An unpublished opinion of the North Carolina Court of Appeals does not constitute controlling legal authority. Citation is disfavored, but may be permitted in accordance with the provisions of Rule 30(e)(3) of the North Carolina Rules of Appellate Procedure.
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
No. COA24-995
Filed 16 July 2025
Wake County, No. 23JA003306-910
IN THE MATTER OF: D.H.
Appeal by respondent-appellant mother from order entered 19 August 2024 by
Judge Ashleigh S. Parker in District Court, Wake County. Heard in the Court of
Appeals 10 June 2025.
Deputy County Attorney Mary Boyce Wells and Assistant County Attorney David F. Hord, IV for petitioner-appellee Wake County Health and Human Services.
Womble Bond Dickinson (US) LLP, by Mason E. Freeman and Erin Epley, for the guardian ad litem.
Robert W. Ewing for respondent-appellant mother.
STROUD, Judge.
Mother appeals from the trial court’s permanency planning order and contends
it must be reversed since “reunification remained as the primary permanent plan”
and the trial court “failed to make the required findings of fact under” North Carolina
General Statute Section 7B-906.1(d)(3). Mother also argues the trial court “failed to
adopt an appropriate visitation plan” as it delegated visitation at the discretion of the
father. Because reunification was achieved when the trial court granted custody of IN RE: D.H.
Opinion of the Court
David to his father, the trial court’s findings of fact were sufficient. The trial court
also set out the specific frequency and length of visitation for Mother, to be supervised
by Time Together, and did not grant David’s father excessive discretion over Mother’s
visitation. We affirm the trial court’s order.
I. Background
David1 was born in March 2021 in Wake County, North Carolina. On 5 July
2023, Mother and David’s father, who is not a party to this appeal, entered into a
temporary custody order which “grant[ed] the parents 50/50 custody” of David in file
number 23 CVD 13547.2 Mother has another child, J.C.,3 who was in the custody of
the Wake County Department of Health and Human Services (“WCDHHS”) after
being adjudicated dependent and neglected in September 2023 for “substance use and
mental health concerns of” Mother.
Throughout 2023, Child Protective Services (“CPS”) received multiple reports
involving Mother’s care of David. In a May 2023 report, Mother allegedly “attempted
suicide in the presence of her children and [was] subsequently hospitalized” and in
1 A pseudonym is used to protect the identity of the minor child.
2 An “Order Administratively Closing [the] Case” in the Chapter 50 custody case, 23 CVD 13547, was
entered 21 February 2024 “[p]ursuant to N.C.G.S. 7B-200(c)(1)” which stayed the matter and “removed [the] case from the trial docket and placed [it] as a closed file.” The order provided “[t]he issue of custody is hereby closed WITHOUT prejudice to either party to file a motion to reopen the case when the stay is lifted.”
3 A pseudonym is used to protect the identity of the minor child. Although the permanency planning order on appeal only involves David, relevant background information as to J.C. will also be discussed in this opinion. David and J.C. do not share the same father.
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July 2023 there was a report involving David’s health. On 24 August 2023, CPS
received a report “alleging that . . . [M]other was observed to have slurred speech and
an unsteady gait and appeared to be under the influence or intoxicated.” Mother was
hospitalized overnight because of her intoxication. Neither David nor J.C. were home
with Mother when the behaviors were observed, but J.C. “returned to the home later
that day.” The next day, WCDHHS visited Mother’s home and “the social worker
observed . . . [M]other to be unresponsive and called emergency services to respond
at the residence.” Emergency services “were able to wake up” Mother and she was
not hospitalized, but during the interview with WCDHHS Mother “continue[d] to
have slurred speech, stumble[d] and needed the social worker to repeat questions
asked of her.”
On 25 October 2023, a juvenile petition was filed alleging David was a
neglected juvenile since he was in a “living environment that [was] injurious to [his]
welfare.” The allegations in the petition arose from a CPS report from 23 October
2023 that stated Mother took David from his father’s care when David was supposed
to be “in the physical care of his father.” David was placed in nonsecure custody that
same day.
