appeal. Melat, Pressman & Higbie, L.L.P. v. Hannon Law Firm, L.L.C., 2012 CO 61, ¶ 18.
15 section 19-4-106(7) “logically refers to the former spouse’s consent
to legal parenthood” of a child born as a result of IVF). We also note
that husband’s argument is not preserved because it is raised for
the first time in his reply brief. See In re Marriage of Drexler, 2013
COA 43, ¶ 24.
2. Case Law on Balancing the Interests of a Party Wanting to Donate Versus Those of Wanting to Avoid Procreating
¶ 33 In weighing the parties’ competing interests, the Rooks II,
court stated that “[a] party who seeks to become a genetic parent
through implantation of the pre-embryos, for example, has a
weightier interest than one who seeks to donate the pre-embryos to
another couple.” Rooks II, ¶ 66.
¶ 34 And the court noted that “generally” case law from other
jurisdictions addressing disposition of pre-embryos on divorce
“avoid[s] results that compel one party to become a genetic parent
against his or her will except in rare circumstances.” Id. at ¶ 32.
Rooks, however, involved a party who wanted to preserve the
pre-embryos to become pregnant, not to donate them as wife wants
to do here. See id. at ¶ 2.
16 ¶ 35 On appeal, husband urges us to adopt this intended use factor
as the primary and dispositive factor when one spouse seeks to
donate the pre-embryos, rather than use them to have biological
children. We decline to adopt this proposed bright line test.
¶ 36 First, although the opinion in Rooks II lists this factor first, it
does not state that it has primary or dispositive weight. It states
only that a party wishing to implant and have a child has a
weightier interest than a party wishing to donate. And, in this case,
husband does not wish to become a genetic parent through
implantation (i.e., by using a surrogate), so the first clause is not
dispositive in weighting his interest against wife’s.
¶ 37 Rooks II cited two cases from other jurisdictions in which a
spouse’s interest in discarding pre-embryos so as to avoid becoming
a genetic parent was pitted against a spouse’s interest in preserving
pre-embryos to donate to another couple. Id. at ¶ 66 (citing J.B.,
783 A.2d at 716-17; Davis v. Davis, 842 S.W.2d 588, 603-04 (Tenn.
1992)).
¶ 38 Davis stated that in this circumstance, “[o]rdinarily, the party
wishing to avoid procreation should prevail.” 842 S.W.2d at 604;
see also J.B., 783 A.2d at 716. The Davis court upheld the lower
17 court’s disposition under the balancing of interests test in favor of
the party who did not want to procreate. 842 S.W.2d at 604. That
party — the husband — asserted that he was “vehemently opposed
to fathering a child that would not live with both parents” because,
as a child, he had been sent to a home for boys after his parents
divorced and had “severe problems” as a result. Id. at 603-04. The
court credited the husband’s testimony, and also found that the
wife’s interest in donating, which it described as her having to know
“that the lengthy IVF procedures she underwent were futile, and
that the pre[-]embryos to which she contributed genetic material
would never become children,” was not as significant as the
husband’s interest. Id. at 604.
¶ 39 The New Jersey court approved of the Davis rule that
ordinarily a party wishing to avoid procreation should prevail, and it
also ruled in favor of destroying the pre-embryos. J.B., 783 A.2d at
716-17.
¶ 40 Although the Davis court noted that “[t]he case would be
closer if [the wife] were seeking to use the pre[-]embryos herself,”
842 S.W.2d at 604, it did not hold that an objecting party must
always prevail when the other party wants to donate rather than
18 have a child using the pre-embryos. To the contrary, it clarified
that the rule it was announcing “does not contemplate the creation
of an automatic veto” for an objecting party. Id. Neither of these
cases adopted the bright line test urged by husband.
