In re: Amazon Return Policy Litigation

Opinion

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3 4 5 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT AT SEATTLE 7 IN RE: AMAZON RETURN CASE NO. 2:23-cv-1372 ORDER ON PLAINTIFFS’ MOTIONS 9 TO COMPEL, DKT. NOS. 81 AND 96 10 11 12 13 1. INTRODUCTION 14 This case is a putative class action alleging Amazon routinely denies refunds 15 to customers who properly return merchandise. Before the Court are Plaintiffs’ 16 motions to compel discovery—Plaintiffs move to compel Defendant Amazon.com Inc. 17 to fully respond to 49 requests for production and ten interrogatories. Dkt. Nos. 81, 18 93 (sealed), 96 (redacted). Plaintiffs contend responses to their discovery requests 19 are essential for class certification, including information about Amazon’s return 20 processes, the scope of wrongful denials, and class-wide damages methodology. 21 Amazon opposes many requests as premature, overbroad, or unduly burdensome, 22 while claiming it continues to investigate and will supplement responses. 23 1 The Court rejects Amazon’s prematurity argument, finding that with the 2 class certification motion deadline set for December 31, 2025, Plaintiffs need

3 foundational discovery now to meaningfully evaluate and pursue class certification. 4 Continuing to investigate is not a valid basis for withholding information 5 reasonably available after months of notice. 6 Accordingly, the Court GRANTS both motions in substantial part. Amazon 7 must provide complete responses within 21 days, except where the parties must 8 meet and confer regarding statistical sampling of class-wide transactional data.

9 2. BACKGROUND 10 This putative class action arises from Amazon's alleged failure to honor its 11 return and refund policies. Plaintiffs represent two putative nationwide classes of 12 Amazon consumers who returned merchandise in compliance with Amazon’s 13 policies but who were denied refunds. Dkt. No. 116 ¶ 225. 14 The first proposed class consists of consumers who (1) delivered returned 15 merchandise to an Amazon-designated carrier, or (2) kept items after being told to 16 do so, but did not receive a refund. The second class includes consumers whom 17 Amazon failed to refund despite receiving the returned merchandise at a fulfillment 18 center. Id. 19 Plaintiffs allege Amazon promises customers “free, no hassle returns,” but 20 “[i]n practice, . . . Amazon routinely . . . fails to issue refunds or re-charges 21 customers who have returned items in compliance with Amazon’s refund and 22 exchange policies because of defects in Amazon’s return and refund processes, often 23 1 incorrectly claiming that the return had not been received by Amazon.” Id. ¶ 4. 2 Plaintiffs allege these failures often occur when Amazon employees misidentify

3 returned items, or they get separated from others causing them to be incorrectly 4 flagged in the process. Id. ¶ 6. Plaintiffs also allege that Amazon does not correct 5 these errors because it knows that most of its customers do not notice, and as a 6 result, Amazon’s practices result in substantial unjustified monetary losses by 7 consumers. Id. ¶ 7. 8 Between the two classes, Plaintiffs raise 14 causes of action, including breach

9 of contract, violation of the duty of good faith, violation of the Washington 10 Consumer Protection Act (CPA), unjust enrichment, promissory estoppel, and 11 conversion. Id. ¶¶ 237–372. 12 Discovery commenced after the Court’s January 30, 2025, scheduling order, 13 which set May 5, 2025, for substantial completion of document discovery and 14 December 31, 2025, for filing the class certification motion. Dkt. No. 84. In its first 15 round of discovery requests, Plaintiffs served 143 requests for production and 11

16 interrogatories. The instant motions concern Amazon’s responses to 49 of these 17 document requests and 10 interrogatories, which Plaintiffs contend are necessary to 18 evaluate the feasibility of class treatment and to develop evidence supporting their 19 claims. 20 3. LEGAL STANDARD 21 The Court starts from the premise that pretrial discovery should receive

22 “broad and liberal treatment,” Hickman v. Taylor, 329 U.S. 495, 507 (1947), to 23 secure the “just” and “speedy” resolution of every action, Herbert v. Lando, 441 U.S. 1 153, 177 (1979). Generally, “parties may obtain discovery regarding any 2 nonprivileged matter that is relevant to any party’s claim or defense and