The trial court held the adjudication and disposition hearing on 19 February
2024 and entered an order on 26 March 2024. The adjudication and disposition order
outlined the facts as stated above and concluded David was neglected as defined by
North Carolina General Statute Section 7B-101(15). David was placed in the custody
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of WCDHHS and “[t]rial home placement with the father [was] authorized so long as
he resides with the paternal grandparents.” WCDHHS was ordered to “continue to
make reasonable efforts to eliminate the need for placement of [David] outside the
home.” Mother was also required to “enter into and comply with the Out of Home
Family Services Agreement” which included parenting classes; maintaining safe
housing; maintaining employment; “[f]ollow[ing] all recommendations of her
substance abuse assessment;” “[c]omplet[ing] a psychological evaluation and
follow[ing] all recommendations;” “[c]omplet[ing] domestic violence education[;]” and
maintaining regular contact with the social worker assigned to the case and notifying
WCDHHS of any changes in circumstances. Mother was allowed visitation for a
minimum of two hours per week, supervised by WCDHHS and was to “contact the
social worker at least 24 hours prior to the scheduled visit to confirm her
attendance[.]” The first permanency planning hearing was then set for 17 April 2024.
The trial court held the first permanency planning hearing on 17 April 2024
and entered an order on 17 May 2024. The trial court noted Mother “revoked her
consent for WC[D]HHS and the GAL to speak with her mental health providers,
which also led to WC[D]HHS being unable to share her evaluation with her
providers.” Although Mother reported she was attending counseling, the court could
not “deem that she is an appropriate person to move to unsupervised visitations
without having competent evidence presented regarding her mental health
treatment.” The court stated the “trial home placement” with David’s father “has
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gone well” and that David’s “needs are being met in his father’s care.” David was
ordered to remain in the custody of WCDHHS but continued to authorize the trial
home placement of David with his father “so long as he resides with the paternal
grandparents.” The primary plan for David was reunification and the secondary plan
was adoption. Mother was ordered to continue to follow her case plan and was
granted supervised visitation.
A second permanency planning hearing was held 17 July 2024 and a Juvenile
Order was entered 19 August 2024. The trial court outlined Mother’s recurring issues
involving missed visitations or calls with David that resulted from Mother’s mental
health issues. Mother “missed a medication management appointment and a Child
and Family Team meeting during the week of [the] hearing.” The trial court stated
“Mother has numerous mental health diagnoses and has been prescribed several
different medications. It does not appear to this [c]ourt that . . . [M]other’s mental
health treatment is sufficient for her needs.” The trial court ultimately concluded
Mother “is unfit and has acted in a manner inconsistent with her constitutionally
protected parental status.”
The trial court ordered David be “placed i[n] the sole legal and physical custody
of his father” and relieved WCDHHS, the GAL, and the attorneys from responsibility
in the case. Mother was granted a minimum of one hour of professionally supervised
visitation every other week. Mother and David’s father were “authorized to increase
the duration and frequency of . . . [M]other’s professionally supervised visitations.”
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To facilitate the professionally supervised visitation, Mother and David’s father were
to “contact Time Together independently to discuss how to facilitate a visitation
schedule as soon as possible.” Mother filed written notice of appeal of the Juvenile
Order on 26 August 2024 and amended notice of appeal on 28 August 2024.
II. Analysis
Mother argues (1) the Juvenile Order “which relieved [WC]DHHS of providing
reunification efforts with . . . [M]other . . . must be reversed since reunification
remained as the primary permanent plan and because the trial court failed to make
the required findings of fact under” North Carolina General Statute Section 7B-
906.1(d)(3) and (2) “the trial court failed to adopt an appropriate visitation plan when
it delegated the dates and times of visitation to the discretion of David’s father.” We
disagree and affirm the Juvenile Order.
A. Reunification
Mother argues the permanency planning order relieving WCDHHS of
providing reunification efforts with Mother must be reversed “since reunification
remained as the primary permanent plan and because the trial court failed to make
the required findings of fact under” North Carolina General Statute Section 7B-
906.1(d)(3).
Our review of a permanency planning order is limited to whether there is competent evidence in the record to support the findings of fact and whether the findings support the conclusions of law. The trial court’s findings of fact are conclusive on appeal if supported by any competent
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evidence. The trial court’s dispositional choices—including the decision to eliminate reunification from the permanent plan—are reviewed only for abuse of discretion, as those decisions are based upon the trial court’s assessment of the child’s best interests.
In re L.R.L.B., 377 N.C. 311, 315, 857 S.E.2d 105, 111 (2021) (citations, quotations
marks, and brackets omitted).
North Carolina General Statute Section 7B-906.1(d)(3) states
[a]t each hearing, the court shall consider the following criteria and make written findings regarding those that are relevant:
....
(3) Whether efforts to reunite the juvenile with either parent clearly would be unsuccessful or inconsistent with the juvenile’s health or safety and need for a safe, permanent home within a reasonable period of time. The court shall consider efforts to reunite regardless of whether the juvenile resided with the parent, guardian, or custodian at the time of removal.
