FILED JUN 26 2012 SUSAN M SPRAUL, CLERK U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL 1 OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
2 3 UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL 4 OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT 5 In re: ) BAP No. NV-11-1681-KiPaD ) 6 BOBBY JOE WALLACE, FDBA B & M ) Bk. No. 10-24125-LBR Well Drillers, Inc., and ) 7 BRIDGET JANINE WALLACE, ) ) 8 Debtors. ) ) 9 ) ABEL ROSALES; ROBERT PIKE; ) 10 GARY AARDEMA; AARDEMA & ) LONDON, ) 11 ) Appellants, ) 12 ) v. ) M E M O R A N D U M1 13 ) BOBBY JOE WALLACE; BRIDGET ) 14 JANINE WALLACE, ) ) 15 Appellees. ) ______________________________) 16 Argued and Submitted on June 15, 2012, 17 at Las Vegas, Nevada 18 Filed - June 26, 2012 19 Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Nevada 20 Honorable Linda B. Riegle, Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding 21 22 Appearances: David Mincin, Esq. of McKnight & Hendrix, P.C. argued for appellants, Abel Rosales, Robert Pike, 23 Gary Aardema, and Aardema & London; Christopher Burke, Esq. argued for appellees, Bobby Joe Wallace 24 and Bridget Janine Wallace. 25 Before: KIRSCHER, PAPPAS, and DUNN, Bankruptcy Judges. 26 27 1 This disposition is not appropriate for publication. Although it may be cited for whatever persuasive value it may have 28 (see Fed. R. App. P. 32.1), it has no precedential value. See 9th Cir. BAP Rule 8013-1. 1 Appellants, Abel Rosales (“Rosales”), Robert Pike (“Pike”), 2 Gary Aardema (“Aardema”), and Aardema & London (collectively 3 “Appellants”), appeal an order from the bankruptcy court finding 4 them in contempt for violating the discharge injunction and 5 awarding debtors Bobby J. Wallace (“Wallace”) and Bridget J. 6 Wallace (collectively “Debtors”) $260.00 for the fee to reopen 7 their chapter 72 bankruptcy case, $1,400.00 for their attorney’s 8 fees, and $3,000.00 for punitive damages. We AFFIRM the award for 9 the reopening fee and attorney’s fees. However, because the 10 bankruptcy court did not articulate sufficient findings to support 11 the punitive damages award, we VACATE and REMAND that portion of 12 the order to the bankruptcy court to make the required findings 13 under Rule 7052. 14 I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY 15 Prior to filing for bankruptcy in Nevada in 2010, Wallace was 16 a licensed contractor in the state of California. In 2009, 17 Rosales and Pike each entered into a contract with Wallace and his 18 company, BJ’s Drilling & Pump Service, to drill and install a well 19 at their respective properties in California. Rosales and Pike 20 claimed they were damaged by Wallace’s negligence in installing 21 the wells. Aardema is California counsel for Rosales and Pike. 22 Rosales’ and Pike’s claims against Wallace’s surety bond were 23 denied. Appellants were in the process of preparing civil 24 litigation against Wallace, his business, and the bonding company 25 when they received notice of Debtors’ bankruptcy. 26 27 2 Unless specified otherwise, all chapter and code references are to the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532, and 28 the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure, Rules 1001-9037.
