Opinion issued August 6, 2019
In The
Court of Appeals For The
First District of Texas ———————————— NO. 01-19-00055-CV NO. 01-19-00345-CV ——————————— ERIC LIPPER, Appellant V. JUSTIN HAYNES, Appellee
and
IN RE ERIC LIPPER, RELATOR
On Appeal from the 80th District Court Harris County, Texas Trial Court Case No. 2018-67225
MEMORANDUM OPINION
In the underlying suit, an ex-husband, Justin Haynes, sued his ex-wife, her
father, and her attorney for statements the attorney made in the divorce proceeding in connection with his client’s request for attorney’s fees. The attorney, Eric Lipper,
filed a hybrid motion to dismiss the suit under the Texas Citizens Participation Act
and Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 91a, which the trial court denied.
Lipper challenges the denial of his motion on both grounds. In his
interlocutory appeal under the TCPA, Lipper contends that (1) he demonstrated that
the TCPA applies to Haynes’s claims against him, (2) Haynes failed to establish a
prima facie case on the elements of his claims, and (3) he satisfied his burden to
show that he is immune from liability to Haynes under the doctrine of attorney
immunity. Lipper’s petition for writ of mandamus seeks relief from the trial court’s
denial of his motion under Rule 91a.1
We conclude that Lipper proved his entitlement to dismissal under the TCPA
and, accordingly, reverse the trial court’s order and remand the case for further
proceedings under that statute. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 27.009. We
dismiss the petition for writ of mandamus as moot.
BACKGROUND
During the marriage between Haynes and J.P. Bryan’s daughter, Alicia Bryan,
Haynes asked J.P. for a loan to assist him in purchasing a condominium. J.P. loaned
1 The petition for writ of mandamus is cause number 01-19-00345-CV. The interlocutory appeal is cause number 01-19-00055-CV. The underlying case is Justin Haynes v. J.P. Bryan, Alicia Bryan, and Eric Lipper, No. 2018-67225, in the 129th Judicial District Court of Harris County, Texas, the Honorable Larry Weiman presiding. 2 the money to Haynes under a promissory note. The parties eventually came to
dispute when Haynes was required to satisfy the debt.
After Alicia filed for divorce from Haynes, J.P. sued Haynes in a separate
proceeding on the unpaid note. Lipper represented Alicia in the divorce proceeding
and J.P. in the suit on the note.
J.P. and Haynes reached a settlement in the suit on the note, under which each
party agreed to bear its own attorney’s fees and costs. In the divorce proceeding, the
court held a bench trial. Lipper presented a request for attorney’s fees during the
trial, supported by redacted billing records. In cross-examining Lipper on the billing
entries, Haynes’s attorney identified a billing entry that pertained to Lipper’s
representation of J.P. in the suit on the note. In response, Lipper acknowledged the
error.
Haynes alleges that despite Lipper’s acknowledgment that the entry pertained
to his work for J.P. in the suit on the note, Lipper never corrected the billing
statements on file. The divorce court’s judgment awarded Alicia her reasonable and
necessary attorney’s fees based on the fees requested without adjusting for the billing
Haynes did not challenge the attorney’s fee award on this ground in his appeal
of the divorce judgment. Instead, he brought this suit against Lipper, J.P., and Alicia,
claiming breach of contract, tortious interference, and conspiracy.
3 DISCUSSION
I. TCPA Appeal
Lipper contends the trial court erred in denying his motion to dismiss because
the TCPA applies to Haynes’s claims and Lipper demonstrated by a preponderance
of the evidence that the attorney-immunity defense forecloses Haynes’s claims.
A. Applicable Law and Standard of Review
We review de novo a trial court’s ruling on a motion to dismiss under the
TCPA. Better Bus. Bureau of Metro. Hous., Inc. v. John Moore Servs., Inc., 441
S.W.3d 345, 353 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2013, pet. denied). The reviewing
court considers the pleadings and the evidence that the trial court considered in ruling
on the motion. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 27.006; In re Lipsky, 460 S.W.3d
579, 587 (Tex. 2015).
The TCPA “provides a procedure for expeditiously dismissing a non-
meritorious legal action that ‘is based on, relates to, or is in response to the party’s
exercise’” of free-speech, petition, or associational rights. Hersh v. Tatum, 526
S.W.3d 462, 466 (Tex. 2017) (quoting TEX CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE §§ 27.001(3),
27.005(b)(1)). In proceeding under the TCPA, the movant bears the initial burden
to demonstrate by a preponderance of the evidence that the TCPA applies to the
nonmovant’s claims. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE §§ 27.003(a), 27.005(b); see
4 Hersh, 526 S.W.3d at 466; ExxonMobil Pipeline Co. v. Coleman, 512 S.W.3d 895,
898 (Tex. 2017).