3. The Parties’ Competing Constitutional Rights
¶ 41 Husband argues that wife’s “right to procreate is less
impacted, if impacted at all,” if she is not permitted to donate the
pre-embryos and that her right only “manifests at the moment of
implantation [of the pre-embryos] in her uterus.” See J.B., 783
A.2d at 717 (preventing donation or use of the pre-embryos would
not impair the husband’s right to procreate). Accordingly, he
further argues, the district court erred in treating the parties’
constitutional rights as equivalent.
¶ 42 The court did not treat the parties’ rights as equivalent,
however. Rather, it noted that “there is a constitutional dimension”
to wife’s interest in preserving the pre-embryos for donation to
another couple and thus both parties’ “competing interests . . . are
grounded in constitutional rights.” The court did not err in making
this statement.
19 ¶ 43 The supreme court similarly noted in Rooks II, ¶ 35, that the
parties’ competing interests in this situation “derive from
constitutional rights in the realm of reproductive choice.” Further,
wife’s right, as well as husband’s, in this area includes not only the
right to procreate or not procreate, but also the right to make
decisions about the fate of the pre-embryos that were created using
their genetic material. See Davis, 842 S.W.2d at 601-03 (describing
the parties — the wife, who wanted to donate the pre-embryos, and
the husband, who wanted to discard them — as “entirely equivalent
gamete-providers,” both with “decisional authority” over whether to
continue gestating the pre-embryos); see also Rooks II, ¶¶ 35-38
(discussing case law around reproductive rights and noting the
importance of individual choice and autonomy in decision-making).
4. Husband’s Interest in Avoiding Procreation
¶ 44 Although husband claimed a similar interest to that asserted
by the husband in Davis — that he never knew his own father and
did not want to have a genetic child whom he would not raise and
who also might not have a father in his or her life — the district
court found his assertion not credible. It noted that if his concern
“was so compelling that he could not accommodate the prospect of
20 his biological child being raised by someone else other than himself,
how could he have agreed the [pre-]embryos should be donated to
another couple in the event [wife] attained the age of fifty-five or in
the event of his and [wife’s] mutual death?” According to the court,
this inconsistency “dissipate[d] [husband’s] argument that this
factor should weigh heavily in his favor.”
¶ 45 We conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion
in weighting husband’s interest in this manner. We agree with
Davis’s ruling that ordinarily a party not wanting to procreate
should prevail when the other party wants to donate the
pre-embryos instead of using them to have a child of his or her
own. See 842 S.W.2d at 604; see also Rooks II, ¶ 32. But, we also
agree with the district court and with Davis that an objecting
party’s interest is not a veto power and therefore is not conclusive
in a balancing analysis. See 842 S.W.2d at 604.
¶ 46 Moreover, determining credibility is the district court’s
prerogative. In re Marriage of Farr, 228 P.3d 267, 270 (Colo. App.
2010). And the court’s observations relative to its credibility
determination here are supported by the record. Whereas in Davis
the parties had not entered into any agreement for disposition of
21 their pre-embryos, 842 S.W.2d at 590, here husband twice agreed
that in scenarios other than divorce the pre-embryos would be
donated to another couple. As the district court noted, his decision
to elect donation in these other scenarios unavoidably conflicts with
his claimed “core belief” that he did not want his biological child
being raised by someone else and potentially without a father, as he
had been raised.
¶ 47 At the hearing, after husband stated his concerns about
donating the pre-embryos, the district court asked him directly
about the inconsistency in his position relative to his previous
agreement to donate in other scenarios:
But let me push back and don’t take this in an offensive way, but just try to explain to me the difference. So if that’s true, why would it be acceptable to donate in the event of your death or the other category that was set forth in the contract, to donate in the event that you reached 56 and didn’t otherwise address this position? So why aren’t those sort of overriding concerns that you have about the absence of a father equally applicable in those cases?