-2- 1 Debtors filed a chapter 7 bankruptcy case on July 29, 2010. 2 They listed Appellants as unsecured creditors in their Schedule F. 3 Debtors received their discharge on November 2, 2010. Appellants 4 do not dispute receiving notice of Debtors’ discharge. 5 On November 3, 2010, the day after entry of the discharge 6 order, Rosales and Pike moved for relief from stay in Debtors’ 7 case to pursue an action in state court against Wallace and his 8 business (the “Stay Relief Motion”). Aardema stated in his 9 attached declaration that Wallace held a commercial general 10 liability insurance policy (“CGL policy”) with Colorado Casualty, 11 which was in effect at the time he performed the work for Rosales 12 and Pike. Aardema asserted that Colorado Casualty would provide 13 Wallace a defense and indemnify him if his clients’ damages 14 resulted from a covered act under the policy. Aardema further 15 stated that Wallace’s surety bond with Travelers Casualty & Surety 16 Co. of America (“Travelers”) might also be a source for proceeds 17 to compensate his clients. Therefore, although the Stay Relief 18 Motion sought relief to pursue the state court action against 19 Wallace and his business, any recovery was to be limited to the 20 proceeds of Wallace’s CGL policy and/or surety bond. Debtors did 21 not oppose the Stay Relief Motion. 22 After a hearing, the bankruptcy court entered an order 23 granting the Stay Relief Motion (the “Stay Relief Order”) on 24 January 4, 2011: 25 IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that the automatic stay is lifted so that Abel Rosales and Robert Pike may pursue litigation 26 in the Superior Court of California against the Debtor herein, with recovery limited to the extent of an 27 insurance policy with Colorado Casualty and a contractor’s bond issued by Travelers Casualty & Surety 28 Co. of America.
-3- 1 Debtors’ chapter 7 case was closed on January 20, 2011. 2 On April 15, 2011, three months after obtaining the Stay 3 Relief Order, Appellants filed their action against defendants 4 Wallace, BJ’s Drilling & Pump Service, and Travelers in the 5 California state court for negligence, breach of contract, breach 6 of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing, and for payment on 7 the Travelers bond (the “Complaint”). The Complaint did not refer 8 to Colorado Casualty or any CGL policy. Moreover, the prayer for 9 relief states, in part: 10 WHEREFORE, plaintiffs pray as follows against all defendants: 11 1. For an award of general damages in an amount to be 12 proven at the time of trial; 2. For an award of special damages in an amount to be 13 proven at the time of trial: 3. For punitive and exemplary damages [.] 14 15 Wallace received the Complaint by mail on or about September 10, 16 2011. 17 On September 30, 2011, Debtors filed a motion to reopen their 18 chapter 7 case and to find Appellants in contempt for violating 19 the discharge injunction under § 105 (the “Contempt Motion”). 20 Debtors contended that despite Aardema’s representations in the 21 Stay Relief Motion to the contrary and the limiting language in 22 the Stay Relief Order, the Complaint wrongfully sought damages 23 against “all defendants,” including Wallace personally.3 Debtors 24 requested an order reopening their case to proceed with the 25 Contempt Motion and awarding sanctions of $260.00 for the 26 27 3 Debtors also contended that the Stay Relief Motion was unnecessary because they had already received their discharge, and 28 thus no stay existed. See § 362(c)(2)(C).
-4- 1 reopening fee, $1,000.00 for attorney’s fees, actual damages (to 2 be determined), and $5,000.00 for punitive damages. 3 Appearing through Nevada counsel, Appellants filed an 4 opposition to the Contempt Motion on October 20, 2011, contending 5 the Complaint complied with the Stay Relief Order and that an 6 action naming Wallace solely to establish his liability to collect 7 on an insurance policy was not barred by the Code. Appellants 8 reiterated that it was not their intent to pursue Wallace 9 individually and contended that offers to Debtors’ counsel to 10 stipulate that any recovery be limited to insurance and/or bond 11 proceeds had been unsuccessful. 