In re Bonilla

573 B.R. 368

• Court: United States Bankruptcy Court, D. Puerto Rico
• Decided: July 25, 2017
• Docket: CASE NO. 15-05131(ESL)
• Status: Published

Opinion

OPINION AND ORDER

Enrique S. Lamoutte, United States Bankruptcy Judge

This case is before the court upon the United States Trustee’s Motion for Sanctions (Docket No. 14). The United States Trustee seeks sanctions against attorney Ada Conde for: (1) filing an unnecessary Application to Pay Filing Fees in Installments, (2) failing to disclose the true amount of her compensation on the 2016(b) Disclosure of Compensation and Statement of Financial Affairs, and (3) collecting dis-chargeable post-petition fees. Accordingly, the United States Trustee (the “U.S. Trustee”) requests that sanctions be imposed against attorney Conde pursuant to Section 105, Section 707(b)(4), Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 9011 and/or 28 U.S.C. § 1927. Attorney Conde filed her Reply to the United States Trustee’s Motion for Sanctions (Docket No. 19). Also before the court is the United States Trustee’s Report in Compliance with Order at Docket No. 44 (Docket No. 56).

Procedural Background

On July 3, 2015, the Debtor filed a voluntary petition in the bankruptcy court for the District of Puerto Rico under the provisions of chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code. (Docket No. 1). The Debtor indicated on the petition that the filing fee would be paid in installments (Docket No. 1, p. 1). The Disclosure of Compensation of Attorney for Debtor(s) indicates that attorney Conde agreed to accept $1,000 for legal services and that prior to the filing of the statement she received $0.00 (Docket No. 1, p. 35). On July 3, 2015, the Debtor also filed an Application for Individuals to Pay the Filing Fees in Installments (Docket No. 2) indicating that he paid $95.00 with the filing of the petition and proposing to pay the fees in four installments¹. On that same date, the Debtor also filed the schedules, summary of the schedules, statement of financial affairs and other documents (Docket No. 1). The SOFA indicates that the Debtor paid attorney Conde $95.00 prior to the filing of the petition (Docket No. 1, pp. 27-28, item no. 9). On July 4, 2015, the court entered the Notice of Chapter 7 Bankruptcy Case, Meeting of Creditors & Deadlines (Docket No. 6) scheduling the 341(a) meeting for August 12, 2015. On July 15, 2015, the court entered an Order granting the Application to Pay Filing Fees in Installments (Docket No. 8).

The 341(a) meeting held on August 12, 2015, was continued to October 7, 2015 (Docket No. 13)², On August 13, 2015, the U.S. Trustee filed its motion requesting sanctions against attorney Conde (Docket No. 14). The U.S. Trustee stated that during the meeting of the creditors held on August 12, 2015, the “Debtor testified he made partial payments to the attorney, from $200 to $1,000, until he completed the total amount of $1,600 requested by his attorney, “around a month ago.” (Docket No. 14, p. 1, ¶ 6). The U.S. Trustee argues that: (i) Fed. R. Bankr. P. 1006(b)(3) prohibits an attorney from receiving payment from the debtor (or through a plan) while there is an outstanding filing fee balance; (ii) Fed. R. Bankr. P. 9011(b) states that an attorney who files a petition or other bankruptcy documents certifies that the document is not being presented for an improper or frivolous purpose and that the allegations and other factual contentions contained therein have evidentiary support or are likely to have support after further investigation; (iii) 28 U.S.C. § 1927 allows courts to impose sanctions on attorneys who unreasonably and vexatiously multiply the proceedings in a case; (iv) Fed. R. Bankr. P. 2016(b) and Section 329 require that attorney’s disclose their compensation and attorney Conde “failed to inform fees already received in her Rule 2016(b) Statement of Compensation, and in fact, informed $1,000 remained to be paid, when these are dischargeable in Chapter 7” (Docket No. 14, p. 5, ¶ 17); and (v) “Debt- or’s attorney received fees post-petition, when courts have held that unpaid prepetition obligations, including unpaid attorney’s fees, are dischargeable” (Id. at p. 6,¶ 19). Accordingly, the U.S. Trustee requests sanctions be imposed against attorney Conde pursuant to Section 105, Section 707(b)(4), Fed. R. Bankr. P. 9011, and/or 28 U.S.C. § 1927.

On August 14, 2015, the receipt for the Debtor payment of the remaining filing fees was entered (Docket No. 15). On August 24, 2015, the Debtor filed a Notice of Conversion to Chapter IS (Docket No. 16). On August 25, 2015, attorney Conde amended the Disclosure of Compensation of Attorney for Debtor(s) indicating that she agreed to accept $1,300 for her legal services and that she received $1,000 prior to the filing of the statement (Docket No. 17, p.6). On August 31, 2015, attorney Conde filed her Reply to the U.S. Trustee’s Motion for Sanctions (Docket No. 19) declaring that: (i) she personally advised the Debtor on or around the month of June 2015; (ii) “Debtor informed that he did not have the money to pay the amounts required neither for Chapter 13 and Chapter 7 not even the filing fees”; (iii) the Debtor went to her office on July 3, 2015³, and “explained he did not have the money to pay the full amount of filing fees and was interested in filing a Chapter 7”; (iv) attorney Conde explained to the Debtor that she would be out of the office for some weeks because her daughter was having surgery; (v) attorney Madelaine Llovet agreed to assist the Debtor at the 341(a) meeting scheduled for August 12, 2015; and (vi) she found out that the Debtor had paid additional money for the first time on the evening of August 12, 2015 when she spoke to attorney Llovet. Attorney Conde sustains that she proceeded to investigate the matter and discovered that her secretary, Ms. Maelen Cubano, against her instructions, “received the money because the Debtor he wanted the conversion to Chapter 13.” (Docket No. 19, p. 4, ¶¶ n-o). Moreover, she states that she proceeded to pay the full amount of filing fees owed and met with the Debtor to prepare the conversion to Chapter 13 as the Debtor indicated that he had changed his mind4.