3 proportional to the needs of the case.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1). 4 In class actions, discovery before certification serves the critical purpose of 5 enabling courts to conduct the “rigorous analysis” required by Rule 23. Wal-Mart 6 Stores, Inc. v. Dukes, 564 U.S. 338, 350–51 (2011) (certification requires that Rule 7 23’s prerequisites be satisfied through evidentiary proof); see also Kamm v. 8 California City Dev. Co., 509 F.2d 205, 210 (9th Cir. 1975) (“The propriety of a class

9 action cannot be determined in some cases without discovery[.]”). 10 The party seeking discovery must first establish that its requests are 11 relevant. Mi Familia Vota v. Hobbs, 343 F.R.D. 71, 81 (D. Ariz. 2022). The party 12 resisting discovery must then show specifically how each request is not relevant or 13 how each is overly broad, burdensome or oppressive. See Brown v. Warner, No. C09- 14 1546RSM, 2015 WL 630926, at *1 (W.D. Wash. Feb. 12, 2015). Boilerplate 15 objections are not enough. See Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. U.S. Dist. Court,

16 408 F.3d 1142, 1149 (9th Cir. 2005). 17 District courts have “wide latitude” in controlling discovery. Lane v. Dep’t of 18 Interior, 523 F.3d 1128, 1134 (9th Cir. 2008). This discretion extends to determining 19 relevancy, managing the scope and timing of discovery, and fashioning appropriate 20 remedies when parties fail to comply with their discovery obligations. Avila v. 21 Willits Env’t Remediation Tr., 633 F.3d 828, 833 (9th Cir. 2011).

22 23 1 4. DISCUSSION 2 4.1 Multiple discovery requests have been resolved through agreement. Before addressing the disputed discovery requests, the Court notes that the 3 parties have reached agreement on numerous items, eliminating the need for 4 judicial intervention on these matters. 5 Amazon has committed to produce documents responsive to RFPs 30–33 6 regarding its processing policies, procedures, training materials, and related 7 reports, and documents about customers’ ability to track returned items, stating it 8 “has already agreed to produce” responsive documents and data. Dkt. No. 87 at 10– 9 11. Amazon has also agreed to produce documents responsive to RFP 46 regarding 10 Amazon’s public statements about return policies; RFPs 48–50 showing when and 11 how Amazon learned of refund denial issues and corrective measures taken; and 12 RFP 54 concerning differences in return handling across its facilities. Dkt. No. 87 at 13 12. Regarding RFP 54, Amazon acknowledges no objection but notes that with 14 “nearly 80 return centers,” responding is “a time-intensive” endeavor. Id. 15 Similarly, Amazon has agreed to produce certain categories of fraud-related 16 documents under RFPs 66–67, specifically committing to produce “relevant, 17 responsive documents that [it] intends to use to support its defenses related to 18 fraudulent returns” and “documents sufficient to show how it detects fraudulent 19 returns and its policies surrounding fraudulent returns.” Dkt. No. 87 at 14. 20 For RFP 7, after Plaintiffs clarified they seek internal documents concerning 21 how Amazon interprets its Conditions of Use in the returns context, Dkt. No. 81 at 22 10, Amazon agreed that if it finds “relevant documents responsive to this request 23 1 (as Plaintiffs now describe it),” it will produce them. Dkt. No. 87 at 11. Amazon has 2 also confirmed it will produce relevant documents related to situations “where the

3 customer does return an item and is nevertheless denied a refund on the basis of 4 non-receipt,” and “documents related to its policies regarding denial of refunds for 5 non-receipt, i.e., those policies that might bear on why members of Plaintiffs’ 6 defined class were denied a refund” under RFPs 4–6, 30–31, 45, 48–52, 55, 72–73, 7 resolving Plaintiffs’ concern about selective production. Dkt. No. 87 at 8. 8 As for interrogatories, Amazon has agreed to supplement its responses to

9 Interrogatories 4, 6, 7, and 9, informing Plaintiffs it would do so by March 21, 2025. 10 Dkt. No. 102 at 8–9. Amazon indicated it will supplement Interrogatory 5 “if doing 11 so would provide additional clarity.” Dkt. No. 102 at 11–12. For Interrogatories 10 12 and 11, Amazon states it has provided “screenshots from [its] customer service 13 system containing the details and records of Plaintiffs’ orders.” Dkt. No. 102 at 11. 14 To ensure these agreements are fulfilled and to establish an enforceable 15 timeline, the Court ORDERS Amazon to complete production of all agreed-upon

