The summaries of the Colorado Court of Appeals published opinions constitute no part of the opinion of the division but have been prepared by the division for the convenience of the reader. The summaries may not be cited or relied upon as they are not the official language of the division. Any discrepancy between the language in the summary and in the opinion should be resolved in favor of the language in the opinion.
SUMMARY October 16, 2025
2025COA83
No. 24CA0590, Elken v. Bain — Family Law — Parents and Children — Assisted Reproduction — Embryos — Unmarried Parties
In this declaratory judgment action regarding the disposition
of pre-embryos, a division of the court of appeals concludes that the
multi-factor balancing test adopted by the Colorado Supreme Court
in In re Marriage of Rooks, 2018 CO 85 — a framework developed in
the context of a dissolution of marriage proceeding — applies to a
dispute between nonmarried individuals. The division also
concludes that the district court correctly applied the Rooks
framework to a situation in which one party seeks to implant the
pre-embryos to have a genetic child, while the other party seeks to
donate them to avoid sharing a genetic child with the first party.
Finally, the division concludes that the district court did not abuse its discretion in balancing the Rooks factors. Accordingly, the
division affirms the judgment. COLORADO COURT OF APPEALS 2025COA83
Court of Appeals No. 24CA0590 City and County of Denver District Court No. 23CV30717 Honorable Mark T. Bailey, Judge
Rachael Elken,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
Tyler Bain,
Defendant-Appellee.
JUDGMENT AFFIRMED
Division I Opinion by JUDGE BROWN J. Jones and Yun, JJ., concur
Announced October 16, 2025
Burg Simpson Eldredge Hersh & Jardine, P.C., Michael S. Burg, D. Dean Batchelder, Patrick M. Sweet, Elizabeth N. Torma, Englewood, Colorado, for Plaintiff-Appellant
Tyler Bain, Pro Se ¶1 Plaintiff, Rachael Elken, appeals the district court’s judgment
ordering that she and defendant, Tyler Bain, donate four
cryogenically frozen pre-embryos they created before their
relationship ended. Elken contends that the district court
(1) misapplied the multi-factor balancing test developed by the
Colorado Supreme Court in In re Marriage of Rooks, 2018 CO 85;
and (2) abused its discretion in balancing the Rooks factors.
¶2 In resolving this case, we first conclude that the Rooks
framework, which was developed in the context of a dissolution of
marriage proceeding, applies to a dispute between nonmarried
individuals over the disposition of pre-embryos created from their
genetic material. We also conclude that the district court correctly
applied the Rooks factors to a situation in which one party seeks to
implant the pre-embryos to have genetic children, while the other
party seeks to donate them to avoid sharing a genetic child with the
first party. Finally, we conclude that the court did not abuse its
discretion in weighing the Rooks factors in this case. Accordingly,
we affirm the judgment.
1 I. Background
¶3 Rachael Elken and Tyler Bain began a romantic relationship in
2018. Bain had two children from a previous marriage, while Elken
had none. During their relationship, Elken and Bain wanted to
start a family together — Bain even reversed his vasectomy, and
Elken purchased a home large enough to accommodate Bain’s two
children and any future children they might have together.
¶4 After unsuccessfully trying to conceive children naturally,
Elken contacted the Colorado Center for Reproductive Medicine
(CCRM). Following a discussion of the various options, Bain and
Elken decided to use in vitro fertilization (IVF) to combine their
genetic material and create pre-embryos.
¶5 Bain and Elken signed a CCRM form agreement titled
“Disposition of Embryos and Declaration of Intent.” The CCRM
agreement clarified what the parties wanted CCRM to do with the
pre-embryos in four situations: Elken’s death; Bain’s death; the
parties’ simultaneous deaths; and “Divorce, Dissolution of
Relationship, or Discontinuation of IVF Treatment.” As relevant
here, in the event their relationship ended, Elken and Bain agreed
to the following option: “A court decree, settlement agreement, or
2 written instructions signed by each party and notarized will be
presented to [CCRM] directing use to achieve a pregnancy in one of
us or anonymously donate the embryos to another couple for
reproductive purposes . . . .”