On September 16, 2015, the court entered an Order and Notice scheduling a hearing for February 23, 2016, to consider the U.S. Trustee’s request for sanctions and attorney Conde’s reply (Docket No. 21). On September 23, 2015, the court entered an Order granting the conversion to Chapter 13 and the 341(a) meeting was scheduled for October 28, 2015 (Docket No. 26).

On October 27, 2015, the Debtor filed a Notice of Conversion to Case from Chapter IS to Chapter 7 (Docket No. 33). On October 28, 2015, the 341(a) meeting was not held (Docket No. 35, Minutes of 341 Meeting). The Notice of Conversion to Case from Chapter IS to Chapter 7 was granted on November 6,2015 (Docket No. 36). The 341(a) meeting was scheduled for December 16,2015 (Docket No. 39) and later reset/continued to February 3, 2016 (Docket No.42). The 341 meeting was closed on February 8, 2016 (Docket No. 45).

On February 23, 2016, a hearing was held were the U.S. Trustee and attorney Conde argued their respective positions (Docket No. 49 Audio File, Docket No. 50, Minute Entry and Docket No. 54 Transcript). The court ordered the U.S. Trustee to submit proposed findings and facts and conclusions of law within thirty days and granted attorney Conde thirty days thereafter to submit hers. On March 24, 2016, the U.S. Trustee filed its Report in Compliance with Order at Docket No. 5⅛ (the “Report”, Docket No. 56). In its Report the U.S. Trustee argues that attorney Conde: (i) “violated Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 1006(b)(3), by filing an application to pay the filing fees in instal-ments on behalf of Debtor, “when Debtor made payments to her totaling $1,600, beginning on July 3, 2015, until on or about July 12, 2015”; (ii) violated ABA Model Rule of Professional Conduct 1.4(a)(1),(2) and (3) “by failing to inform Debtor that she filed an application to pay filing fees in instalments on his behalf’; (iii) violated Fed. R. Bankr. P. 1008; (iv) “violated Fed. R. Bankr. P. 9011(b) by filing an application to pay filing fees in installments when the Debtor had the means to pay the full filing fee as well as all of her legal fees”; (v) “failed to perform a factual investigation regarding the amount of fees she received before filing the Statement of Financial Affairs, as required by the above-cited provisions [Section 707(b)(4)(B), (C) and (D) and Fed. R. Bankr. P. 9011(b)) ]”; (vi) unreasonably and vexatiously multiplied the proceedings pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1927 with the filing of the unnecessary application to pay filing fees in installments; (vii) violated Section 329 and Fed. R. Bankr. P. 2016(b) “by filing two Statements of Compensation that did not accurately disclose the legal fees she received; and (viii) “also acted inappropriately by receiving payment for legal services from Debtor after the filing of the petition, when courts have held that unpaid pre-petition obligations, including unpaid attorney’s fees, are dischargeable.” Accordingly, the U.S. Trustee reiterates its request that sanctions be imposed against attorney Conde pursuant to Section 105, Section 707(b)(4), Fed. R. Bankr. P. 9011 and/or 28 U.S.C. § 1927.

On April 28, 2016, attorney Conde filed a request for an extension of forty-five (45) days to file, her reply to the Trustee’s Report (Docket No. 59) which was granted on April 29,2016 (Docket No. 60). On June 8, 2015⁵, filed another request for an extension of time to file her reply (Docket No. 63) which was granted on June 13, 2016 (Docket No. 65). On July 18, 2016, attorney Conde request another extension of thirty (30) days to file her reply (Docket No. 67) which was granted on July 28, 2016 (Docket No. 68). On August 15, 2016, attorney Conde filed a Motion for Extension of Time to Obtain Recording and Answer Memorandum of Law filed by the U.S, Trustee (Docket No. 70) declaring that although they obtained two CD’s from the U.S. Trustee’s office with the recordings of the 341 meetings that they discovered that one of the recording’s from one of the 341 meetings in Case No. 15-5119 was missing. Accordingly, attorney Conde requested thirty (30) days to file her reply. On August 17, 2016, the U.S. Trustee filed an Opposition to Debtor’s Counsel’s Request for Extension (Docket No. 71) arguing that: (i) “the United States Trustee has already provided Counsel Conde with all of the recordings of the meetings of creditors in this case, No. 15-5131 Hector Torres Bonilla”; and (ii) “Counsel Conde’s repeated request for extensions of time are grounded on her own lack of diligence” since she did not request the recordings until July 15, 2016 and did pot retain her own attorney until June 8, 2016. Finally, the United States Trustee reiterated that “an extension is unwarranted in this case, as Counsel Conde and St. Germain already admitted that they have already been provided with a copy of all the recording in this case.” (Docket No. 71, p. 4, ¶ 19). On August 22, 2016, the court entered an Order denying the request for extensions for the reasons stated by the U.S. Trustee and stating that “the matter is deemed submitted” (Docket No. 73).