In response, husband did not say that he had changed his mind
but rather attempted to distinguish the two situations:
22 I think there would be a guarantee. There would be a definite definition. If I was dead, my child, if it was out there and planted in somebody else, would know. There’s the possibility they would know I’m not around. I don’t know. It’s just something that’s there that I’m thinking about constantly. It’s like the most logical thing that you think about. If you’re 55 or 56 and we were still together, me and [wife], even though there’s a document there, it’s still something that you would talk about. Obviously we can’t talk about things and make decisions together. That’s why we’re here all the time unfortunately. You have to be — I can’t really say being what I would do with putting myself out there 14 years from now. So it’s — I don’t know. It’s hard for me to say.
¶ 48 Husband did not argue in the district court that he was
entitled to and in fact had changed his mind about his previous
agreement to donate the pre-embryos. Thus, because it was not
shown to be clearly erroneous, we must accept the district court’s
finding that husband either overstated his “core belief” about the
prospect of his biological child being raised by someone other than
himself, or recognized that the wife’s “competing value is entitled to
greater weight.”
¶ 49 Additionally, the district court noted that fewer than two years
had elapsed from when the parties signed the agreement, in which
23 they agreed to donate the pre-embryos in other scenarios, and the
dissolution proceedings began. Therefore, it found unlikely that
“the parties’ core beliefs and values” had evolved significantly in this
short time.
¶ 50 The district court appropriately weighted the husband’s
testimony under the factor of husband’s personal view of the moral
responsibility to have a meaningful presence in the life of a child he
aided in conceiving.
5. Wife’s Interest in Donating the Pre-Embryos
¶ 51 By stating initially that wife’s interest in donating the pre-
embryos was “less important” than if she had planned to use the
pre-embryos to have another child herself, the district court
appeared to accord appropriate weight to wife’s interest. See Rooks
II, ¶ 66 (“A party who seeks to become a genetic parent through
implantation of the pre-embryos, for example, has a weightier
interest than one who seeks to donate the pre-embryos to another
couple.”); see also J.B., 783 A.2d at 716; Davis, 842 S.W.2d at 604.
We read this statement from Rooks II to mean that a party’s interest
in seeking to donate is still entitled to some weight, but not as great
a weight as if the party sought to use the pre-embryos herself.
24 ¶ 52 However, the district court identified what appears to be a
corollary factor that turned on the “the parties’ personal views of
the morality of discarding fertilized embryos” and weighted that
factor heavily in favor of wife. Nothing in Rooks I or Rooks II
suggests that the weight to be attributed to a party’s interest in
donating should in any way turn on that party’s personal views of
the morality of donating. Moreover, Rooks II did not recognize, as it
could have, that certain uses of the pre-embryos — such as
implantation or donation — were for a “productive purpose” and
thus entitled to greater weight in the balancing calculus. To the
contrary, attributing such weight in this case appears to be
inconsistent with the supreme court’s conclusion that pre-embryos
are not persons under Colorado law. See Rooks II, ¶ 56.
¶ 53 Although the district court had clarified at the beginning of its
balancing analysis, consistent with Colorado law, see id., that “the
legal system does not view an embryo as a human life” and that the
parties’ dispute “cannot be resolved based upon a perception that
the [pre-]embryos must be protected as human life,” it then did just
the opposite by weighting “heavily” wife’s personal beliefs that the
pre-embryos were human lives and describing her interest in
25 donating them as a “productive purpose” as compared with
husband’s intent to discard them. By applying this new factor of
personal moral views, the district court effectively restored
conclusive weight to wife’s side of the balancing equation because
“she is seeking to utilize the embryos for a productive purpose
rather than simply discard them as [husband] proposes.” In
characterizing wife’s purpose to donate as “productive” and
husband’s purpose as “simply discard[ing],” the court credited
wife’s personal beliefs that the pre-embryos were human lives and
treated donation as an innately and unavoidably superior purpose
to discarding. By relying on this factor, the district court tilted the
scale in favor of the party seeking to donate and thus abused its
discretion by inserting a factor not recognized in Rooks II and that
is seemingly inconsistent with that decision. See id. at ¶¶ 32, 66;
J.B., 783 A.2d at 716; Davis, 842 S.W.2d at 604.