If the movant shows that the statute applies, then “the burden shifts to the
nonmovant to establish by clear and specific evidence a prima facie case for each
essential element of his claims.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 27.005(c); Hersh,
526 S.W.3d at 468. Under the prima facie standard, evidence is sufficient as a matter
of law to establish a given fact if it is not rebutted or contradicted. In re Lipsky, 460
S.W.3d at 590. Although this standard exceeds mere notice pleading, it requires
only the “minimum quantum of evidence necessary to support a rational inference
that the allegation of fact is true.” Porter-Garcia v. Travis Law Firm, P.C., 564
S.W.3d 75, 86 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2018, pet. denied).
If the nonmovant makes the requisite showing, the movant may prevail by
proving the essential elements of any valid defenses by a preponderance of the
evidence. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 27.005(d); Youngkin v. Hines, 546
S.W.3d 675, 680 (Tex. 2018).
B. Analysis
Lipper argues that Haynes’s allegations against him are grounded in
statements he made in connection with Alicia’s request for attorney’s fees during the
divorce proceeding, which merit protection under the TCPA and render him immune
from liability to Haynes.
5 1. The TCPA applies to Haynes’s claims against Lipper.
The TCPA’s definition of the “exercise of the right to petition” includes “a
communication in or pertaining to . . . a judicial proceeding.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. &
REM. CODE § 27.001(4)(A)(i), quoted in Youngkin, 546 S.W.3d at 680. The statute
broadly defines a “communication” as “the making or submitting of a statement or
document in any form or medium.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 27.001(1),
quoted in Youngkin, 546 S.W.3d at 680. As the Court held in Youngkin, this
definition unambiguously includes an attorney’s in-court statements, and therefore
applies to Haynes’s claims against Lipper. See id. at 680–81.
2. Lipper discharged his burden to prove his attorney- immunity defense. Lipper contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion to dismiss
because Haynes’s claims against him rest solely on statements he made on behalf of
a client in a legal proceeding and thus are protected under the doctrine of attorney
immunity. Assuming without deciding that Haynes made a prima facie case as to
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Opinion issued August 6, 2019
In The
Court of Appeals For The
First District of Texas ———————————— NO. 01-19-00055-CV NO. 01-19-00345-CV ——————————— ERIC LIPPER, Appellant V. JUSTIN HAYNES, Appellee
and
IN RE ERIC LIPPER, RELATOR
On Appeal from the 80th District Court Harris County, Texas Trial Court Case No. 2018-67225
MEMORANDUM OPINION
In the underlying suit, an ex-husband, Justin Haynes, sued his ex-wife, her
father, and her attorney for statements the attorney made in the divorce proceeding in connection with his client’s request for attorney’s fees. The attorney, Eric Lipper,
filed a hybrid motion to dismiss the suit under the Texas Citizens Participation Act
and Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 91a, which the trial court denied.
Lipper challenges the denial of his motion on both grounds. In his
interlocutory appeal under the TCPA, Lipper contends that (1) he demonstrated that
the TCPA applies to Haynes’s claims against him, (2) Haynes failed to establish a
prima facie case on the elements of his claims, and (3) he satisfied his burden to
show that he is immune from liability to Haynes under the doctrine of attorney
immunity. Lipper’s petition for writ of mandamus seeks relief from the trial court’s
denial of his motion under Rule 91a.1
We conclude that Lipper proved his entitlement to dismissal under the TCPA
and, accordingly, reverse the trial court’s order and remand the case for further
proceedings under that statute. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 27.009. We
dismiss the petition for writ of mandamus as moot.
BACKGROUND
During the marriage between Haynes and J.P. Bryan’s daughter, Alicia Bryan,
Haynes asked J.P. for a loan to assist him in purchasing a condominium. J.P. loaned
1 The petition for writ of mandamus is cause number 01-19-00345-CV. The interlocutory appeal is cause number 01-19-00055-CV. The underlying case is Justin Haynes v. J.P. Bryan, Alicia Bryan, and Eric Lipper, No. 2018-67225, in the 129th Judicial District Court of Harris County, Texas, the Honorable Larry Weiman presiding. 2 the money to Haynes under a promissory note. The parties eventually came to
dispute when Haynes was required to satisfy the debt.
After Alicia filed for divorce from Haynes, J.P. sued Haynes in a separate
proceeding on the unpaid note. Lipper represented Alicia in the divorce proceeding
and J.P. in the suit on the note.