On August 25, 2016, attorney Conde filed a Motion to Reconsider and Motion to Dismiss for Failure to Comply with the Safe Harbor Provision of Rule 9011 of the FRBP (Docket No. 76) arguing that attorney Conde “has not been supplied with the necessary information needed to defend herself, in spite of numerous requests to the US Trustee” and that by its own admission the U.S. Trustee now claims to have discarded some of the recordings (Dockett No. 76, p. 4). In addition, attorney Conde declares that she has only been provided with “partial transcripts composed of excerpts and small portions of all meetings held, including the one we are missing” and- that she has the right to “ALL the recordings in the US Trustee’s possession and the full transcripts rather than the snippets provided” (Docket No. 76, pp. 3-4, ¶ 14). Moreover, attorney Conde sustains that that the U.S. Trustee’s request for sanctions must be dismissed “because the US Trustee did not comply with the “Safe-Harbor” provision of Rule 9011” as the request was filed the day after the August 12, 2015, 341 meeting was held. (Docket No. 76, p. 6, ¶ 33). On August 31, 3016, the U.S. Trustee filed a Notice of Intent to Respond and Request for Period of U days to File Response (Docket No. 78) which was granted on that same date (Docket No. 79), On September 14, 2016, the U.S. Trustee filed its Opposition to Attorney Conde’s Motion to Dismiss Motion for Sanctions (Docket No. 81) arguing that: that: (i) attorney Conde’s motion does not comply with the Order entered at Docket No. 54 in which the court directed the parties to file pre-hearing reports with each parties proposed findings of facts supported by the record of the case or extrinsic evidence; (ii) attorney Conde has failed to explain the inconsistencies regarding the date the petition was filed and the date' the money was allegedly received by her secretary; (iii) “it is blackletter law in Puerto Rico that an attorney is responsible for the actions of her employees and assistants”; (iv) pursuant to ABA Model Rule 5.3 an attorney is responsible for the conduct of his/her non-lawyer employee; (v) attorney Conde waived her right to the safe harbor defense under Fed. R. Bankr. P. 9011 as she did not raise until a year after the U.S. Trustee filed the Motion for Sanctions', (vi) Fed. R. Bankr. P. 9011(c)(1)(A) excludes from the safe harbor provision a request for sanctions based on the filing of a petition and because the Rule 2016(b) Statement filed with the petition and the Application for Individuals to Pay Filing Fees in Installments was filed concomitantly with the petition they should be considered exempt from the safe harbor provision; and (vii) even if the court agrees that the U.S. Trustee failed to comply with the safe harbor provision it has moved for sanctions based on other provisions and sections of the Bankruptcy Code which do not require compliance with the safe harbor provision. On September 27, 2016, the court entered an Order denying the motion to dismiss for the reasons stated by the U.S. Trustee in Docket No. 81 (Docket No. 82).

On September 30,2016, attorney Conde filed a Motion to Reconsider Denial of Motion to Dismiss (Docket No. 84) restating her previous arguments as to the facts that gave rise to the alleged violations. Attorney Conde also argued that this case differs from, the cases cited by the U.S. Trustee finding that attorneys are responsible for their employees’ actions and declaring that she took immediate remedial action in the instant case once she found out about her secretary’s mistake. In addition, she also argues that she did not know of the payments and thus “lacked knowledge” as required by ABA Model Rule 5.3. Attorney Conde also sustains that the cases cited by the U.S. Trustee for the position that the safe harbor provision of Fed. R. Bankr. P. 9011 can be waived are distinguishable. Finally, she reiterates that the U.S. Trustee has violated her “due process rights” by failing to timely and completely provide her with the recording and transcripts of the 341 meetings. On October 14, 2016, the U.S. Trustee filed its Opposition to Counsel Conde’s Motion for Reconsideration (Docket No. 86) arguing that: (i) the motion for reconsideration does not meet the requirements of Fed. R. Bankr. P. 9023 and FRCP 59(e); (ii) attorney Conde’s only remedial action was to pay the remaining filing fee balance to the court after the Debtor testified about the monies he had paid; and (iii) the safe harbor defense in this case is waived or inapplicable. On October 15, 2016, attorney Conde filed her Reply to Trustees Opposition to Counsel Conde’s Motion to Reconsider (Docket No. 87) declaring that “[i]t is an undisputable fact that in order to comply with this Honorable Court’s order and file a responsible memorandum of law, it was as is still needed the FULL transcript of the Meeting of the Creditors in the instance [sic] case”. (Docket No. 87, p.l, ¶ 5). She also sustains that she took additional remedial actions besides paying the filings fees because she also filed the conversion to chapter 13 which is what the Debtor had requested and thus she satisfied the requirements of ABA Model Rule 5.3 and In Re Nieves Rodriguez, 172 D.P.R. 130 (2007). Finally, she argues that the instant matter is a “manifest injustice” and that: (i) she has been practicing for more than twenty years; (ii)the conduct giving rise to this matter occurred while she was dealing with a family emergency; and (iii) upon discovering the same she took prompt remedial actions. On October 24, 2016, the court entered an Order denying the Motion to Reconsider Denial of Motion to Dismiss (Docket No. 88)⁶.

Jurisdiction

The court has jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 157(b)(1) and 1334(b). The power to sanction will be discussed further below.

Applicable Law and Analysis

Sanction requests under Fed. R. Bankr. P. 9011 and the “safe harbor” provision

Section (c) of Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 9011 indicates how requests for sanctions under Fed. R. Bankr. P. 9011 must be initiated. Specifically, it provides:

(1) How initiated

(A) By motion

A motion for sanctions under this rule shall be made separately from other motions or requests and shall describe the specific conduct alleged to violate subdivision (b). It shall be served as provided in Rule 7004. The motion for sanctions may not be filed with or presented to the court unless, within 21 days after service of the motion (or such other period as the court may prescribe), the challenged paper, claim, defense, contention, allegation, or denial is not withdrawn or appropriately corrected, except that this limitation shall not apply if the conduct alleged is the filing of a petition in violation of subdivision (b). If warranted, the court may award to the party prevailing on the motion the reasonable expenses and attorney’s fees incurred in presenting or opposing the motion. Absent exceptional circumstances, a law firm shall be held jointly responsible for violations committed by its partners, associates, and employees.

(B) On court’s initiative

On its own initiative, the court may enter an order describing the specific conduct that appears to violate subdivision (b) and directing an attorney, law firm, or party to show cause why it has not violated subdivision (b) with respect thereto. Fed. R. Bankr. P. 9011(c).

Thus, a court may impose sanctions pursuant to Fed. R. Bankr. P. 9011 upon the request of a party made through a separate motion or on its own initiative after entering an order describing the specific conduct which allegedly violates Fed. R. Bankr. P. 9011(b). However, if the request is initiated by a party, it must comply with the “safe harbor” provision which requires that the party serve the motion requesting sanctions to the other party before filing it with the court. The party being served the motion then has twenty-one days to withdraw the challenged paper. The party requesting sanctions can only file the motion with the court if the other party does not withdraw the challenged paper within twenty-days. “The safe harbor provision immunizes litigants from Rule 9011 motions if they withdraw or correct the challenged paper before the motion is filed or presented.” Alan N. Resnick & Henry J. Sommer, 10 Collier on Bankruptcy ¶ 9011.05[l][b] (16th ed. 2015). The purpose of the safe harbor provision is to afford parties an opportunity to correct their errors. Nyer v. Winterthur Int’l, 290 F.3d 456, 460 (1st Cir. 2002) (“This provision is designed to allow an attorney to correct his error before a party commences Rule 11⁷ proceedings.”).