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-906.1(d)(3) (2023) (emphasis added). “Reunification” is defined
as “[p]lacement of the juvenile in the home of either parent or placement of the
juvenile in the home of a guardian or custodian from whose home the child was
removed by court order.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-101(18c) (2023) (emphasis added).
In the May 2024 permanency planning order, the primary plan was ordered to
be reunification and the secondary plan was adoption. Then, in the Juvenile Order
on appeal, David was “placed i[n] the sole legal and physical custody of his father,”
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Mother was deemed an unfit parent, and WCDHHS, the GAL, and the attorneys
involved in the case were “relieved of further responsibility.” Thus, under the plain
meaning of North Carolina General Statute Section 7B-101(18c), reunification had
been accomplished since David was placed “in the home of either parent[,]” here, his
father. See id.
Mother cites to In re K.L., 254 N.C. App. 269, 274, 802 S.E.2d 588, 592 (2017),
to support her argument “[t]he trial court [was] required to make findings of fact on
whether efforts to reunite [David] with either parent clearly would be unsuccessful
or inconsistent with [David’s] health or safety and need for a safe, permanent home
within a reasonable period of time[.]” But In re K.L. involved a case where the
permanency planning order at issue gave “legal and physical custody of [the children
to] Ms. E[,]” who was the children’s “married adult sibling[.]” Id. at 271-72, 802
S.E.2d at 590-91. In re K.L. recognized that
[t]o subsequently remove reunification as a concurrent permanent plan requires properly admitted evidence to support findings of fact to allow the court to conclude “efforts to reunite the juvenile with either parent clearly would be futile or inconsistent with the juvenile’s health or safety and need for a safe, permanent home within a reasonable period of time.”
Id. at 275, 802 S.E.2d at 592 (emphasis added) (citation and quotation marks
omitted). Thus, unlike this case, In re K.L. involved a case where reunification was
not achieved since custody was granted to the children’s sibling, not a parent. See
id., see also N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-101(18c). And In re K.L. also recognizes that not all
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criteria listed in North Carolina General Statute Section 7B-906.1(d)(3) are
applicable to every case. See id. (“The remaining statutory factors in N.C. Gen. Stat.
§ 7B-906.1(d) are inapplicable to the present case.”). It would be illogical to require
the trial court to make findings as to how “efforts to reunite the juvenile with either
parent clearly would be unsuccessful or inconsistent with the juvenile’s health or
safety and need for a safe, permanent home within a reasonable period of time” when
David was, in fact, reunited with a parent and reunification was achieved. In re K.L.
is inapposite to this case; the trial court was not required to make a finding under
North Carolina General Statute Section 7B-906.1(d)(3) since reunification was
achieved with David’s father and Mother’s argument is overruled.
B. Visitation
Mother also argues “[t]he trial court failed to adopt an appropriate visitation
plan when it delegated the dates and times of visitation to the discretion of David’s
father.” We disagree.
“This Court reviews the trial court’s dispositional orders of visitation for an
abuse of discretion.” In re C.M., 183 N.C. App. 207, 215, 644 S.E.2d 588, 595 (2007)
(citations omitted). North Carolina General Statute Section 7B-905.1(a) states “[a]n
order that removes custody of a juvenile from a parent . . . or that continues the
juvenile’s placement outside the home shall provide for visitation that is in the best
interests of the juvenile consistent with the juvenile’s health and safety, including no
visitation.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-905.1(a) (2023). Further, North Carolina General
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Statute Section 7B-905.1(c) states
[i]f the juvenile is placed or continued in the custody or guardianship of a relative or other suitable person, any order providing for visitation shall specify the minimum frequency and length of the visits and whether the visits shall be supervised. The court may authorize additional visitation as agreed upon by the respondent and custodian or guardian.
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-905.1(c) (2023).
In In re Stancil, this Court explained that setting visitation rights is a judicial
function:
When the custody of a child is awarded by the court, it is the exercise of a judicial function. In like manner, when visitation rights are awarded, it is the exercise of a judicial function. We do not think that the exercise of this judicial function may be properly delegated by the court to the custodian of the child. Usually those who are involved in a controversy over the custody of a child have been unable to come to a satisfactory mutual agreement concerning custody and visitation rights. To give the custodian of the child authority to decide when, where and under what circumstances a parent may visit his or her child could result in a complete denial of the right and in any event would be delegating a judicial function to the custodian.
10 N.C. App. 545, 552, 179 S.E.2d 844, 849 (1971) (citation omitted).
Here, as to visitation, the trial court ordered:
3. . . . [M]other may visit [David] for a minimum of one hour, every other week. . . . [M]other’s visitation shall be professionally supervised.