16 items within 21 days of this order to the extent not already produced. This deadline 17 supersedes Amazon’s proposed March 21, 2025, date for interrogatory 18 supplementation, as the Court finds no justification for further delay given that 19 these requests were served in April and November 2024. Dkt. No. 82 ¶¶ 4, 15. 20 4.2 Plaintiffs’ motion to compel Amazon’s responses to requests for production, Dkt. No. 81. 21 Plaintiffs move to compel Amazon’s responses to 49 RFPs across several 22 categories. The Court addresses each category below. 23 1 4.2.1 Amazon’s organizational structure and custodians (RFPs 57 and 58). 2 RFPs 57 and 58 seek documents concerning Amazon’s organizational charts 3 and structure for its business units and personnel responsible for, or involved in, 4 returns processing, including teams and personnel with relevant information. Dkt. 5 Nos. 81 at 6; 82-1 at 22. Amazon objects that these requests are overbroad and 6 burdensome. Dkt. No. 82-4 at 18. Specifically, Amazon says it lacks centrally 7 maintained historical organizational charts, and although it does have an online 8 internal directory with current information, this information would not be useful to 9 Plaintiffs because organizational charts are an ineffective way to identify 10 custodians. Dkt. No. 87 at 6–8. 11 Both objections fail. First, the absence of some documents does not excuse 12 withholding others that do exist. Second, Amazon cannot unilaterally decide what is 13 “useful” to Plaintiffs—the standard is relevance, not Amazon’s preferred method of 14 custodian identification. Understanding Amazon’s returns infrastructure is without 15 question relevant to prosecuting systematic practices across what Amazon admits 16 are “nearly 80 return centers.” If no responsive documents exist, Amazon should say 17 so. 18 The Court GRANTS Plaintiffs’ requests and orders Amazon to produce all 19 responsive organizational documents in response to Plaintiffs’ RFPs 57 and 58 20 within 21 days of this order. 21 22 23 1 4.2.2 Class wide data (RFPs 8–19, 20–22, 23–24, 25–26, 29, 78). Plaintiffs seek transactional data to identify customers who experienced 2 wrongful refund denials, including: 3 • Documents or data sufficient to identify Amazon customers that have 4 experienced wrongful denials of refunds on the basis of nonreceipt; 5 • Documents or data sufficient to identify the monetary sum of refunds 6 wrongfully withheld on the basis for nonreceipt; 7 • Documents or data sufficient to identify Amazon customers that received 8 return-reminder and refund-recharge emails; and 9 • Data regarding transactions where Amazon denied refunds on the basis of 10 nonreceipt (including data captured by Amazon when processing returns and 11 refunds). 12 Dkt. No. 81 at 7–10 (citing RFPs 8–19, 20–22, 23–24, 25–26, 29, 30–33, 78). 13 Rather than demanding all responsive data, Plaintiffs have proposed that 14 Amazon provide, as a compromise, “an anonymized statistically-significant sample, 15 whereby Amazon would provide a template of the available universe of data field, 16 and an initial sample of such data.” Id. at 8. Plaintiffs also ask that “Amazon ensure 17 that it would have some means of identifying a given customer’s data across 18 transactions and data productions so that the information c[an] be tracked, and 19 then de-anonymized quickly at a later stage of the case.” Id. 20 Amazon objects that Plaintiffs’ requests for class-wide data are premature 21 and not proportional, citing case law denying pre-certification discovery of putative 22 class member identities. Dkt No. 87 at 9. Plaintiffs do not seek names and 23 1 addresses for notice purposes—the concern in Oppenheimer Fund, Inc. v. Sanders, 2 437 U.S. 340, 352 (1978). Instead, they seek sampling data to demonstrate that

3 common questions exist, to assess typicality, and to present a damages methodology 4 for class certification. Courts routinely permit sampling for this purpose. See, e.g., 5 Cruz v. Nike Retail Servs., Inc., No. 23-CV-874-L-KSC, 2023 WL 6967410, at *1 6 (S.D. Cal. Oct. 20, 2023) (finding a sampling of ten percent of a putative 8,000- 7 member wage and hour class a reasonable size); see also 1 McLaughlin on Class 8 Actions § 3:7 (21st ed.) (case law supports a sampling of class wide data “to