¶6 CCRM created four viable pre-embryos from Elken’s and
Bain’s genetic material. A few months later, an argument between
Elken and Bain escalated into physical violence. The details of the
incident are disputed, but the altercation led to the end of their
relationship. Bain then independently contacted CCRM to request
that it “stop the [IVF] process.”
¶7 Over the next several months, the parties could not reach an
agreement regarding the fate of their pre-embryos. In March 2023,
Elken filed a complaint for declaratory relief, seeking possession of
the pre-embryos under the CCRM agreement so that she could use
them to become a genetic parent.
¶8 Following a two-day bench trial, the district court made
detailed findings of fact and carefully balanced the parties’
respective interests under the Rooks factors. The court concluded
that “Mr. Bain’s interest in procreative autonomy outweighs Ms.
Elken’s interest in the use of these four [pre-]embryos” and ordered
3 that the pre-embryos be anonymously donated to another couple
for reproductive purposes. The court stayed its judgment pending
this appeal.
II. The Rooks Framework Applies to Nonmarried Individuals Who Have Created Pre-Embryos
¶9 Rooks involved a divorcing couple’s dispute over the
disposition of their cryogenically frozen pre-embryos. Rooks,
¶¶ 2-4. Although the matter could have been characterized simply
as a dispute over “the equitable division of marital property in a
divorce proceeding,” the supreme court acknowledged that “the
parties’ competing interests in the disputed pre-embryos derive
from constitutional rights in the realm of reproductive choice,” not
from the right to marry. Id. at ¶ 35. Indeed, “[t]he decision whether
to bear or beget a child is a constitutionally protected choice.” In re
Romero, 790 P.2d 819, 822 (Colo. 1990). Consequently, deciding
the fate of the pre-embryos after a relationship ends “presents
difficult issues of procreational autonomy for which there are no
easy answers because it pits one spouse’s right to procreate directly
against the other spouse’s equivalently important right to avoid
procreation, and because the fundamental liberty and privacy
4 interests at stake are deeply personal and emotionally charged.”
Rooks, ¶ 3.
¶ 10 Even though the parties here were never married, they agree
that the Rooks framework should apply to the dispute over their
pre-embryos. We do too. Notwithstanding the supreme court’s
characterization of the pre-embryos in Rooks as “marital property of
a special character,” it was individual “autonomy over decisions
involving reproduction” that animated the balancing test the court
adopted to resolve the dispute. Id. at ¶ 64. The supreme court
even clarified that “the framework [it] adopt[ed] in this special
context is distinct from, and more narrow than, the trial court’s
consideration of various factors in determining equitable
distribution of other forms of marital property.” Id. Regardless of
whether the parties are married, their “individual interests in either
achieving or avoiding genetic parenthood through use of the
disputed pre-embryos” are implicated just the same. Id.
¶ 11 Thus, we conclude that a trial court should apply the Rooks
framework to resolve disputes between unmarried parties as to the
disposition of pre-embryos they jointly created. See Szafranski v.
Dunston, 2015 IL App (1st) 122975-B, ¶ 3, 34 N.E.3d 1132, 1137
5 (applying a Rooks-like framework to resolve a dispute between
unmarried parties over the disposition of their pre-embryos). We
set forth that framework next, modifying the language used in
Rooks to facilitate its application outside the context of a
dissolution of marriage proceeding.