12 In his declaration in support of the opposition, Aardema 13 stated that the Complaint had been prepared long before Debtors 14 filed their bankruptcy case, and that it was inadvertently not 15 amended after obtaining the Stay Relief Order to reflect that 16 recovery would be limited to the insurance proceeds only. 17 Attached to Aardema’s declaration were several documents 18 reflecting his discussions with Debtors’ counsel about the 19 Contempt Motion. In a letter to Debtors’ counsel dated 20 October 10, 2011, Aardema stated that Wallace was named in the 21 Complaint only because California law prohibits suits against 22 insurance companies directly. Aardema advised Debtors’ counsel 23 that he was willing to stipulate that his clients were pursuing 24 only the insurance policy if Debtors would withdraw the Contempt 25 Motion. In a fax dated October 13, 2011, Debtors’ counsel told 26 Aardema that he was willing to withdraw the Contempt Motion if: 27 (1) Debtors were reimbursed the $260.00 fee to reopen their 28 bankruptcy case; and (2) counsel was reimbursed $500.00 for his
-5- 1 attorney’s fees incurred to date. In other words, the matter 2 could have been settled for $760.00. Aardema found the proposal 3 unacceptable and proceeded to file the opposition. 4 In their reply, Debtors contended that Appellants’ subjective 5 intent not to pursue Wallace personally for a discharged 6 prepetition debt was irrelevant; their affirmative act of seeking 7 judgment against Wallace personally for general, special, and 8 punitive damages was the issue and what violated the discharge 9 injunction. Debtors further argued that Appellants could not rely 10 on the Stay Relief Motion for their actions because it was filed 11 after the discharge had been entered.4 12 The bankruptcy court held a hearing on the Contempt Motion on 13 November 3, 2011. To explain why punitive damages were requested 14 in the Complaint, Appellants said the Complaint language was 15 “boilerplate,” but that they were happy to file an amended 16 complaint. Hr’g Tr. (Nov. 3, 2011) 3:18-4:1. While the court 17 acknowledged that Wallace had to be named in the Complaint to 18 trigger coverage by his insurer, it was concerned about why the 19 Complaint failed to specify that Rosales and Pike were seeking 20 damages against the insurance policy only. Id. at 4:22-5:5. 21 Appellants had no answer other than that Aardema had subsequently 22 23 4 Debtors filed a supplemental reply on November 1, 2011, contending that on October 29, 2011, Wallace was again served with 24 a summons and the exact same complaint filed by Appellants seeking to hold him personally liable. Although Wallace asserted that 25 this complaint was identical to the one previously served on him on September 10, Debtors attached only a copy of the summons. At 26 the hearing on the Contempt Motion, Appellants’ counsel explained that the Complaint was personally served on Wallace the second 27 time only because Wallace refused to sign for it the first time when Appellants had attempted to serve him by mail. Hr’g Tr. 28 (Nov. 3, 2011) 5:11-24.
-6- 1 offered to stipulate that fact with Debtors’ counsel. Id. at 2 5:6-10. 3 The bankruptcy court disagreed with Appellants’ assertion 4 that the Complaint was not an act to collect on a discharged debt: 5 I mean the way the complaint is written it sure is. How do we know tomorrow that [Aardema is] not going to default against 6 the Debtor, and more importantly, the State court if there’s no answer will probably enter judgment. 7 8 Id. at 6:9-12. When asked again why punitive damages were 9 requested in the Complaint, Appellants responded that, as Aardema 10 had explained in his declaration, it was a “boilerplate complaint” 11 prepared before the bankruptcy, to which the court replied: 12 What excuse is there for boilerplate complaints? I mean, that is one of the lamest excuses I’ve heard, that I 13 shouldn’t be liable because it’s a boilerplate complaint. 14 Id. at 6:20-7:5. Appellants argued that even if the Stay Relief 15 Motion was procedurally incorrect, per In re Munoz and the Stay 16 Relief Order, they were free to pursue Wallace’s insurance 17 proceeds. According to Appellants, they had not willfully 18 violated the discharge injunction, Debtors had not suffered any 19 damages, and therefore sanctions were not warranted. 