9 illuminate whether common questions exist and whether the proposed 10 representative’s claims are typical of those of other class members[.]”) 11 Because Plaintiffs seek this data for reasons beyond class member 12 identification the Court agrees they are entitled to a statistically significant sample. 13 Without knowing the size of the putative class, the Court cannot determine what 14 sample size would be statistically significant. The Court thus ORDERS the parties 15 to meet and confer within 21 days of this order to determine an appropriate sample

16 size and methodology for producing responsive data to Plaintiffs’ RFPs 8–19, 20–22, 17 23–24, 25–26, 29, 78. 18 4.2.3 Communications with third parties regarding returns (RFPs 59 and 60). 19 RFP 59 seeks: 20 Documents and Communications Concerning communications between 21 You and third parties other than Your attorneys concerning Your practice of Denying a Refund or Recharging a Customer on the basis 22 that You did not receive a Returned Item when the Returned Item was delivered to Your Fulfillment Center, Your Designated Carrier, and/or 23 1 when You instructed the Customer to keep or discard the Returned Item. Such Documents and Communications include, but are not limited 2 to, discussions specifically referencing the claims in this Action shared with third parties other than Your attorneys. 3 Relatedly, RFP 60 requests: 4 Documents and Communications Concerning this Action shared with 5 third-parties other than Your attorneys.

6 Plaintiffs clarify they do not include in these RFPs privileged communications or 7 communications with putative class members. Dkt. No. 82-4 at 18. 8 Amazon argues it cannot respond because the term “third parties” is vague 9 and ambiguous. Dkt. No. 87 at 13. This objection is borderline frivolous. Websters 10 dictionary defines a third party as “a person other than the principals.” Webster’s 11 Third New International Dictionary 2378 (2021). In context, this clearly refers to 12 entities that are not Amazon or Plaintiffs. 13 Accordingly, the Court ORDERS Amazon to respond to RFPs 59 and 60 14 within 21 days of this order. 15 4.2.4 Records retention policies and destruction of relevant documents (RFPs 61 and 62). 16 RFPs 61 and 62 seek Amazon’s documents concerning “record retention and 17 preservation policies and practices” as well as documents “concerning any departure 18 or variance from [such] policies, procedures, and practices relating to the retention 19 or destruction of Documents that would otherwise be called for by these Requests.” 20 Dkt. No. 82-1 at 22. 21 Amazon asserts several boilerplate objections to these requests; specifically, 22 arguing that they are overbroad, unduly burdensome, and protected by privilege or 23 1 the work-product doctrine. Dkt. No. 82-3 at 69. Such generalized objections are 2 insufficient, Brown v. Warner, No. C09-1546-RSM, 2015 WL 630926, at *1 (W.D.

3 Wash. Feb. 12, 2015), as Amazon fails to explain specifically what is burdensome 4 about producing its own retention policies or which documents are allegedly 5 privileged. 6 The Court ORDERS Amazon to respond to RFP 61 and 62 within 21 days of 7 this order. 8 4.2.5 Documents upon which Amazon intends to rely (RFP 63). 9 RFP 63 seeks documents Amazon intends “to rely [on] or introduce into 10 evidence at any deposition, hearing, motions, or otherwise use at trial[.]” Dkt. No. 11 82-1 at 23. Dkt. No. 82-1 at 23. Amazon claims this request is premature, but 12 Plaintiffs argue persuasively that the Court should order Amazon to produce the 13 responsive documents it knows about and uphold its ongoing duty to timely 14 supplement its response. With depositions underway and class certification due 15 December 31, 2025, Amazon surely knows some documents it will rely on— 16 particularly given it has already identified “three data tables” supporting its 17 defenses in response to Interrogatory 8. Dkt. No. 106 at 7. 18 The Court finds no reason to deny this request and ORDERS Amazon to 19 respond to RFP 63 within 21 days of this order. 20 4.3 Plaintiffs’ motion to compel Amazon’s responses to interrogatories, 21 Dkt. No. 96. 22 Plaintiffs move to compel Amazon to answer ten interrogatories. 23 1 4.3.1 Interrogatory 2: identities of third parties with whom Amazon contracted to process returned items, recharges, 2 and refunds. Interrogatory 2 seeks the identities of third parties with whom Amazon 3 contracted to process returned items, recharges, and refunds. Dkt. No. 96 at 8. 4 Amazon refuses to include carriers with whom Amazon contracted to deliver 5 returned items from drop-off locations to its fulfillment centers and third parties 6 that supply and maintain hardware and software for processing return and refunds, 7 or consulting on reverse logistics. Dkt. No. 102 at 6. Amazon bases this objection on 8 its interpretation of “process.” Despite its objection, Amazon says it is “willing to 9 confer with Plaintiffs about these additional areas.” Id. 10 It is unclear why Amazon believes these types of entities are not involved in 11 processing returns, recharges, and refunds. Amazon has not explained why it would 12 be irrelevant or overly burdensome to answer with this information. Because 13 Amazon fails to assert a valid objection, the Court orders it to answer Interrogatory 14 2 within 21 days of this order. 15 16 4.3.2 Interrogatory 3: identities and job titles of individuals and departments that are responsible for determining that a 17 customer did not return the correct item. 18 Interrogatory 3 seeks job titles and departments or groups responsible for 19 determining that a customer did not send back the correct item and how they make 20 such a determination. Dkt. No. 96 at 9. In response, Amazon identifies a generic 21 business unit consisting of hundreds of employees. Id. Plaintiffs push back arguing 22 that “identifying the high-level business unit . . . is insufficient, if there are high- or 23 1 managerial-level individuals within that department with discoverable 2 information,” and that Amazon should, at a minimum, “identify specific employees