¶ 12 When the genetic contributors cannot agree on the disposition
of their frozen pre-embryos, a court must apply a two-part
framework to balance the parties’ “equally valid, constitutionally
based interests in procreational autonomy.” Rooks, ¶ 72. A court
must first “look for an enforceable agreement between the parties
regarding the disposition of the pre-embryos” in the event their
relationship ends. Id. at ¶ 62. If the parties do not have such an
agreement, or if their agreement is not dispositive, the court must
weigh the following nonexhaustive factors:
1. the intended use of the pre-embryos by the party who wants
to preserve them (for example, whether the party wants to
use the pre-embryos to become a genetic parent or wants to
donate them), id. at ¶ 66;
6 2. the demonstrated physical ability (or inability) of the party
seeking to implant the pre-embryos to have biological
children through other means, id. at ¶ 67;
3. the parties’ original reasons for undertaking IVF (for
example, whether the couple sought to preserve a party’s
future ability to bear children in the face of
fertility-implicating medical treatment), id. at ¶ 68;
4. the hardship for the party seeking to avoid becoming a
genetic parent, including emotional, financial, or logistical
considerations, id. at ¶ 69;
5. a party’s demonstrated bad faith or attempt to use the
pre-embryos as unfair leverage, id. at ¶ 70; and
6. any other considerations relevant to the parties’ specific
situation, id. at ¶ 71.
¶ 13 A court should not consider whether a party seeking to
become a genetic parent can afford a child or could adopt a child or
otherwise parent nonbiological children. Id. “Nor shall the sheer
number of a party’s existing children, standing alone, be a reason to
preclude preservation or use of the pre-embryos.” Id.
7 ¶ 14 “Considering the nature and equivalency of the underlying
liberty and privacy interests at stake, a court . . . should strive,
where possible, to honor both parties’ interests in procreational
autonomy when resolving disputes over a couple’s cryogenically
preserved pre-embryos.” Id. at ¶ 4. But a court should also
generally avoid compelling one party to become a genetic parent
against that party’s will, except in rare circumstances. In re
Marriage of Fabos, 2019 COA 80, ¶¶ 34, 45 (Fabos I); In re Marriage
of Fabos, 2022 COA 66, ¶¶ 14, 43 (Fabos II).
III. The District Court’s Application of the Rooks Framework
¶ 15 To resolve the parties’ dispute over the disposition of their
cryogenically frozen pre-embryos, the district court applied the
Rooks framework and recognized its duty to honor both parties’
interests in procreational autonomy, if possible. Consistent with
Rooks, the court first considered whether the parties had an
enforceable agreement on the disposition of the pre-embryos in the
event their relationship ended. The court noted that the parties
selected an option in the CCRM agreement permitting two possible
outcomes — either one party could use the pre-embryos to achieve
pregnancy or the pre-embryos could be anonymously donated to
8 another couple for reproductive purposes. However, because the
parties could not agree on one of the two options, the court found
that the CCRM agreement was not dispositive and proceeded to
analyze and weigh the Rooks factors.
¶ 16 Factor 1: Intended use by the party who wants to preserve the
pre-embryos. The court considered Elken to be the party who
intended to preserve the pre-embryos and found that she wished to
use them to attempt to become pregnant. The court recognized that
“Elken’s intended use of the embryos to become a genetic parent is
entitled to significant weight under the [Rooks] analysis.”
¶ 17 Factor 2: Demonstrated physical ability or inability to have
biological children through other means. The court noted Elken’s
age — she was thirty-eight years old when she commenced the
action — and relied heavily on her fertility expert’s testimony to
evaluate this factor. The court identified four possible avenues for
Elken to become a genetic parent. First, a natural pregnancy was
“still possible,” though the expert could not estimate “the odds of
this happening.” The court ranked the remaining three possibilities
by likelihood of success: (1) using the four pre-embryos created with
Bain’s genetic material; (2) combining her eggs with anonymously
9 donated sperm to create a pre-embryo; and (3) undergoing donor
sperm insemination. Regarding the second option, the court found
that, after the dispute over the pre-embryos arose, Elken underwent
two additional egg retrieval procedures and harvested twenty eggs
that would likely yield three viable pre-embryos after accounting for
“attrition.” The expert saw no reason why Elken could not harvest
more eggs before the age of forty-five.