¶ 54 We recognize that the factors identified in Rooks II are not
exhaustive. Rooks II, ¶ 71 (“Factors other than the ones described
above may be relevant on a case-by-case basis.”). But the factors
that a court adds — like the five expressly identified in Rooks II —
must be in service of balancing the competing constitutional
26 interests at stake, namely, “the parties’ individual interests in either
achieving or avoiding genetic parenthood through use of the
disputed pre-embryos.” Id. at ¶ 64. And the relative strength or
sincerity of the parties’ respective personal or moral convictions, as
a separate additional factor, does not advance the court’s charge of
giving primacy to one of “the equivalently important, yet competing,
right to procreate and right to avoid procreation.” Id. at ¶ 74.
¶ 55 The district court found that wife’s subjective beliefs were
“bona fide, passionate, and antedate this dispute.” While this
finding is certainly supported by the record, wife’s beliefs are also
contrary to established law regarding pre-embryos and, as such,
were ultimately weighted too heavily by the district court vis-a-vis
husband’s constitutional right to avoid procreating using the
pre-embryos. Cf. J.B., 783 A.2d at 712, 716-17 (resolving issue in
favor of party seeking to destroy pre-embryos to avoid procreating
despite the other party’s desire to donate the pre-embryos
consistent with his religious convictions that the pre-embryos must
be protected as human life).
¶ 56 To be sure, although wife is constitutionally entitled to her
sincerely held personal moral beliefs, such beliefs cannot be
27 accorded dispositive weight. 5 See id.; Davis, 842 S.W.2d at 604; see
also Rooks II, ¶¶ 32, 66. Moreover, to the extent the supreme court
in Rooks II identified hardship or emotional toll as a consideration,
it was only with respect to “the spouse seeking to avoid becoming a
genetic parent.” Rooks II, ¶¶ 4, 69, 74.
¶ 57 For all of these reasons, we remand the case for the district
court to rebalance the parties’ interests in accord with Rooks II. As
set forth in this opinion, the court should do so without weighting
wife’s subjective belief that the pre-embryos should be protected as
human life more heavily than husband’s interest in not procreating
using the pre-embryos. Further, because the court and the parties
did not have the guidance of Rooks II during the earlier hearing,
both parties should be afforded the opportunity to present the
district court with additional evidence and argument if either party
wishes to do so.
5 On appeal, wife appears to argue that her right to donate the pre-embryos implicates her right to free exercise of her religious beliefs. If this argument was raised below, it was not addressed by the district court. Moreover, wife cites no authority for the proposition that free exercise of religious beliefs is implicated in a case involving the allocation of pre-embryos as marital property of a special character.
28 IV. Wife’s Request for Appellate Attorney Fees
¶ 58 Wife requests appellate attorney fees under C.A.R. 38(b) and
section 13-17-102, C.R.S. 2018. We deny the request.
¶ 59 Wife requests fees based on husband’s first issue, in which he
argues that the contemporaneous mutual consent approach applies
instead of the balancing of interests approach — a position
supported by the dissent in Rooks II, ¶¶ 76-109. Husband
abandoned this issue, however, in his supplemental brief after the
Rooks II court adopted the balancing of interests approach.
Accordingly, attorney fees are not appropriate. See Mission Denver
Co. v. Pierson, 674 P.2d 363, 365 (Colo. 1984) (“Standards for
determining whether an appeal is frivolous should be directed
toward penalizing egregious conduct without deterring a lawyer
from vigorously asserting his client’s rights.”); cf. § 13-17-102(5)
(attorney fees shall not be assessed if a claim is dismissed within a
reasonable time after the party knew or reasonably should have
known that he or she would not prevail on the claim).
V. Conclusion
29 ¶ 60 The judgment is reversed, and the case is remanded for the
district court to rebalance the parties’ interests consistent with this
opinion.
JUDGE NAVARRO and JUDGE WELLING concur.