20 After hearing further argument from the parties, the 21 bankruptcy court granted the Contempt Motion and announced its 22 findings from the bench: 23 I find it's a violation of the discharge injunction, and I'll explain as to exactly what it is a violation of, 24 what's not, but I'm going to award sanctions of attorney's fees of Mr. Burke for filing the motion, 25 appearing today and all work necessary to prepare the orders, plus the reopening fee. Plus I'm going to allow 26 $3,000 in punitive damages. 27 Now, it is not a violation of the contempt [sic] injunction or -- I don’t have a problem with the fact 28 that you did the lift of stay after the discharge was
-7- 1 entered. That to me is irrelevant to today’s discussion. I also don’t find a problem if you merely name the 2 defendant under the status of the law. 3 But what is a problem is the boilerplate nature: We sue the defendant. We don’t say in the complaint, when you 4 obviously knew it was necessary, that you were not suing the defendant in his individual capacity, but only to 5 recover damages against the insurance company on account of his acts. 6 And then on top of that to seek punitive damages is an 7 absolute violation of stay [sic]. Of course it’s intentional. You obviously knew you could only go 8 against the insurance company because you filed the motion. And even if you don’t know, there’s no excuse. 9 The attorney -- I mean, the idea that it’s boilerplate, 10 . . . that’s just ridiculous. The attorney's not doing his job. 11 . . . . 12 Under Sternberg, because they have yet to amend the 13 complaint, Mr. Burke is entitled to fees not just for filing the motion to stop it, but it’s still continuing. 14 So that’s going -- he’s entitled to fees all the way through this process because they still haven’t fixed it. 15 16 Id. at 10:17-12:12. 17 On November 17, 2011, the bankruptcy court entered an order 18 granting the Contempt Motion and awarding Debtors $260.00 for the 19 reopening fee, $1,400.00 for their attorney’s fees, and $3,000.00 20 for punitive damages (the “Contempt Order”). Appellants timely 21 appealed. 22 II. JURISDICTION 23 The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. 24 §§ 157(b)(2)(O) and 1334. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. 25 § 158. 26 III. ISSUES 27 1. Did the bankruptcy court err when it determined that 28 Appellants willfully violated the discharge injunction?
-8- 1 2. Did the bankruptcy court abuse its discretion in awarding 2 Debtors sanctions? 3 IV. STANDARDS OF REVIEW 4 The bankruptcy court's finding of a willful violation of 5 § 524 is reviewed for clear error. Sciarrino v. Mendoza, 201 B.R. 6 541, 543 (E.D. Cal. 1996)(citing McHenry v. Key Bank (In re 7 McHenry), 179 B.R. 165, 167 (9th Cir. BAP 1995)(reviewing a 8 willful violation of the automatic stay). A finding is clearly 9 erroneous when it is illogical, implausible, or without support in 10 the record. United States v. Hinkson, 585 F.3d 1247, 1262 11 (9th Cir. 2009)(en banc). 12 An award or denial of sanctions under § 105(a) is reviewed 13 for abuse of discretion. Nash v. Clark County Dist. Attorney's 14 Office (In re Nash), 464 B.R. 874, 878 (9th Cir. BAP 2012)(citing 15 Missoula Fed. Credit Union v. Reinertson (In re Reinertson), 16 241 B.R. 451, 454 (9th Cir. BAP 1999)). We review for clear error 17 the trial court's factual findings in support of a punitive 18 damages award. Bergen v. F/V St. Patrick, 816 F.2d 1345, 1347 19 (9th Cir. 1987). 20 In applying the abuse of discretion standard, we first 21 “determine de novo whether the [bankruptcy] court identified the 22 correct legal rule to apply to the relief requested.” Hinkson, 23 585 F.3d at 1262. If the correct legal rule was applied, we then 24 consider whether its “application of the correct legal standard 25 was (1) illogical, (2) implausible, or (3) without support in 26 inferences that may be drawn from the facts in the record.” Id. 27 Only in the event that one of these three apply are we then able 28 to find that the bankruptcy court abused its discretion. Id.