¶ 18 Ultimately, the court found that Elken had “not demonstrated
an inability to have biological children” and that she had “other
options for becoming a mother.” But it also found that Elken had
shown “that these [four] [pre-]embryos are her best chance of
becoming a genetic mother and taking them away will reduce her
chances.” The court explained that, “[g]iven the uncertainties
inherent in IVF and pregnancy, this is a very significant factor,” and
it gave “great weight to [Elken’s] interest here too.”
¶ 19 Factor 3: The parties’ original reasons for undertaking IVF. The
court made detailed findings about the parties’ relationship and
their original reasons for pursuing IVF. It found credible and
compelling Elken’s testimony that it had been “her dream to be a
mother since she was a child.” Although Elken testified that her
10 “primary goal was to preserve her ability to be a mother with or
without [Bain] as a partner,” the court found that both parties’
“primary intention at the time the embryos were created[] was to
use them to make a family.”
¶ 20 The court likewise found credible Bain’s testimony that “his
intention was to form a family with [Elken,] not simply to provide
genetic material so that [Elken] could be [a parent] with or without
his involvement.” It found that “Bain provided his sperm because
he wanted to make a family.” Although the court did not specify
how much weight it assigned this third factor, its analysis suggests
that this factor weighed in favor of Bain given that the parties’
primary intent in creating the pre-embryos — to create a family
together — was no longer achievable after their relationship ended.
¶ 21 Factor 4: The hardship for the party seeking to avoid becoming
a genetic parent. In analyzing this factor, the court identified Bain
as the party seeking to avoid becoming a genetic parent, specifically
with Elken. The court disagreed with Elken’s view that Bain would
not be significantly harmed if she had his child because she had
“agreed to absolve [Bain] of all financial and other responsibilities of
parenthood.” Instead, the court found that Bain “was telling the
11 truth” when he testified that “he would not be able to walk away
and not be a part of the child’s life if [Elken] had his baby.”
¶ 22 The court also noted Elken’s argument that, by not choosing
the option in the CCRM agreement to discard the pre-embryos in
the event their relationship ended, Bain had agreed to become a
genetic parent, so he should allow Elken to be the other parent to
that child. But the court credited Bain’s testimony that “he would
suffer extreme emotional hardship if he were forced to become a
parent and then co-parent the child with [Elken].” The court
reasoned, “It is one thing to donate [pre-]embryos anonymously, but
it is a very different thing for your former partner to raise your child
in your community.” The court found that Bain would experience
“significant emotional, financial, and logistical hardship.”
¶ 23 Factor 5: A party’s demonstrated bad faith or attempt to use the
pre-embryos as unfair leverage. The court observed that neither
party argued that this factor applied.
¶ 24 Any other considerations relevant to the parties’ specific
situation. The court did not appear to make findings on any
additional considerations beyond those articulated in Rooks.
12 ¶ 25 After weighing these factors, the district court concluded that
“Mr. Bain’s interest in procreative autonomy outweighs Ms. Elken’s
interest in the use of these four [pre-]embryos.” It denied Elken’s
request for declaratory relief and ordered that the pre-embryos be
anonymously donated to another couple for reproductive purposes.
IV. Elken’s Contentions
¶ 26 Elken contends that the district court (1) misapplied Rooks
and (2) abused its discretion by weighing the Rooks factors in Bain’s
favor. We are not persuaded.
A. The District Court Correctly Applied the Rooks Factors
¶ 27 Elken contends that the district court misapplied Rooks by
(1) failing to recognize that a person seeking to become a genetic
parent has a weightier interest than one who seeks only to donate
pre-embryos and (2) considering a “self-imposed” hardship to the
party seeking to donate the pre-embryos. Reviewing de novo, see
Fabos II, ¶ 15 (“Whether a district court applied the correct legal
standard is an issue we review de novo.”), we disagree.