4. Each parent shall be responsible for paying the cost of one professionally supervised visitation per month. Each parent is responsible for their own intake supervision fee.
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Each parent shall contact Time Together[4] independently to discuss how to facilitate a visitation schedule as soon as possible.
5. The parties are authorized to increase the duration and frequency of . . . [M]other’s professionally supervised visitations. . . . [M]other shall bear the costs of additional visitations.
6. . . . [M]other is authorized to have phone calls with [David] on Mondays and Wednesdays between 6:30 p.m. and 6:45 p.m., monitored by the father or his designee. The phone calls do not have to last the entire 15 minutes. All other communication between . . . [M]other and [the] father shall be via email or text message and shall be limited to matters directly concerning [David].
Mother only challenges the part of number 4 that requires “[e]ach parent shall contact
Time Together independently to discuss how to facilitate a visitation schedule as soon
as possible.”
Mother argues this part of the Juvenile Order improperly gives the father
discretion over visitation. She contends that “[t]aking into account the ill will
between David’s parents, the trial court erred by allowing [David’s father] the
discretion to discuss [Mother’s] visitation schedule with the third-party supervision
in order to establish the date and times of [Mother’s] visitation.” However, she also
argues that subsection (c) of North Carolina General Statute Section 7B-905.1, which
required that the trial court “specify the minimum frequency and length of the
visits[,]” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-905.1(c), is inapplicable to this case since it applies to
4 Time Together is a supervised visitation service in Wake County.
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a “relative or other suitable person” and not a “parent,” which is a term normally used
to apply to persons other than a parent in the Juvenile Code.
We recognize that the term “relative” is defined by North Carolina General
Statute Section 7B-101(18a) as “[a]n individual directly related to the juvenile by
blood, marriage, or adoption, including, but not limited to, a grandparent, sibling,
aunt, or uncle.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-101 (18a) (2023). David’s father is certainly a
“relative” as defined by North Carolina General Statute Section 7B-101(18a), since
he is related to David by blood. Id. Both parents are necessarily “relatives” of a child,
but not all “relatives” are parents. The term “parent” is not defined for purposes of
Chapter 7B. However, in cases addressing the definition of a “parent” in the context
of a criminal statute, this Court has discussed the definition:
Black’s Law Dictionary defines a “parent” as “the lawful father or mother of someone.” Black’s Law Dictionary 1222 (9th ed. 2004). “Parent” has also been defined in essentially the same way in various statutes. See, e.g., N.C. Gen.Stat. §§ 51-2.2 (2007) (As used in this Article, the terms “‘parent,’ ‘father,’ or ‘mother’ includes one who has become a parent, father, or mother, respectively, by adoption.”); 108A-24(4b) (2007) (“‘Parent’ means biological parent or adoptive parent.”). Thus, a “parent” pursuant to N.C. Gen.Stat. §§ 51-2.2 and 108A-24(4b) is a biological or adoptive parent, mother or father, of a child. See N.C. Gen.Stat. §§ 51-2.2; 108A-24(4b); see also Black’s Law Dictionary 1222. We believe that the definition of a parent as a biological or adoptive parent best fits the intent and purposes of N.C. Gen.Stat. § 14-208.6(1i) (2007).
State v. Stanley, 205 N.C. App. 707, 710, 697 S.E.2d 389, 391 (2010) (brackets
omitted).
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Also, this Court has previously interpreted North Carolina General Statute
Section 7B-905.1(c) as applying to an order where a parent has been granted custody
and thus treated a father as a “relative” for purposes of North Carolina General
Statute Section 7B-905.1(c). See In re J.D.R., 239 N.C. App. 63, 75, 768 S.E.2d 172,
178-79 (2015). In In re J.D.R., this Court remanded for the trial court to make more
detailed visitation provisions where the father had been granted custody of the child.
Id. In that case, the trial court’s order gave the mother some minimum specified
visitation but also gave the father
substantial discretion over other kinds of visitation, such as [the m]other having lunch with the [c]hild at school. It also provides a number of future, conditional expansions of [the m]other’s visitation rights that effectively are contingent on [the f]ather deciding that [the m]other has complied with the trial court’s directives.