In the instant case, the U.S. Trustee did not comply with the safe harbor provisions of Fed. R. Bankr. P. 9011(c)(1)(A) since it failed to serve the motion to attorney Conde before filing it with the court. In fact, the U.S. Trustee filed the request for sanctions the day after the Debtor’s testimony in the 341 meeting held on August 12, 2015. Thus, the U.S. Trustee failed to comply with the safe harbor provision as it never gave attorney Conde notice and the opportunity to withdraw the papers in controversy. Nevertheless, the U.S. Trustee argues that this is not fatal to their request for sanctions pursuant to Fed. R. Bankr. P. 9011 because: (i) the challenged papers fall within the exception to the safe harbor provision contained in 9011(c)(1)(A) and/or (ii) attorney Conde waived this defense by failing to raise it in a timely manner.

Fed. R. Bankr. P. 9011(c)(1)(A) excepts from the safe harbor provision conduct related to the filing of a petition in violation of Fed. R. Bankr. P. 9011(b). “This is because the filing of a petition has immediate serious consequences, among which is the imposition of the automatic stay of section 362 to the Code, In addition, a petition initiating a case under the Bankruptcy Code may not be withdrawn unless and until a court order has been obtained, after notice and a hearing.” Alan N. Res-nick & Henry J. Sommer, 10 Collier on Bankruptcy ¶ 9011.05[l][d] (16th ed. 2015). The U.S. Trustee’s request for sanctions is based on the: (1) Fed. R. Bankr. P. 2016(b) disclosure of compensation, © the Statement of Financial Affairs, and the (3) Application for Individuals to Pay the Filing Fee in Installments. The U.S. Trustee argues that these documents should fall within the exception as they were filed either with or contemporaneously with the petition. The court declines to extend the exception contained in Fed. R. Bankr. P. 9011(c)(1)(A) beyond the explicit language contained therein. Thus, the exception to the safe harbor provision contained in FRBP 9011(c)(1)(A) is not applicable in the instant case as the U.S. Trustee’s request for sanctions is not based on the petition itself. But see In re Parikh, 508 B.R. 572, 588 (Bankr. E.D.N.Y. 2014) (declaring that 9011(c)(1)(A) exception to the safe harbor provision applies to bankruptcy petition and schedules).

In the alternative, the U.S. Trustee also argues that attorney Conde waived the safe harbor provision defense by failing to raise it in her original response to the request for sanctions. Attorney Conde raised the safe harbor provision defense for the first time almost a year after the request for sanctions was filed. The U.S. Trustee relies on In re Kitchin, 327 B.R. 337, 362 (Bankr. N.D. Ill. 2005) and Nyer v. Winterthur Int’l, 290 F.3d at 460. In Nyer v. Winterthur Int’l, the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit found that the safe harbor defense contained in Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11 was waived by a party who failed to raise it before .the district court and raised it on appeal for the first time. Nevertheless, that case can be easily distinguished from the instant case as attorney Conde raised the defense before this court, although belatedly. However, in In re Kitchin, a bankruptcy court held that a party that failed to raise the safe harbor defense during the hearings held and only raised the issue for the first time in a reply brief “some months” later waived the defense. In re Kitchin, 327 B.R. at 362. The Court concluded that “[plaintiffs failure to press its rights is fatal and it must be concluded that Plaintiffs thereby waived or forfeited its rights to attack the Debtor’s compliance with the safe harbor provision.” Id.

The court finds that attorney Conde failed to raise this defense in a timely matter. Nevertheless, the court agrees with the majority of bankruptcy courts in the First Circuit and finds that the U.S. Trustee’s failure to comply with the safe harbor provision is fatal to their request for sanctions pursuant to Fed. R. Bankr. P. 9011(b). See In re Gianasmidis, 2016 WL 556154, at *1 (Bankr. D. Mass. Feb. 11, 2016) (“The majority of courts has ruled that the safe harbor provisions must be strictly observed and that sanctions cannot be awarded where the prerequisites to filing have not been followed and where an opportunity to withdraw the pleading or motion has not been provided, including in circumstances where an order has been entered disposing of the offending pleading or motion.”); In re Daniel, 2015 WL 3613061, at *6 (Bankr. D. Mass. June 9, 2015) (denying motion for sanctions for failure to comply safe harbor provision”); In re Claudio, 463 B.R. 190, 196 (Bankr. D. Mass. 2012) (“Failure to comply with this safe harbor provision is fatal to the sanctions request); In re Rodrigues, 370 B.R. 467, 479 (Bankr. D. Mass. 2007) (“[T]he Court cannot award sanctions as the Debt- or has failed to afford Long the safe harbor provided by Rule 9011(c)(1)(A).”); In re M.A.S. Realty Corp., 326 B.R. 31, 38 (Bankr. D. Mass. 2005) (“The safe harbor provision must be strictly complied with in order for sanctions to be imposed under the amended Rule.”).

Thus, the court will not impose sanctions pursuant to Fed. R. Bankr. P. 9011⁸ and will now consider the U.S. Trustee’s request for sanctions pursuant to Section 105, Section 329 and Fed. R. Bankr. P. 2016(b).

Sanctions under Section 105

Section 105(a) provides:

(a) The court may issue any order, process, or judgment that is necessary or appropriate to carry out the provisions of this title. No provision of this title providing for the raising of an issue by a party in interest shall be construed to preclude the court from, sua sponte, taking any action or making any determination necessary or appropriate to enforce or implement court orders or rules, or to prevent an abuse of process. 11 U.S.C. § 105.

The United States Courts of Appeal for the First Circuit has stated “Section 105(a) of the Code provides the bankruptcy court broad authority to “exercise its equitable powers-where ‘necessary5 or ‘appropriate’to facilitate the implementation of other Bankruptcy. Code provisions.” In re Nosek, 544 F.3d 34, 43 (1st Cir. 2008); quoting Bessette v. Avco Fin. Servs., Inc., 230 F.3d 439, 444 (1st Cir.2000). However, “[i]t is hornbook law that § 105(a) “does not allow the bankruptcy court to override explicit mandates of other sections of the Bankruptcy Code.” Law v. Siegel, — U.S. -, 134 S.Ct. 1188, 1194, 188 L.Ed. 2d 146 (2014); quoting 2 Collier on Bankruptcy ¶ 105.01[2], p. 105-6 (16th ed. 2013).