J.P. and Haynes reached a settlement in the suit on the note, under which each
party agreed to bear its own attorney’s fees and costs. In the divorce proceeding, the
court held a bench trial. Lipper presented a request for attorney’s fees during the
trial, supported by redacted billing records. In cross-examining Lipper on the billing
entries, Haynes’s attorney identified a billing entry that pertained to Lipper’s
representation of J.P. in the suit on the note. In response, Lipper acknowledged the
error.
Haynes alleges that despite Lipper’s acknowledgment that the entry pertained
to his work for J.P. in the suit on the note, Lipper never corrected the billing
statements on file. The divorce court’s judgment awarded Alicia her reasonable and
necessary attorney’s fees based on the fees requested without adjusting for the billing
Haynes did not challenge the attorney’s fee award on this ground in his appeal
of the divorce judgment. Instead, he brought this suit against Lipper, J.P., and Alicia,
claiming breach of contract, tortious interference, and conspiracy.
3 DISCUSSION
I. TCPA Appeal
Lipper contends the trial court erred in denying his motion to dismiss because
the TCPA applies to Haynes’s claims and Lipper demonstrated by a preponderance
of the evidence that the attorney-immunity defense forecloses Haynes’s claims.
A. Applicable Law and Standard of Review
We review de novo a trial court’s ruling on a motion to dismiss under the
TCPA. Better Bus. Bureau of Metro. Hous., Inc. v. John Moore Servs., Inc., 441
S.W.3d 345, 353 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2013, pet. denied). The reviewing
court considers the pleadings and the evidence that the trial court considered in ruling
on the motion. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 27.006; In re Lipsky, 460 S.W.3d
579, 587 (Tex. 2015).
The TCPA “provides a procedure for expeditiously dismissing a non-
meritorious legal action that ‘is based on, relates to, or is in response to the party’s
exercise’” of free-speech, petition, or associational rights. Hersh v. Tatum, 526
S.W.3d 462, 466 (Tex. 2017) (quoting TEX CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE §§ 27.001(3),
27.005(b)(1)). In proceeding under the TCPA, the movant bears the initial burden
to demonstrate by a preponderance of the evidence that the TCPA applies to the
nonmovant’s claims. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE §§ 27.003(a), 27.005(b); see
4 Hersh, 526 S.W.3d at 466; ExxonMobil Pipeline Co. v. Coleman, 512 S.W.3d 895,
898 (Tex. 2017).
If the movant shows that the statute applies, then “the burden shifts to the
nonmovant to establish by clear and specific evidence a prima facie case for each
essential element of his claims.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 27.005(c); Hersh,
526 S.W.3d at 468. Under the prima facie standard, evidence is sufficient as a matter
of law to establish a given fact if it is not rebutted or contradicted. In re Lipsky, 460
S.W.3d at 590. Although this standard exceeds mere notice pleading, it requires
only the “minimum quantum of evidence necessary to support a rational inference
that the allegation of fact is true.” Porter-Garcia v. Travis Law Firm, P.C., 564
S.W.3d 75, 86 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2018, pet. denied).
If the nonmovant makes the requisite showing, the movant may prevail by
proving the essential elements of any valid defenses by a preponderance of the
evidence. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 27.005(d); Youngkin v. Hines, 546
S.W.3d 675, 680 (Tex. 2018).
B. Analysis
Lipper argues that Haynes’s allegations against him are grounded in
statements he made in connection with Alicia’s request for attorney’s fees during the
divorce proceeding, which merit protection under the TCPA and render him immune
from liability to Haynes.
5 1. The TCPA applies to Haynes’s claims against Lipper.
The TCPA’s definition of the “exercise of the right to petition” includes “a
communication in or pertaining to . . . a judicial proceeding.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. &
REM. CODE § 27.001(4)(A)(i), quoted in Youngkin, 546 S.W.3d at 680. The statute
broadly defines a “communication” as “the making or submitting of a statement or
document in any form or medium.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 27.001(1),
quoted in Youngkin, 546 S.W.3d at 680. As the Court held in Youngkin, this
definition unambiguously includes an attorney’s in-court statements, and therefore
applies to Haynes’s claims against Lipper. See id. at 680–81.
2. Lipper discharged his burden to prove his attorney- immunity defense. Lipper contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion to dismiss
because Haynes’s claims against him rest solely on statements he made on behalf of
a client in a legal proceeding and thus are protected under the doctrine of attorney
immunity. Assuming without deciding that Haynes made a prima facie case as to
the elements of his claims against Lipper, we conclude that the TCPA entitles Lipper
to dismissal of Haynes’s claims against him because he satisfied his burden to prove
the essential elements of the attorney-immunity doctrine by a preponderance of the
evidence.