Id. Based on the provisions of that order, this court determined that “the trial court
impermissibly delegated its judicial function to [the f]ather. The trial court effectively
turned [the f]ather into [the m]other’s case worker and also gave [the f]ather the
authority to determine whether [the m]other complied with the trial court’s
directives.” Id. at 75, 768 S.E.2d at 179; see also In re A.P., 281 N.C. App. 347, 868
S.E.2d 692 (2022). Therefore, even if Section 7B-905.1(c) could be construed as not
applying to a parent, this Court has determined that it did apply to a parent who was
granted custody of a child in In re J.D.R. and in In re A.P. and we are bound by those
opinions. See In re Civil Penalty, 324 N.C. 373, 384, 379 S.E.2d 30, 37 (1989) (“Where
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a panel of the Court of Appeals has decided the same issue, albeit in a different case,
a subsequent panel of the same court is bound by that precedent, unless it has been
overturned by a higher court.” (citation omitted)). However, the Juvenile Order in
this case grants Mother visitation at a specific frequency and length and provides
that the visitation will be supervised. It also authorizes additional supervised
visitation if Mother and the father are able to agree. Here, the trial court did not give
the father excessive discretion over visitation as Mother contends.
In In re A.P., this Court addressed a similar situation where the child’s father
was granted custody and the mother was granted supervised visitation. See 281 N.C.
App. at 359, 868 S.E.2d at 701. We noted the order at issue “specified the minimum
frequency . . . as well as the length of the visits . . . Furthermore, the [o]rder specified
that the visits shall be supervised” and “[t]herefore, the [o]rder met the minimum
requirements for a visitation plan under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-905.1.” Id. at 360, 868
S.E.2d at 702.
After discussing relevant caselaw, we concluded in In re A.P. that despite
specifying the frequency and duration of the visitation and whether it will be
supervised or unsupervised, the order still gave the father too much discretion:
After careful review, we agree the trial court improperly gave [the r]espondent-[f]ather substantial discretion over the circumstances of [the r]espondent-[m]other’s visitation by allowing him to choose the location and supervisor of the visitation. See In re J.D.R., 239 N.C. App. at 75, 768 S.E.2d at 179 (concluding the trial court’s “disposition order delegates to [respondent-father] substantial discretion
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over [some] kinds of visitation” by allowing him to determine whether the respondent-mother could eat lunch with the minor child at his school); In re K.W., 272 N.C. App. at 496, 846 S.E.2d at 591 (“We have consistently held that [t]he court may not delegate [its grant of] authority [over visitation] to the custodian.”) (internal quotation marks omitted). Moreover, [the r]espondent-[f]ather testified he was not willing to facilitate or supervise [the r]espondent-[m]other’s visits and did not want [the r]espondent-[m]other to be part of [the child’s] life. This is precisely the scenario we cautioned against in Stancil: the trial court’s grant of authority to a custodian-parent to decide the circumstances of the other parent’s visitation plan, which could completely deny that parent of his or her right to visit with the minor child. See In re Custody of Stancil, 10 N.C. App. at 552, 179 S.E.2d at 849. Therefore, we hold the trial court’s visitation order improperly delegated a judicial function to [the r]espondent-[f]ather by allowing him the sole discretion to decide where and by whom [the r]espondent-[m]other would be supervised during her visitations with the minor child. We vacate the visitation order and remand to the trial court for a proper visitation plan.
Id. at 361, 868 S.E.2d at 702 (emphasis added).
The father does not have sole discretion to determine where visitation will
occur or who will supervise visitation here. First, the trial court ordered the
minimum frequency and duration of the visitation and ordered it to be supervised.
The trial court did not give the father discretion “to decide where and by whom”
Mother was to have visitation. Id. Instead, the trial court specifically ordered that
the visits would be supervised by Time Together, a professionally supervised
visitation service provided in Wake County by Triangle Family Services. The trial
court directed that each parent would need to contact Time Together “as soon as
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possible” to facilitate a visitation plan. This provision does not give the father
discretion to set Mother’s visitation. The trial court simply addressed the fact that
as a practical matter, personnel at Time Together would have to consult with both
Mother and the father to arrange a visitation schedule that would work for both
parents and the supervisor. The trial court granted minimum visitation of one hour
every other week, so if the father never contacted Time Together to set up the
visitation schedule or refused to bring David to scheduled visits, he would be in
violation of the Juvenile Order. This visitation plan does not risk “a complete denial
of the right” to visitation as was the concern noted in In re Stancil. 10 N.C. App. at
552, 179 S.E.2d at 849. We conclude the trial court did not err in its visitation decree
in the Juvenile Order.
III. Conclusion
As David’s father was granted custody of David, achieving the primary plan of
reunification, the trial court entered sufficient findings under North Carolina
General Statute Section 7B-906.1(d)(3). Further, since the trial court did not grant
excessive discretion over the visitation plan to the father, the trial court did not err
in the visitation decree. We thus affirm the Juvenile Order.
AFFIRMED.
Judges HAMPSON and GORE concur.
Report per Rule 30(e).
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