13 1. The District Court Correctly Afforded Elken’s Interest in Becoming a Genetic Parent Greater Weight Than Bain’s Interest in Donation
¶ 28 Elken’s weightier-interest argument focuses on the court’s
application of the first Rooks factor — “the intended use of the party
seeking to preserve the disputed pre-embryos.” Rooks, ¶ 66. Rooks
made clear that both the right to procreate and the right to avoid
procreation are “equivalently important” constitutionally based
rights. Id. at ¶ 74; see Fabos II, ¶ 33. But it also explained that “[a]
party who seeks to become a genetic parent through implantation of
the pre-embryos . . . has a weightier interest than one who seeks to
donate the pre-embryos to another couple.” Rooks, ¶ 66. Relying
on this language, Elken asserts that the district court should have
given her interest in using the pre-embryos greater weight than
Bain’s interest in donating them.
¶ 29 But the district court afforded Elken’s interest greater weight.
In assessing this factor, the court explained that “a party’s interest
in seeking to donate does not have as great [a weight] as if the party
sought to use the pre-embryos herself,” and it reasoned that
“Elken’s intended use of the pre-embryos to become a genetic
parent is entitled to significant weight under the Rooks analysis.”
14 Although the court did not expressly say that Bain’s interest was
inferior to Elken’s under the first Rooks factor, its order clearly
demonstrates that it weighed this factor heavily in Elken’s favor.
Thus, we perceive no error in the district court’s application of the
first Rooks factor.
¶ 30 Despite acknowledging that “this factor may not be dispositive
on its own,” Elken nevertheless contends, relying on Fabos II, that
“it should ‘ordinarily’ be the case that the party pursuing donation
of the pre-embryos loses when pitted against” a party seeking to use
the pre-embryos to become pregnant. Rather than identifying a
misapplication of the law, this argument challenges how the district
court exercised its discretion in balancing this factor against the
other Rooks factors, an issue we take up in Part IV.B. But to the
extent Elken contends that she should have prevailed as a matter of
law, her argument extends Fabos II’s rationale too far.
¶ 31 In Fabos, the wife wanted to donate the frozen pre-embryos to
another couple while the husband sought to have them discarded.
Fabos II, ¶ 3. The division noted that, under Rooks, both the right
to procreate and the right to avoid procreation are “equivalently
important” constitutionally based rights. Id. at ¶ 33 (quoting Rooks,
15 ¶¶ 3, 74). From there, it reasoned that a party’s desire to implant
pre-embryos to achieve genetic parenthood and a party’s desire to
avoid genetic parenthood likewise are “equivalently important.” Id.
But “because a party’s desire to donate pre-embryos is entitled to
less weight than a party’s desire to implant them, a party’s desire to
donate must also be entitled to less weight than a party’s desire to
avoid genetic parenthood.” Id. As a result, the division concluded
that the trial court erred by weighing the wife’s desire to donate as
equivalent to a desire to implant and thus equivalent to the
husband’s desire to avoid genetic parenthood. Id. at ¶ 29. But
rather than remanding for the trial court to rebalance the Rooks
factors, the division concluded, as a matter of law, that the case
was a “close call” and thus “not one of the rare circumstances in
which a court may compel a party to procreate against their will.”
Id. at ¶¶ 43, 46. The division directed entry of judgment for the
husband on remand. Id. at ¶ 58.
¶ 32 In reaching this conclusion, the Fabos II division relied in part
on the Fabos I division’s reasoning that “[o]rdinarily a party not
wanting to procreate should prevail when the other party wants to
donate the pre-embryos instead of using them to have a child of
16 [their] own.” Fabos II, ¶ 46 (quoting Fabos I, ¶ 45). Based on this
language, Elken argues that, because a party seeking to implant the
pre-embryos to achieve genetic parenthood is on equal footing with
a party not wanting to procreate, it should follow that, ordinarily, a
party seeking to implant the pre-embryos should prevail when the
other party wants to donate them. According to Elken, had the
court given her this “strong presumption,” she should have
prevailed.
¶ 33 But Fabos I drew the relevant principle from Rooks’ survey of
how other jurisdictions have resolved disputes over the disposition
of pre-embryos. Fabos II, ¶ 23 n.2. Rooks explained that, although
courts have taken various approaches, they all generally seek to
“avoid results that compel one party to become a genetic parent
against [their] will except in rare circumstances.” Rooks, ¶ 32.