-9- 1 We may affirm on any ground supported by the record. Dittman 2 v. Cal., 191 F.3d 1020, 1027 (9th Cir. 1999). 3 V. DISCUSSION 4 A. Contempt under § 105. 5 In a chapter 7 case, with exceptions not relevant here, 6 “[t]he [bankruptcy] court shall grant the debtor a discharge.” 7 § 727(a). When entered, that order “discharges the debtor from 8 all debts that arose before the date of the [bankruptcy filing].” 9 § 727(b). To give the discharge teeth, § 524(a)(2) prescribes 10 that a discharge “operates as an injunction against the 11 commencement or continuation of an action . . . to collect, 12 recover or offset any such debt as a personal liability of the 13 debtor, whether or not discharge of such debt is waived[.]” 14 Unlike § 362, no specific provision exists in the Code to 15 provide redress for violations of the discharge injunction. 16 Nonetheless, an alleged violation of the discharge injunction can 17 be pursued, as in this case, by a motion invoking the contempt 18 remedies allowed for in § 105(a). In re Nash, 464 B.R. at 879-80 19 (party that knowingly violates the discharge injunction can be 20 held in contempt under § 105(a))(citing Walls v. Wells Fargo Bank, 21 N.A., 276 F.3d 502, 507 (9th Cir. 2002) and Renwick v. Bennett 22 (In re Bennett), 298 F.3d 1059, 1069 (9th Cir. 2002)). 23 To be subject to sanctions for violating the discharge 24 injunction, a party’s violation must be “willful.” The Ninth 25 Circuit applies a two-part test to determine whether the 26 willfulness standard has been met: (1) did the alleged offending 27 party know that the discharge injunction applied; (2) and did such 28 party intend the actions that violated the discharge injunction?
-10- 1 In re Nash, 464 B.R. at 880 (citing Espinosa v. United Student Aid 2 Funds, Inc., 553 F.3d 1193, 1205 n.7 (9th Cir. 2008), aff'd, 3 130 S. Ct. 1367 (2010)); Zilog, Inc. v. Corning (In re Zilog, 4 Inc.), 450 F.3d 996, 1007 (9th Cir. 2006). For the second prong, 5 the bankruptcy court's focus is not on the offending party’s 6 subjective beliefs or intent, but on whether the party’s conduct 7 in fact complied with the order at issue. Bassett v. Am. Gen. 8 Fin. (In re Bassett), 255 B.R. 747, 758 (9th Cir. BAP 2000), rev'd 9 on other grounds, 285 F.3d 882 (9th Cir. 2002). “A party's 10 negligence or absence of intent to violate the discharge order is 11 not a defense against a motion for contempt.” Jarvar v. Title 12 Cash of Mont., Inc. (In re Jarvar), 422 B.R. 242, 250 (Bankr. D. 13 Mont. 2009)(citing Atkins v. Martinez (In re Atkins), 176 B.R. 14 998, 1009-10 (Bankr. D. Minn. 1994)); see also In re Sanburg Fin. 15 Corp., 446 B.R. 793, 804 (S.D. Tex. 2011)(that the offending party 16 may have not understood its actions to violate the discharge 17 injunction does not negate the willfulness finding, even if true). 18 The moving party must prove by clear and convincing evidence 19 that the offending party violated the order. In re Zilog, Inc., 20 450 F.3d at 1007; Knupfer v. Lindblade (In re Dyer), 322 F.3d 21 1178, 1191 (9th Cir. 2003). The moving party also has this same 22 burden to prove that sanctions are justified. Espinosa, 553 F.3d 23 at 1205 n.7. The burden then shifts to the offending party to 24 demonstrate why it was unable to comply. In re Bennett, 298 F.3d 25 at 1069. If a bankruptcy court finds that a party has willfully 26 violated the discharge injunction, it may award actual damages, 27 punitive damages and attorney's fees to the debtor. In re Nash, 28 464 B.R. at 880 (citing Espinosa, 553 F.3d at 1205 n.7 (citing
-11- 1 2 COLLIER BANKRUPTCY MANUAL ¶ 524.02[2][c] (3d rev. ed.))). The 2 bankruptcy court has broad discretion in fashioning a remedy for 3 violation of the discharge injunction. In re Bassett, 255 B.R. at 4 758. 5 B. The bankruptcy court did not clearly err when it found that Appellants willfully violated the discharge injunction. 6 7 Appellants did not deny knowing about the discharge 8 injunction when they filed the Complaint. It is undisputed they 9 were served with the discharge order. At minimum, Appellants knew 10 something was in place, whether it be the automatic stay or the 11 discharge injunction, that precluded them from pursuing Wallace 12 personally for the debt. With this in mind, we turn now to 13 Appellants’ arguments on appeal. 