Under the attorney-immunity doctrine, attorneys are immune from civil
liability to non-clients for actions taken in connection with representing a client in
6 litigation. Alpert v. Crain, Caton & James, P.C., 178 S.W.3d 398, 405 (Tex. App.—
Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, pet. denied). The doctrine has its origins in the common
law rule of privity, which “limits an attorney’s liability to those in privity with the
attorney.” McCamish, Martin, Brown & Loeffler v. F.E. Appling Interests, 991
S.W.2d 787, 792 (Tex. 1999). It “exists to promote ‘loyal, faithful, and aggressive
representation’ by attorneys, which it achieves, essentially, by removing the fear of
personal liability” for representing an opposing party in a judicial proceeding.
Youngkin, 546 S.W.3d at 682 (quoting Cantey Hanger, LLP v. Byrd, 467 S.W.3d
477, 481 (Tex. 2015)); Bradt v. Sebek, 14 S.W.3d 756, 766 (Tex. App.—Houston
[1st Dist.] 2000, pet. denied).
Whether attorney-immunity applies depends on the conduct at issue, not the
alleged wrongfulness of the conduct. Youngkin, 546 S.W.3d at 681; Alpert, 178
S.W.3d at 405–06 (explaining that attorney immunity “generally applies even if
conduct is wrongful in the context of the underlying lawsuit”). We look beyond any
characterizations of the attorney’s activity as fraudulent or otherwise wrongful.
Youngkin, 546 S.W.3d at 682; see, e.g., Cantey Hanger, 467 S.W.3d at 485 (party in
divorce proceeding could not hold ex-spouse’s attorney independently liable for
executing bill of sale in a way that shifted tax burden to opposing party, contrary to
stipulation in divorce decree, because preparing documents ancillary to decree, even
in a way that violated decree, was within scope of representation relating to
7 execution of decree); Bradt v. West, 892 S.W.2d 56, 72 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st
Dist.] 1992, writ denied) (third party has no independent right of recovery against
attorney for filing motions in a lawsuit, even if motions are frivolous or without
merit, because drafting and filing motion is conduct attorney engages in as part of
discharging duties in lawsuit).
Haynes attacked Lipper’s assertion of attorney immunity by contending that
Lipper, by including fees incurred in the suit on the note in the request for attorney’s
fees made in the divorce proceeding, was representing J.P.’s interest, not Alicia’s.
This contention, though, goes to the allegedly wrongful intent behind the fee
request—an issue that we do not consider in our analysis.2 See Youngkin, 546 S.W.3d
at 682.
The record shows that the conduct underlying Haynes’s claim against Lipper
consists wholly of statements that Lipper made and evidence that Lipper presented
in open court during the divorce proceedings, in connection with the request for
attorney’s fees for work performed by Lipper in representing Alicia. Requesting
that the trial court order an opposing party to pay attorney’s fees incurred by a client
in the proceeding is quintessential conduct within the scope of legal representation.
Lipper thus met his burden to prove that he is entitled to the protection of attorney
2 For the same reason, Lipper’s admission during the divorce case that he mistakenly included in the billing for Alicia’s case an entry for fees incurred by J.P. in the note case does not affect our analysis. 8 immunity from Haynes’s claims against him. As a result, we hold that the trial court
erred in denying Lipper’s TCPA motion to dismiss.
C. Attorney’s fees and sanctions under section 27.009(a)
Lipper contends that he is entitled to an award of attorney’s fees and sanctions
against Haynes. Under the TCPA, a defendant who successfully moves for dismissal
is entitled to “(1) court costs, reasonable attorney's fees, and other expenses incurred
in defending against the legal action as justice and equity may require” and
“(2) sanctions against the party who brought the legal action as the court determines
sufficient to deter the party who brought the legal action from bringing similar
actions described in this chapter.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 27.009(a). The
trial court has the responsibility to consider a request for attorney’s fees and
sanctions in the first instance, which it may do on remand. See Youngkin, 546
S.W.3d at 683.
II. Petition for Writ of Mandamus
Lipper’s petition seeks mandamus relief from the trial court’s denial of his
motion to dismiss based on Rule 91a. Because our disposition of his appeal grants
the relief Lipper requests, the petition is moot.
9 CONCLUSION
We reverse the trial court’s order and remand the case for further proceedings.
See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 27.009(a). We dismiss the petition for writ of
mandamus as moot.
Gordon Goodman Justice
Panel consists of Justices Keyes, Goodman, and Kelly.