Moreover, the First Circuit Court of Appeals has stated that “[bjecause § 105(a) gives courts this power to ensure compliance with its own orders, we have referred to it as conferring “statutory contempt powers” which “inherently include the ability to sanction a party. In re Nosek, 544 F.3d 34 at 43-44, quoting Bessette v. Avco Fin. Servs., Inc., 230 F.3d 439 at 445; see also In re Morgenstern, 542 B.R. 650, 660 (Bankr. D.N.H. 2015), aff'd sub nom. White v. Gordon, 558 B.R. 15 (D.N.H. 2016) (“Section 105(a) empowers the Court to sanction a party where the sanction is “demonstrably necessary to preserve a right elsewhere provided in the Code.”). Courts may thus regulate who may appear before them, may sanction attorneys or their clients for abuse of process and other harms.” 2 Collier on Bankruptcy ¶ 105.02[6][b](16th ed. 2016).

In the instant case, the request for sanctions is not based on a violation of a court order but on alleged violations of provisions of the Bankruptcy Code, Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure and of the ABA Model Rule of Professional Conduct. The U.S. Trustee’s requests for sanctions is based, in part, on attorney Conde’s failure to comply with Section 329 and FRBP 2016(b)’s disclosure requirement which the court will proceed to examine.

Section 329 and Fed. R. Bankr. P. 2016(b)

Section 329 states that:

(a) Any attorney representing a debtor in a case under this title, or in connection with such a case, whether or not such attorney applies for compensation under this title, shall file with the court a statement of the compensation paid or agreed to be paid, if such payment or agreement was made after one year before the date of the filing of the petition, for services rendered or to be rendered in contemplation of or in connection with the case by such attorney, and the source of such compensation.

11 U.S.C. § 329.

In addition, Fed. R. Bankr. P. 2016(b) provides:

Every attorney for a debtor, whether or not the attorney applies for compensation, shall file and transmit to the U.S. Trustee within 14 days after the order for relief, or at another time as the court may direct, the statement required by § 329 of the Code including whether the attorney has shared or agreed to share the compensation with any other entity. The statement shall include the particulars of any such sharing or agreement to share by the attorney, but the details of any agreement for the sharing of the compensation with a member or regular associate of the attorney’s law firm shall not be required. A supplemental statement shall be filed and transmitted to the U.S. Trustee within 14 days after any payment or agreement not previously disclosed.

Fed. R. Bankr. P. 2016.

“The Bankruptcy Code requires fee disclosure so that courts can “prevent overreaching by debtors’ attorneys, and give interested parties the ability to evaluate the reasonableness of the fees paid.” In re Ortiz, 496 B.R. 144, 148 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2013) (citations omitted). Thus, “[t]he heart of this framework is disclosure.” Alan N. Resnick & Henry J. Sommer, 9 Collier on Bankruptcy ¶ 2016.01 (16th ed. 2015).

Compliance with Section 329 and Fed. R. Bankr. P. 2016(b) is mandatory. In re Parrilla, 530 B.R. 1, 10 (Bankr. D.P.R. 2015) (“Debtor’s attorneys must comply with the mandatory disclosure requirements of 11 U.S.C. § 329 and Fed. R. Bankr. P. 2016(b) to receive compensation.”). “In short, the Rule 2016(b) statement is an attorney’s certification on which the Debtor, the Court, the Trustee, and the creditors rely. It is not a meaningless paper that attorneys can ignore or blithely treat as insignificant.” In re Kowalski, 402 B.R. 843, 848 (Bankr. N.D. Ill. 2009). Accordingly, “[c]ourts have been ready to impose severe sanctions on professionals who fail to comply with the rules and statutory scheme governing compensation.” Alan N. Resnick & Henry J. Sommer, 9 Collier on Bankruptcy ¶ 2016.01 (16th ed. 2015). “Failure to comply with Bankruptcy Rule 2016 can provide grounds for disqualification of debtor’s counsel, disallowance of fees in whole or in part and disgorgement of fees.” McMullen v. Schultz, 428 B.R. 4, 13 (D. Mass. 2010).

In the instant case, the U.S. Trustee argues that attorney Conde violated Section 329 and Fed..R. Bankr. P. 2016(b) by filing two statement of compensation that did not accurately disclose the legal fees she received. On the 2016(b) Statement filed by attorney Conde on July 3, 2015, (Docket No. 1, p. 35) she certified that she agreed to receive $1,000.00 for her services and had received $0.00 prior to the filing of the statement. Contrariwise, the Debtor testified that he made partial payments beginning on July 3, 2015, and ending on July 12, 2015, for a total amount of $1,600.⁹ Moreover, on August 30, 2015, attorney Conde filed an Amended 2016(b) Statement certifying that she agreed to accept $1,300.00 for her legal services and that she received $1,000.00 prior to the filing of the statement. (Docket No. 17, p. 6). However, as the U.S. Trustee notes, according to the Debtor’s testimony by August 30, 2015, the Debtor had already paid $1,600.00 for attorney Conde’s services ¹⁰. Therefore, even without considering the first 2016(b) Statement and attorney Conde’s argument that she did not know that the Debtor made a payment on the same date the petition was filed, the court is still forced to conclude that attorney Conde’s 2016(b) statements did not contain adequate disclosure ás the information contained in the Amended 2016(b) Statement is inconsistent with the Debtor’ testimony at the 341 meeting¹¹. Furthermore, Attorney Conde cannot claim lack of knowledge as to the Amended 2016(b) Statement as it was filed after attorney Conde learned of the situation. Thus, the Amended 2016(b) Statement contains inconsistencies and/or inaccuracies and fails to provide adequate disclosure which attorney Conde failed to correct. In re Saturley, 131 B.R. 509, 517 (Bankr. D. Me. 1991) (“Counsel’s fee revelations must be direct and comprehensive. Coy or incomplete disclosures which leave the court to ferret out pertinent information from other sources are not sufficient.”).

