In Re Doctor's Hosp. of Laredo, Ltd.

2 S.W.3d 504, 1999 Tex. App. LEXIS 5895, 1999 WL 599233

• Court: Court of Appeals of Texas
• Decided: August 11, 1999
• Docket: 04-99-00465-CV
• Status: Published

Opinions

OPINION

Opinion by:

PAUL W. GREEN, Justice.

This original proceeding involves the interpretation of Rule 192.3 of the new discovery rules. The trial court construed the rule to permit the deposition of a consulting witness and to permit the production of a testifying witness’s income tax schedules and appointment calendars. We conditionally grant the writ of mandamus.

Background

The real parties in interest and plaintiffs below, Enedelia and Humberto Martinez, sued the relator, Doctors’ Hospital of Laredo, for medical malpractice arising from the birth of Lynette Martinez. The plaintiffs noticed the depositions of Dr. John Seals, originally designated as a testifying witness but re-designated as a consulting expert, and Dr. Herbert Grossman, a testifying expert. The plaintiffs also subpoenaed the doctors’ income tax schedules and Dr. Grossman’s personal calendars. In response, the hospital moved to quash the depositions and further moved for a protective order. At the hearing on these motions, the plaintiffs argued they needed the requested documents to show the bias of the hospital’s experts.

On June 24, the trial court signed an order setting the depositions of Dr. Seals and Dr. Grossman and ordering each doctor to produce in camera “all schedules attached to their federal income tax returns ... [for the past three years that] indicate income derived in the medico-legal context as either testifying experts and/or consulting experts.” The court also ordered Dr. Grossman to produce in camera his calendars for the past three years. The hospital then sought mandamus relief.

Standard and Scope of Review

To be entitled to mandamus relief, the hospital must show that the trial court abused its discretion and that the hospital has no adequate remedy at law. See Walker v. Packer, 827 S.W.2d 833, 839 (Tex.1992). Remedy by appeal is inadequate when an order requires the disclosure of information exempted from discovery. See id. at 843. To determine whether such an order is an abuse of discretion, we defer to the trial court’s factual determinations while reviewing its legal determinations de novo. Pony Express Courier Corp. v. Morris, 921 S.W.2d 817, 820 (Tex.App.—San Antonio 1996, no writ). The trial court abuses its discretion when it fails to properly apply the law to the undisputed facts, when it acts arbitrarily or unreasonably, or when its ruling is based on factual assertions unsupported by the record. Microsoft Corp. v. Manning, 914 S.W.2d 602, 607 (Tex.App.—Texarkana 1995, writ dism’d).

Dr. Seals — The Consulting Expert

The hospital contends the plaintiffs may not depose Dr. Seals, who was re-designated from a testifying expert to a consulting expert. In response, the plaintiffs claim the re-designation is improper.

Rule 192.3(e) prevents discovery of a consulting expert’s opinion, provided the opinion has not been reviewed by a testifying expert. Tex.R. Civ. P. 192.3(e). A “testifying expert [may] be ‘de-designated’ so long as it is not part of ‘a bargain between adversaries to suppress testimony’ or for some other improper purpose.” Castellanos v. Littlejohn, 945 S.W.2d 236, 240 (Tex.App.—San Antonio 1997, orig. proceeding) (distinguishing Tom L. Scott, Inc. v. McIlhany, 798 S.W.2d 556 (Tex.1990)).

Originally, the hospital designated three experts, including Dr. Seals, as testifying witnesses in the field of pediatric neurology. The hospital claims that Dr. Seals’ opinions have not been reviewed by any testifying witnesses, and the plaintiffs have not refuted this claim. Instead, the plaintiffs assert the re-designation is a subterfuge because the hospital designated a replacement for Dr. Seals after telling the trial court it did not need three experts in the same field. This fact, however, does not imply an improper, prohibited purpose. Thus, the trial court abused its discretion in ordering the deposition of Dr. Seals.

Dr. Grossman — Income Tax Schedules & Calendars

Citing Russell v. Young, 452 S.W.2d 434 (Tex.1970), the hospital contends that income tax schedules and calendars of non-party witnesses are not discoverable to show bias. In response, the plaintiffs claim this case was overruled by the new discovery rules. We disagree that new rule 192.3 overruled Russell.

Historically, evidence of a witness’s bias has been considered relevant, admissible, and discoverable. See Tex.R. Evid. 613(b); Tex.R. Civ. P. 192.3; Walker, 827 S.W.2d at 839. As noted by the Supreme Court in Russell, however, personal financial records and appointment books are generally not discoverable to demonstrate the bias of a nonparty witness. 452 S.W.2d at 435; see also In re Dolezal, 970 S.W.2d 650, 653-54 (Tex.App.—Corpus Christi, 1998, orig. proceeding) (expert’s attorney-referral list); Olinger v. Curry, 926 S.W.2d 832, 834 (Tex.App.—Fort Worth 1996, orig. proceeding) (expert’s income tax schedules); cf. Walker, 827 S.W.2d at 838 (permitting disclosure of expert’s employer’s financial policy about testifying).¹

Unlike former discovery Rule 166b(2)(e), new Rule 192.3(e)(5) specifically provides that a “party may discover ... any bias of the [testifying] witness.” Tex.R. Civ. P. 192.3(e)(5). We have found no historical commentary that would suggest the rule drafters intended to overrule Russell and its progeny.² We therefore read the rule to permit discovery of bias evidence, other than the personal financial records and appointment books of nonparty witnesses. By ordering the production of these personal records, the trial court abused its discretion.

Conclusion

We conditionally grant the hospital’s petition for writ of mandamus. The writ will issue if the trial court fails to vacate his discovery order within twenty days of the date of this opinion.

1 . Even when financial records are relevant to issues in a case and requested from a party, privacy concerns require a trial court to explore other methods of obtaining the information. See Maresca v. Marks, 362 S.W.2d 299, 301 (Tex.1962); El Centro del Barrio, Inc. v. Barlow, 894 S.W.2d 775, 779-80 (Tex.App.—San Antonio 1994, orig. proceeding).

2 . The plaintiffs cite Michol O’Connor et al., O’Connor’s Texas Rules O Civil Trials 309 (1999), which states Rule 192.3(e)(5) "probably may overrule Russell v. Young."