¶ 34 A party seeking to implant pre-embryos — in their own body
or in the body of a partner — has chosen to become a genetic
parent. Requiring that party to donate pre-embryos does not
compel them to become a genetic parent against their will and does
not infringe upon that party’s procreational autonomy to the same
extent as it would infringe on the rights of a party seeking to avoid
17 genetic parenthood altogether. Consequently, we decline Elken’s
invitation to hold that a party seeking to implant pre-embryos to
become a genetic parent should ordinarily prevail over a party
seeking to donate the pre-embryos, except in rare circumstances.1
2. The District Court Was Permitted to Consider Bain’s Hardship
¶ 35 Elken contends that the district court erred by considering the
hardship to Bain as the party seeking to donate the pre-embryos.
She argues that the fourth Rooks factor only permits the court to
consider hardship to the party “seeking to avoid becoming a genetic
parent.” Rooks, ¶ 4. According to Elken, because Bain would
become a genetic parent even if the pre-embryos are donated, the
court erred by considering any hardship to him that might result
from her using the pre-embryos to become pregnant with his child.
1 We do not intend to undermine the general rule that “[a] party
who seeks to become a genetic parent through implantation of the pre-embryos . . . has a weightier interest than one who seeks to donate the pre-embryos to another couple.” In re Marriage of Rooks, 2018 CO 85, ¶ 66; see In re Marriage of Fabos, 2019 COA 80, ¶ 51 (Fabos I) (“[A] party’s interest in seeking to donate is still entitled to some weight, but not as great a weight as if the party sought to use the pre-embryos herself.”).
18 ¶ 36 We acknowledge that there is no outcome here by which Bain
necessarily avoids becoming a genetic parent.2 For his part, Bain
acknowledges this too. His stated desire is not to avoid genetic
parenthood entirely, but “to avoid genetic parenthood with
someone . . . with whom he shares an irreparably damaged
relationship.”3 In other words, Bain’s hardship stems not from his
inability to avoid genetic parenthood generally but from his inability
to avoid genetic parenthood with Elken.
¶ 37 We also acknowledge that the supreme court articulated the
fourth Rooks factor as “consideration of hardship for the person
seeking to avoid becoming a genetic parent, including emotional,
financial, or logistical considerations.” Id. at ¶ 69 (emphasis
added). But the supreme court developed its balancing test in a
specific factual context — in which one party sought to procreate
with the pre-embryos and the other sought to discard them — so it
2 Of course, if the donated pre-embryos do not result in the birth of
a child, neither party will become a genetic parent through use of the disputed pre-embryos. 3 Bain also asserts that he wishes to avoid genetic parenthood with
“someone who has assaulted him.” Although the district court found that Elken and Bain “had a major argument that escalated into physical violence,” it did not find that Elken assaulted Bain.
19 is not surprising that it articulated this factor in these binary terms.
We do not read Rooks as prohibiting a court from considering the
extent to which a party may seek to avoid becoming a genetic
parent on terms they find objectionable. See Fabos I, ¶ 43 (The
parties’ rights “in this area include[] not only the right to procreate
or not procreate, but also the right to make decisions about the fate
of the pre-embryos that were created using their genetic material.”).
¶ 38 We are not persuaded otherwise by Elken’s reliance on Fabos
I, in which the division criticized the trial court for awarding pre-
embryos to the wife for donation after giving conclusive weight to
her moral and religious beliefs that pre-embryos were human lives.
Id. at ¶ 56. In relevant part, the Fabos I division said that “to the
extent the supreme court in [Rooks] identified hardship or
emotional toll as a consideration, it was only with respect to ‘the
spouse seeking to avoid becoming a genetic parent,’” not the spouse
seeking to donate the pre-embryos. Id. (quoting Rooks, ¶ 4).4 The
division in Fabos II similarly recognized the one-sided nature of this
4 The division’s primary critique was that the trial court gave
dispositive weight to a factor that was “seemingly inconsistent” with Rooks, which noted that pre-embryos are not persons under Colorado law. Fabos I, ¶¶ 22, 53; see Rooks, ¶ 56.