What is more, even at this juncture, the court cannot clearly ascertain the exact amount of legal fees agreed to be received and those actually received by attorney Conde as there are inconsistencies between the 2016(b) statements filed, the testimony of the Debtor in the 341 meetings and the sworn statement provided by the Debtor. Accordingly,, the court concludes that attorney Conde violated Section 329 and Fed. R. Bankr. P. 2016(b) by failing to provide adequate disclosure which is precisely what Section 329 and Fed. R. Bankr. P. 2016(b) seek to avoid. Id. (“Whatever the explanation for disclosure inadequacies, it reflects poorly on responsible counsel and the resulting potential for frustration of the Code’s policy of thorough scrutiny is unacceptable.”) (citations omitted).

Collection of dischargeable fees

The U.S. Trustee also sustains that attorney Conde improperly received payment for legal services after the Debtor’s Chapter 7 bankruptcy petition was filed despite the fact that “courts have held that unpaid pre-petition obligations, including unpaid attorney1 fees, are dischargeable.” (Docket No. 56, p.10, ¶ 14).

The court is not aware that of any decision from a bankruptcy court from this district which addresses issues related to attorney fees in a Chapter 7 case. The court proceeds to address special issues relating to attorneys’ fees in a Chapter 7.

In a Chapter 7 case the attorney for the Debtor is not entitled to be paid from estate funds unless they are employed by the Chapter 7s Trustee and approved by the bankruptcy court. See, 11 U.S.C. § 330(a)(1) and § 11 U.S.C. § 327. This is so because in 1994 the Bankruptcy Reform Act amended Section 330(a) and deleted the words “debtor’s attorney”. See Lamie v. U.S. Trustee, 540 U.S. 526, 530, 124 S.Ct. 1023, 157 L.Ed.2d 1024 (2004) (“As can be noted, the 1994 enactment’s principal, substantive alteration was its deletion of the five words at the end of what was § 330(a) and is now § 330(a)(1): “or to the debtor’s attorney.”). As a result, in Lamie v. U.S. Trustee, the Supreme Court declared “[a]dhering to conventional doctrines of statutory interpretation, we hold that § 330(a)(1) does not authorize compensation awards to debtors’ attorneys from estate funds, unless they are employed as authorized by § 327. If the attorney is to be paid from estate funds under § 330(a)(1) in a Chapter 7 case, he must be employed by the trustee and approved by the court.” Id. at 538-39, 124 S.Ct. 1023.

In addition, in a Chapter 7 case “[i]t is now well settled that, if the debtor agrees to pay in the future for pre-petition legal services, the obligation to make such payments is a prepetition debt that is discharged in the bankruptcy case.” Hon. Joan N. Feeney, Hon. Michael G. Williamson and Michael J. Stepan, Esq., Bankruptcy Law Manual § 10:6 (5th ed.2017-1); Rittenhouse v. Eisen, 404 F.3d 395, 396 (6th Cir. 2005) (“The issue of whether pre-petition attorney fees are dischargeable in bankruptcy is res nova in this circuit. We join three other circuits in concluding that pre-petition attorney fees are dischargea-ble, and we affirm the order of the district court.”). This is so because Section 523(a) does not contain an exception for pre-petition legal services. 11 U.S.C. § 523(a); In re Dennis, 2008 WL 4671006, at *1 (Bankr. D.R.I. Oct. 16, 2008) (“A claim for pre-petition legal services is not one of the debts excepted in § 523(a).”). As a result, “[i]t is critically important that Chapter 7 debtor's counsel receive payment in full for the bankruptcy work prior to filing the case” Hon. Joan N. Feeney, Hon. Michael G. Williamson and Michael J. Stepan, Esq., Bankruptcy Law Manual § 10:6 (5th ed.2017-1).

Therefore, it is incumbent on Chapter 7 attorneys to collect fees for services provided prior to the filing before the petition is filed. With regards to post-petition fees, the attorney can be paid for services provided after the petition is filed as long as the payment is made from non-estate assets. However, issues can also arise in Chapter 7 if the attorney and the debtor entered into a prepetition service contract that provides for the payment of a “flat-fee¹²” to be paid in post-petition installments. Several courts have held that the obligation is discharged. See, In re Waldo, 417 B.R. 854, 880 (Bankr. E.D. Tenn. 2009) (“The majority view is that pre-petition agreements to pay a flat fee in post-petition installments are dischargeable debts.”); but see In re Hines, 147 F.3d 1185, 1190-91 (9th Cir. 1998). Accordingly, those courts have held that “the fee must be paid in full prior to the commencement of the debtor’s case or the fee is discharged under § 727(b).” In re Mansfield, 394 B.R. 783, 791 (Bankr. E.D. Pa. 2008). Thus, one possible alternative is to collect all fees due (including pre- and post-petition fees) before the Chapter 7 petition is filed.

On the other hand, this court, along with several courts and scholars who have examined the issue, is keenly aware that many Chapter 7 debtors do not have the financial means to retain and pay the attorney prior to the filing of the petition, especially in cases where the filing is an emergency filing¹³. However, Chapter 7 attorneys have potential options. As the court in In re Waldo explained “[t]he following options, however, which have been employed by other courts, appear to fall within the scope of potential and allowable solutions: (1) requiring Chapter 7 debtors to pay “flat” or “no-look” attorney’s fees in full prior to filing; (2) revising retainer agreements and expressly designating pre-petition services, which are paid pre-petition, and post-petition services, which shall be paid post-petition; or (3) accepting payment by third parties.” In re Waldo, 417 B.R. at 895. Nevertheless, these controversies are not presently before the court and need to be examined in this case¹⁴. The court is highlighting some of the potential issues in an effort to caution attorneys for debtors of the potential controversies that could arise in a Chapter 7.