14 First, Appellants assign error to the bankruptcy court for 15 ruling that the discharge injunction applied to the Complaint 16 because actions intended only to recover against a debtor’s 17 insurance proceeds are permissible. Despite Appellants’ belief, 18 the bankruptcy court never disputed the propriety of pursuing an 19 action against Wallace in order to collect on his CGL policy, and 20 it never ruled to the contrary. What the court took issue with is 21 that insurance proceeds are not what Appellants sought in their 22 Complaint. 23 The discharge injunction does not inhibit a creditor from 24 collection efforts against non-debtor entities. § 524(e).5 We 25 5 26 Section 524(e) provides: 27 Except as provided in subsection (a)(3) of this section [which is not relevant here], discharge of a debt of the 28 (continued...)
-12- 1 have held that a post-discharge action against a debtor solely in 2 order to collect on an insurance policy is permissible, so long as 3 the creditor does not intend to enforce any judgment against the 4 debtor or debtor’s property. Ruvacalba v. Munoz (In re Munoz), 5 287 B.R. 546, 550 (9th Cir. BAP 2002)(“Where the purpose of an 6 action is to collect from a collateral source, such as insurance, 7 . . . and the plaintiff makes it clear that it is not naming the 8 debtor as a party for anything other than formal reasons, no 9 bankruptcy court order is necessary.”)(citing Patronite v. Beeney 10 (In re Beeney), 142 B.R. 360, 363 (9th Cir. BAP 1992)(allowing 11 plaintiff’s suit against debtor to collect on an insurance policy 12 merely leaves debtor in the position of a witness who would appear 13 at trial). It must be clear that recovery will be limited to 14 insurance proceeds. In re Munoz, 287 B.R. at 550 n.2. 15 The bankruptcy court agreed that naming Wallace in the 16 Complaint was necessary in order to trigger coverage under his CGL 17 policy and/or surety bond, and it entered the Stay Relief Order 18 allowing Appellants to proceed with the state court action naming 19 Wallace for that purpose. However, Appellants crossed the line 20 when they filed a complaint that failed to mention the CGL policy 21 or make clear that they were pursuing only the proceeds.6 Despite 22 23 5 (...continued) 24 debtor does not affect the liability of any other entity on, or the property of any other entity for, such debt. 25 6 Appellants asserted they were prohibited by California law 26 from directly suing the insurer, Colorado Casualty. However, they have never asserted anything to the effect that they were 27 prohibited by law from mentioning the existence of an insurance policy in the Complaint. In fact, they expressly named Travelers 28 and the surety bond.
-13- 1 Appellants’ assertions in the Stay Relief Motion and the directive 2 in the Stay Relief Order that recovery would be limited to the 3 proceeds of Wallace’s CGL policy and/or surety bond, the Complaint 4 failed even to mention the CGL policy. The Complaint went one 5 step farther and expressly sought damages, including punitive 6 damages, against all defendants, which necessarily included 7 Wallace. Therefore, the Complaint was far from clear that 8 recovery would be limited only to Wallace's insurance proceeds. 9 Appellants contend they had no intention of proceeding 10 against Wallace personally. We reject this argument for two 11 reasons. First, the Complaint reflects an intent to sue Wallace 12 personally. Further, a prayer for punitive damages show an intent 13 to collect against Wallace only, especially since such damages 14 would not be covered under his CGL policy or surety bond. Second, 15 what Appellants “intended” is not the test for whether they 16 violated the discharge injunction; the question is whether their 17 conduct complied with the court’s order. In re Bassett, 255 B.R. 18 at 758. 19 Clearly, Appellants’ conduct did not comply and, despite 20 their assertion to the contrary, the Stay Relief Order did not 21 provide them a good faith basis to disregard the discharge 22 injunction and sue Wallace personally.7 Aardema even admitted 23 that the “boilerplate” Complaint had been drafted long before 24 Debtors’ bankruptcy, and that it was inadvertently not amended to 25 7 Like the bankruptcy court, we are not concerned that 26 Appellants erroneously sought relief from stay and obtained the Stay Relief Order even though Debtors had already received a 27 discharge and no stay existed. See § 362(c)(2)(C). It has no bearing on whether they violated the discharge injunction, and it 28 has no bearing on the outcome of this appeal.