20 factor, noting that the supreme court did not “identify[] as a
corresponding factor the hardship to the person seeking to preserve
the pre-embryos if a court authorized the pre-embryos to be
discarded.” Fabos II, ¶ 35. But the Fabos II division clarified that it
“was proper — and required — for the court to hear evidence
concerning wife’s religious beliefs about the disposition of the
pre-embryos . . . as an additional factor beyond those articulated in
Rooks.” Id. at ¶ 34. In other words, even if the court should not
have considered wife’s beliefs under the fourth Rooks factor, it
properly considered them as another relevant, case-specific factor.
See Rooks, ¶ 71.
¶ 39 Thus, we conclude that the district court did not err by
considering the hardship to Bain that would result from Elken
becoming pregnant with his child, whether under the fourth Rooks
factor or as another “consideration[] relevant to the parties’ specific
situation.” Id. at ¶ 74.
B. The District Court Did Not Abuse its Discretion in Balancing the Rooks Factors
¶ 40 Elken contends that the district court abused its discretion in
balancing the relevant Rooks factors because her “weightier interest
21 in using the pre-embryos for procreation should have prevailed over
Bain’s lesser interest in donating them.” We perceive no error.
1. Standard of Review
¶ 41 We review the district court’s balancing of the parties’
respective constitutionally based interests for an abuse of
discretion. Fabos I, ¶ 21; Fabos II, ¶ 16.5 But “we more carefully
scrutinize the district court’s determination because it involves the
parties’ constitutional rights.” Fabos I, ¶ 21. A court abuses its
discretion when its decision is manifestly arbitrary, unreasonable,
or unfair, or when it misconstrues or misapplies the law. Fabos II,
¶ 16. In assessing whether the district court abused its discretion,
“we do not consider whether we would have reached a different
5 The Fabos I division reasoned that an abuse of discretion standard
was appropriate because (1) a district court has discretion to equitably divide marital property, and pre-embryos are “marital property of a special character”; and (2) the supreme court has previously applied an abuse of discretion standard to review issues involving competing constitutional rights. Fabos I, ¶¶ 19-20 (quoting Rooks, ¶ 57). Although the district court here did not divide marital property, we note that courts generally have discretion to equitably divide property in other contexts. See, e.g., Young Props. v. Wolflick, 87 P.3d 235, 237 (Colo. App. 2003) (applying abuse of discretion standard to court’s partition of property). Thus, we agree with the parties that abuse of discretion is the appropriate standard of review.
22 result, but only whether the district court’s decision fell within the
range of reasonable options.” Hudak v. Med. Lien Mgmt., Inc., 2013
COA 83, ¶ 8.
2. The District Court Did Not Abuse its Discretion by Concluding that Bain’s Interest in Procreational Autonomy Outweighed Elken’s Interest in Implanting the Pre-Embryos
¶ 42 In arguing that the district court abused its discretion in
balancing the relevant Rooks factors, Elken highlights facts
favorable to her position and asks us to reweigh the factors
consistently with her legal arguments. But we have already
concluded that the court correctly applied the law, and we decline
Elken’s invitation to reweigh the evidence. See In re Estate of
Owens, 2017 COA 53, ¶ 22 (an appellate court may not reweigh
evidence or substitute its judgment for that of the trial court).
¶ 43 Elken premises her argument on “the logic that a party
seeking to use their own genetic material to achieve a pregnancy
ordinarily should prevail over a party seeking donation.” As
discussed in Part IV.A, we decline to begin with that presumption.