In the instant case, attorney Conde certified on the Rule 2016(b) Statement filed on July 3, 2015, (Docket No. 1, p.35) that she agreed to receive $1,000.00 for legal services. However, attorney Conde certified that she had received no payment from the Debtor prior to the petition. Thus, it was inappropriate for her to receive and keep the payment from the Debtor post-petition as it would seem to include payment for pre-petition legal services including the preparation and filing of the petition for which she had not been previously paid and was a dischargeable debt¹⁵. Despite her assertions that she did not find out about the payments until August 12, 2015, the fact remains that she failed to return the money to the Debtor once she became aware and prior to filing the motion to convert to Chapter 13.

Finally, the court notes that throughout the pendency of this contested matter attorney Conde has argued that she cannot be held responsible for her secretary’s actions, which she sustains were in violation of instructions given by her (Conde) and which she had no knowledge of until the 341 meeting held on August 12, 2015. As discussed above, the court concludes that attorney Conde nevertheless failed to correct and/or properly address the inconsistencies once she was informed of the payment by the Debtor. The court cautions attorneys against shifting responsibility for their actions to their employees. ABA Model Rule of Professional Conduct 5.3(c)¹⁶ provides with respect to a nonlaw-yer employed or retained by or associated with a lawyer that:

a lawyer shall be responsible for conduct of such a person that would be a violation of the Rules of Professional Conduct if engaged in by a lawyer if:

(1) the lawyer orders or, with the knowledge of the specific conduct, ratifies the conduct involved; or

(2) the lawyer is a partner or has comparable managerial authority in the law firm in which the person is employed, or has direct supervisory authority over the person, and knows of the conduct at a time when its consequences can be avoided or mitigated but fails to take reasonable remedial action.

Thus, attorneys can be held responsible for the actions taken by their non-attorney employees. This is so because “[s]uch assistants, whether employees or independent contractors, act for the lawyer in rendition of the lawyer’s professional services.” MRPC Rule 5.3, comment 2. Therefore “[a] lawyer must give such assistants appropriate instruction and supervision concerning the ethical aspects of their employment, particularly regarding the obligation not to disclose information relating to representation of the client, and should be responsible for their work product.” Id. In addition, “[t]he measures employed in supervising nonlawyers should take account of the fact that they do not have legal training and are not subject to professional discipline.” Id. This is especially relevant in a case like this where it appears that attorney Conde delegated various responsibilities to her secretary while she was out of the office dealing with a family emergency.

Sanctions to be Imposed

The imposition of sanctions against an attorney is not something that the court takes lightly. Nonetheless, the court must now determine what, if any, would be the appropriate sanction for attorney Conde’s violations of the disclosure requirements mandated by Section 329 and Fed. R. Bankr. P. 2016(b).

As previously noted, “[b]ecause disclosure under section 329(a) and Rule 2016(b) is “central to the integrity of the bankruptcy process,” failure to disclose is sanctionable. The sanctions can include partial or total denial of compensation as well as partial or total disgorgement of fees paid.” In re Jackson, 401 B.R. 333, 340 (Bankr. N.D. Ill. 2009) (internal citations omitted); quoting In re Andreas, 373 B.R. 864, 872 (Bankr.N.D.Ill.2007). See In re Park-Helena Corp., 63 F.3d 877, 882 (9th Cir. 1995) (“Even a negligent or inadvertent failure to disclose fully relevant information may result in a denial of all requested fees.”); In re Whitcomb, 479 B.R. 133, 144 (Bankr. M.D. Fla. 2012) (“An attorney who fails to comply with the requirements of § 329(a) and Rule 2016(b) is subject to “forfeiture of.‘any right to receive compensation for services rendered on behalf of the debtor,’ and the disgorgement of any funds already paid by the debtor.”) (citations omitted); In re McMullen, 2009 WL 1490581, at *15 (Bankr. D. Mass. May 27, 2009) (“The United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit has made clear that “full and timely disclosure of the details” of any fee arrangement is mandatory. Failure to do so can provide grounds for disqualification of debtor’s counsel, disallowance fees in whole or part, disgorgement of fees, and the invalidation of a security interest.”) (citation's omitted). Therefore, “[t]he Court enjoys broad discretion in designing appropriate remedies to deal with violations of § 329(a) and Rule 2016(b)”. In re Blackburn, 448 B.R. 28, 40 (Bankr. D. Idaho 2011). See also; In re Sandpoint Cattle Co., LLC, 556 B.R. 408, 426 (Bankr. D. Neb. 2016) (“The decision to reduce fees, deny fees or order disgorgement of fees under section 329 is within the sound discretion of the bankruptcy court.”) (citations omitted); In re Saturley, 131 B.R. at 517(“The court may exercise its discretion to deny or reduce fees for counsel’s failure to disclose its fee arrangements whether or not actual harm accrues to the estate.”). “The disclosure rules are to be applied literally, even if the results are at times harsh.” In re Blackburn, 448 B.R. at 41.

The court concludes that attorney must Conde disgorge all fees collected in the instant case. As noted by several of the decisions cited above, the disclosure requirements imposed by Section 329 and Fed. R; Bankr. P. 2016(b) are central to the bankruptcy system. In addition, attorney Conde appears to have collected (and failed to return) pre-petition attorney fees from the Debtor after the Chapter 7 petition was filed. The court notes that attorney Conde has been practicing before this court for approximately twenty years. The court is also aware that attorney Conde experienced a family emergency during the pendency of this case. Nevertheless, the ultimate responsibility rests upon her. Moreover, as of this date the court is still unable to ascertain from the Rule 2016(b) statements what the fee arrangement was between the Debtor and attorney Conde and how much she received as the information contained therein is inconsistent with the information provided by the Debt- or in the 341 meeting.

Therefore, the court finds that the disgorgement of fees is appropriate. See In re Woodward, 229 B.R. 468, 475 (Bankr. N.D. Okla. 1999) (“The law is clear that the failure to properly disclose compensation received is in and of itself grounds for disgorgement. The fact that the fee may or may not have been reasonable or have been earned does not justify a disregard for the rules of disclosure.”), citing In re Inv. Bankers, Inc., 4 F.3d 1556, 1565 (10th Cir. 1993).