-14- 1 reflect that recovery would be limited to the insurance proceeds 2 only.8 Thus, Appellants knew the Complaint, as written, violated 3 the discharge injunction. Their attempt to “cure” the violation 4 after the fact by stipulating that they were not proceeding 5 against Wallace personally was too little too late. Even if their 6 conduct could be considered negligent at the time, negligence is 7 no defense to a motion for contempt. In re Jarvar, 422 B.R. at 8 250; In re Atkins, 176 B.R. at 1009-10; In re Sanburg Fin. Corp., 9 446 B.R. at 804. Besides, after being informed by Debtors’ 10 counsel that the Complaint violated the injunction, Appellants had 11 still not amended it by the time of the hearing on the Contempt 12 Motion in November 2011, which was nearly seven months after the 13 Complaint had been filed. 14 We conclude that Appellants’ conduct was willful and a 15 continuing violation of the discharge injunction. Therefore, we 16 see no clear error by the bankruptcy court. 17 C. The bankruptcy court did not abuse its discretion in awarding Debtors the reopening fee and the attorney’s fees for 18 Appellants’ contempt, but it erred by not making sufficient findings to support the award for punitive damages. 19 20 Appellants next argue that the bankruptcy court erred by 21 awarding Debtors sanctions. Specifically, Appellants contend that 22 § 524(a)(2) does not provide for an award of attorney’s fees and 23 costs and, in any event, such an award is contrary to Sternberg v. 24 Johnston, 595 F.3d 937 (9th Cir. 2009). They further argue that 25 punitive damages were not warranted because nothing in the record 26 8 We further note that the Stay Relief Order was entered on 27 January 4, 2011, and the Complaint was filed on April 15, 2011. Appellants therefore had over three months to amend the Complaint 28 before filing it, yet they failed to do so.
-15- 1 suggests they willfully violated the discharge injunction. We 2 have already concluded that Appellants willfully violated the 3 discharge injunction. Once the bankruptcy court made that 4 finding, it was well within its discretion to award sanctions. 5 The question is whether the sanctions were appropriate. 6 We, as well as the Ninth Circuit, have held that if a 7 bankruptcy court finds that a party has willfully violated the 8 discharge injunction it may award actual damages and attorney's 9 fees to the debtor. Espinosa, 553 F.3d at 1205 n.7; In re Dyer, 10 322 F.3d at 1195 (attorney’s fees are an appropriate component of 11 a civil contempt award); In re Nash, 464 B.R. at 880. Sternberg 12 has not changed that rule. 13 In Sternberg, the Ninth Circuit held that a debtor may 14 recover attorney's fees under § 362(k)9 to the extent they are an 15 element of the debtor's “actual damages.” 595 F.3d at 947. 16 Therefore, attorney's fees may be recovered for work associated 17 with bringing about an end to the stay violation but not for fees 18 the debtor incurred in prosecuting an adversary proceeding for 19 damages. Id. at 948. Notably, Sternberg is a stay violation case 20 under § 362(k), not a proceeding for civil contempt of the 21 discharge injunction under § 105. Contrary to Appellants' 22 assertion, Sternberg expressly limited its holding to the 23 application of § 362(k); it does not preclude a debtor from 24 seeking attorney's fees in a civil contempt enforcement proceeding 25 under § 105. Id. at 946 n.3. Arguably, even if Sternberg did 26 9 Section 362(k) provides that an individual injured by any 27 willful violation of a stay shall recover actual damages, including costs and attorney’s fees, and, in appropriate 28 circumstances, may recover punitive damages.