¶ 44 Elken then argues that the district court should have weighed
the first and second Rooks factors more heavily in her favor. But
the court gave “significant weight” and “great weight” to these
23 factors, respectively. Even so, with respect to the second factor, the
court found that Elken had “not demonstrated an inability to have
biological children” and that she had “other options for becoming a
mother.” Although Elken argues on appeal that the court based
these findings on “possibilities . . . and not probabilities,” the court
“relied heavily” on the testimony of Elken’s fertility expert. Elken
did not object at trial to the admission of the expert’s testimony
about Elken’s reproductive options, so we cannot fault the court for
relying on that evidence. Moreover, determinations about the
credibility of witnesses and the weight to be given to the evidence
are matters within the sole province of the district court when
acting as the fact finder. In re Estate of Romero, 126 P.3d 228, 231
(Colo. App. 2005).
¶ 45 Elken next argues that the court should have weighed the
third Rooks factor heavily in her favor. In doing so, she recounts
her testimony about her original reasons for pursuing IVF,
emphasizing that she wanted to “preserv[e] her ability to have a
genetic child.” But the court did not fully credit Elken’s testimony
on this point, instead concluding that the parties’ mutual, primary
intent at the time the pre-embryos were created was to use them to
24 make a family together, an intent that could not be realized after
their relationship ended. Because the record supports the court’s
findings and does not refute its credibility determinations, we defer
to them. See Lawry v. Palm, 192 P.3d 550, 558 (Colo. App. 2008)
(reviewing courts generally defer to the district court’s credibility
determinations); Johnson v. Indus. Claim Appeals Off., 973 P.2d
624, 626 (Colo. App. 1997) (appellate courts are bound by a district
court’s credibility determination unless it would be error as a
matter of law to believe the credited testimony). And we see no
error by the court in weighing this factor in Bain’s favor.
¶ 46 Finally, Elken argues that the court gave too much weight to
the emotional, financial, and logistical hardship Bain would
experience, characterizing his concern as “somewhat overstated”
based on the evidence. Again, Elken essentially asks us to reweigh
the evidence, which we will not do. See Owens, ¶ 22. The district
court found Bain’s testimony about this factor compelling,
including that he could not walk away if Elken had his child. And it
was not persuaded by Elken’s arguments that any hardship was
“self-imposed” because she had offered to absolve Bain of his
25 parental responsibilities. That Elken disagrees with the court’s
assessment does not demonstrate an abuse of discretion.
¶ 47 In the end, the district court faced an incredibly difficult
task — balancing Elken’s desire to hold onto her best chance at
becoming a genetic parent against Bain’s right to avoid becoming a
genetic parent with Elken. Given that “the fundamental liberty and
privacy interests at stake are deeply personal and emotionally
charged,” Rooks, ¶ 3, we understand why Elken would like us to
reweigh the evidence to reach a different result. But whether we
would have come to a different conclusion is immaterial because
the court’s decision fell within the range of reasonable options. See
Hudak, ¶ 8. The court did not misunderstand or misapply the law,
and there is nothing manifestly arbitrary, unreasonable, or unfair
about its decision. See Fabos II, ¶ 16. In light of the court’s
26 detailed findings and careful application of the Rooks factors, we
will not disturb its judgment.6
V. Disposition
¶ 48 We affirm the district court’s judgment.
JUDGE J. JONES and JUDGE YUN concur.
6 We reject Elken’s attempt to equate the district court’s decision
with a termination of her parental rights to a genetic child that may result from the use of the pre-embryos, see Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 66 (2000) (“[T]he Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment protects the fundamental right of parents to make decisions concerning the care, custody, and control of their children.”), and her argument that the court’s balancing of the Rooks factors failed to consider the best interest of the child, see § 14-10-124, C.R.S. 2025. It does not appear that Elken preserved these arguments by raising them with the district court. See O’Connell v. Biomet, Inc., 250 P.3d 1278, 1282 (Colo. App. 2010) (“Arguments never presented to, considered by, or ruled upon by a trial court may not be raised for the first time on appeal.”). In any event, the pre-embryos are not children under Colorado law, see Rooks, ¶ 55, so Elken has no parent-child relationship with them.