As the court finds that sanctions in the form of the disgorgement of fees are proper for attorney Conde’s failure to comply with the disclosure requirements of Sections 329 and Fed. R. Bankr. P. 2016(b) it does not need to rely on Section 105 to impose sanctions in the instant case17.

Conclusion

For the reasons stated herein, the U.S. Trustee’s Motion for Sanctions (Docket No. 14), as supplemented by Docket No. 56, is hereby denied in part and granted in part. The U.S. Trustee’s request for sanctions pursuant to Fed. R. Bankr. P. 9011 is denied for failure to comply with the safe harbor requirement. However, the court finds that attorney Conde failed to comply with the disclosure requirements of Section 329 and Fed. R. Bankr, P. 2016(b). In addition, attorney Conde appears to have collected and failed to return pre-petition attorney fees after the Debtor’s Chapter 7 petition was filed. The court hereby sanctions attorney Conde pursuant to Section 329 and Fed. R. Bankr. P. 2016(b) for failing to comply with the disclosure requirements and she is hereby ordered to disgorge all attorneys’ fees collected in the instant case.

SO ORDERED.

1 . The Application to Pay the Filing Fees in Installments filed on July 3, 2015 (Docket No. 2) contains the electronic signature of the Debtor and attorney Conde.

2 . During the 341(a) meeting held on August 12, 2015, the Chapter 7 Trustee asked the Debtor why he had failed to make the second installment payment and he stated "I don’t know that.” In addition, he declared “Yes, I paid the attorney completely” and that the payment was made ”[a]lready about a month ago.” (Docket No. 56, Exhibit 3, Transcript of 341 Meeting held on August 12, 2015).

3 . Exhibit A of Docket No. 19 is a version of the Application for Individuals to Pay Filing Fees in Installments which contains the Debt- or's wet signature.

4 . The court notes that Attorney Conde’s explanation in the instant case and the corresponding sequence of events is similar, although not identical, to the one described in Case No. 15-5119.

5 . On that same date attorney Rafael St. Ger-main filed a notice assuming the legal representation of attorney Conde (Docket No. 62),

6 . However, attorney Conde never filed her proposed findings of facts and conclusions of law in compliance with the Order entered at Docket No.50. Thus, the only proposed findings of facts and conclusions in the record are those filed by the U.S. Trustee (Docket No. 56).

7 . "Because Rule 9011 is derived from Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11, the First Circuit has explained that "Rule 11 jurisprudence is largely transferable to Rule 9011 cases.” In re CK Liquidation Corp., 321 B.R. 355, 362 (1st Cir. BAP 2005), quoting In re D.C. Sullivan Co., 843 F.2d 596, 598 (1st Cir.1988).

8 , The United States Trustee has also requested sanctions under Section 707(b)(4). However, Section 707(b)(4)(A) and (b)(4)(B) make reference to the "procedures described in Rule 9011 of the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure” and thus the request is denied for the same reason as the request pursuant to Fed. R. Bankr. P. 9011. 11 U.S.C. § 707. See In re Parikh, 508 B.R. at 595 (“Section 707(b)(4)(C) and (D) should be read in conjunction with § 707(b)(4)(A) and (B), which both refer specifically to Rule 9011 and/or the "procedures described in rule 9011 of the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure.” A finding that the safe harbor provisions do not apply to sanctions under § 707(b)(4)(C) and (D) would eviscerate the safe harbor provision of Rule 9011. As this Court previously stated, § 707(b)(4) sanctions were intended to be an explicit extension of Rule 9011 sanctions to debtor’s counsel into the bankruptcy context.”); In re Trudell, 424 B.R. 786, 792 (Bankr. W.D. Mich. 2010).

9 . During the 341 meeting held on August 12, 2015, the Debtor testified that he made partial payments to attorney Conde a month before the 341 meeting was held and that he “made partial payments to her.. .until completing the amount she was charging me for the services” which he testified amount to $1,600. See Docket No. 56, Exhibit C, transcript of August 12, 2015, 341 meeting.

10 . The court notes that even if we deduct the $335 filing fee, the legal fees allegedly paid by the Debtor amounted to $1,265.

11 .The court notes that the Debtor’s testimony in the 341 meeting is inconsistent with the sworn statement provided which states that on July 3, 2015, he "gave her the amount of $240 for the filing fees balance due, $1,000 for an advance of legal fees in Chapter 13 and left the amount also of $265.00 for some pending costs including the conversion,” See Docket No. 56, Exhibit A, p, 4, ¶ 12.

12 . A “flat'' or "fixed” fee is defined as a “flat charge for a service; a charge that does not vary with the amount of time or effort required to complete the service. “Black's Law Dictionary (10th ed. 2014). The court notes that there is no local rule in the District of Puerto Rico adopting a flat-fee for Chapter 7 cases,

13 . Puffer v. Pappalardo, 674 F.3d 78, 86 (1st Cir. 2012) (concurring opinion by Judge Lipez discussing the rise of "fee-only” Chapter 13 cases in response to the Lamie decision and debtors’ inability to pay attorney’s fees).

14 . As previously noted, the service contract has not been filed and is not part of the record thus the details of the fee arrangement made between the Debtor and attorney Conde is not clear and is not before the court.

15 . The court once again emphasizes that attorney Conde never filed proposed findings of facts and conclusions of law in the instant case. However, pursuant to the 2016(b) Statement filed on July 3, 3015, the $1,000,00 attorney Conde agreed to accept for her legal services included pre-petition services such as the analysis of the debtor’s financial situation, and the preparation of the filing of the petition. See Docket No. 1, p. 35.

16 .Applicable to the instant matter pursuant to LBR 1001-l(b) and L.Cv.R. 83E. See In re MJS Las Croabas Properties, Inc., 530 B.R. 25, 42 (Bankr. D.P.R. 2015) ("In Puerto Rico, PR L. Civ. R. 83E(c) and (d), applicable to the instant case through PR LBR 1001—1(b), preserves this court’s inherent power to sanction attorneys appearing before it.”).

17 . Although the U.S. Trustee's request for sanctions is partly based on Section 105, its briefs and motions all contain citations and discussion regarding Section 329 and Fed. R. Bankr. P. 2016(b).