-16- 1 apply, the fees awarded to Debtors were only those fees associated 2 with bringing about an end to Appellants' violation of the 3 discharge injunction, which was still continuing up until the 4 hearing on the Contempt Motion. Why the bankruptcy court applied 5 Sternberg is unclear, although it may have applied Sternberg by 6 analogy, and it erred in doing so. However, such error was 7 harmless because once the court found that Appellants had 8 willfully violated the discharge injunction, it was authorized to 9 consider an award for actual damages and attorney's fees. 10 In re Nash, 464 B.R. at 880; Espinosa, 553 F.3d at 1205 n.7. 11 Because the Contempt Motion was a contested matter subject to 12 Rule 9014, the bankruptcy court was required to make sufficient 13 findings to support the sanctions award under Rule 7052(a). See 14 Rule 9014(c). As for the reopening fee and attorney’s fees, we 15 conclude the bankruptcy court complied with Rule 7052(a) and did 16 not abuse its discretion in awarding those compensatory damages. 17 However, because the court did not make sufficient findings to 18 support the award for punitive damages, we must vacate and remand 19 that portion of the Contempt Order. 20 Although we have held that punitive damages are available in 21 cases of discharge injunction violations, § 105 is a civil 22 contempt authority and, as such, it authorizes only civil 23 sanctions as an available remedy. In re Dyer, 322 F.3d at 1192. 24 Bankruptcy courts also are authorized under inherent authority to 25 sanction a broader range of conduct, such as improper litigation 26 tactics, but the court must make an explicit finding of bad faith 27 or willful misconduct to support it --- i.e., something more 28 egregious than mere negligence or recklessness. Id. at 1196.
-17- 1 Bankruptcy courts are not authorized to impose criminal sanctions. 2 Id. at 1193. 3 Dyer recognized that civil penalties must be either 4 compensatory or designed to coerce compliance. Id. at 1192. 5 Thus, “‘a flat unconditional fine totaling even as little as $50' 6 could be [a] criminal [sanction] ‘if the contemnor has no 7 subsequent opportunity to reduce or avoid the fine through 8 compliance,’ and the fine is not compensatory.” Id. (quoting 9 F. J. Hanshaw Enters., Inc. v. Emerald River Dev., Inc., 244 F.3d 10 1128, 1137-38 (9th Cir. 2001). However, “‘relatively mild’ 11 noncompensatory fines” may be necessary under some circumstances. 12 In re Dyer, 322 F.3d at 1193 (citing Zambrano v. Tustin, 885 F.2d 13 1473, 1479 (9th Cir. 1989)). Nonetheless, such punitive sanctions 14 cannot be “serious.” Id. The Dyer court left open the question 15 of what is a “serious” punitive sanction, but implied that any 16 fine above $5,000.00 (presumably in 1989 dollars) would be 17 considered “serious.” Id. (citing Hanshaw, 244 F.3d at 1140 18 n.10). 19 Thus, whether the $3,000.00 punitive damages awarded in this 20 case is considered a coercive civil sanction or a “relatively 21 mild” noncompensatory sanction, the bankruptcy court needed to 22 make sufficient findings to support it. In re Dyer, 322 F.3d at 23 1192-98. 24 VI. CONCLUSION 25 For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the bankruptcy court’s 26 award to Debtors for the $260.00 reopening fee and the $1,400.00 27 for attorney’s fees. However, because the bankruptcy court did 28 not make sufficient findings to support the $3,000.00 award for
-18- 1 punitive damages, we VACATE and REMAND that portion of the 2 Contempt Order so the bankruptcy court can conduct proceedings 3 consistent with this decision. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
-19-