3 that made the relevant determination for Plaintiffs’ returns described in the 4 Complaint.” Id. at 9–10. 5 Amazon’s response is evasive. Plaintiffs are not asking for hundreds of 6 names—they seek job titles, departments, and identification of managerial-level 7 personnel with relevant knowledge. At a minimum, Amazon must identify the 8 specific employees who made determinations about Plaintiffs’ own returns described

9 in the Complaint. Dkt. No. 96 at 9–10. 10 Amazon claims it has provided the grading associates and their managers 11 with respect to the orders described in the Complaint and that it is unclear to 12 Amazon what other information Plaintiffs seek because “[p]resumably, Plaintiffs do 13 not expect the name of every grading associate who has worked at any Amazon 14 facility for the past seven years, or every direct manager of every associate.” Dkt. 15 No. 102 at 7. This strawman argument avoids the actual request: identification of

16 job titles, reporting structures, and high-level decision-makers who oversee returns 17 processing—information Amazon surely knows about its own operations. 18 The Court ORDERS Amazon to provide within 21 days of this order: (1) all 19 job titles and departments involved in return determinations; (2) the identities of 20 high- or managerial-level individuals overseeing these departments; and (3) specific 21 employees who handled Plaintiffs’ returns at issue here.

22 23 1 4.3.3 Interrogatory 8: the factual basis of defenses Amazon intends to assert. 2 Interrogatory 8 seeks “the factual basis of any and all defenses which 3 [Amazon] intend[s] to assert to Plaintiffs’ allegations in the Complaint.” Dkt. No. 96 4 at 13. In response, Amazon relies on Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 33(d). Id. 5 Plaintiffs argue that Amazon misuses Rule 33(d) because Amazon fails to 6 identify the documents to which it refers in its answer—instead, in subsequent 7 communications, Amazon identified three data tables containing hundreds of data 8 fields as supporting its defenses. Dkt. No. 106 at 7. Plaintiffs argue this improperly 9 imposes the burden of ascertaining the answer upon them, which is made worse 10 because the “data fields . . . are not intelligible to non-Amazon employees.” Dkt. No. 11 96 at 14. 12 When invoking the business records option, a party must specify which 13 records contain the answer and provide them “in a manner that permits the same 14 direct and economical access that is available to the [responding] party,” and if 15 compilations and summaries exist, the responding party should make them 16 available. Fed. R. Civ. P. 33(d), Adv. Comm. Notes, 1980 Amend.; Puerto Rico 17 Aqueduct & Sewer Auth. V. Clow Corp., 108 F.R.D. 304, 306 (D. PR 1985). Amazon 18 instead dumped “three data tables containing hundreds of data fields” on Plaintiffs 19 without explanation, forcing them to guess which fields support which defenses. 20 Dkt. No. 106 at 7. Worse, these fields “are not intelligible to non-Amazon 21 employees.” Dkt. No. 96 at 14. 22 23 1 Thus, the Court ORDERS Amazon to amend its response to Interrogatory 8

9 within 21 days of this order to: (1) identify specific documents and data fields

3 responsive to each defense; (2) provide a glossary explaining what each referenced

4 data field means; and (8) specify which fields support which defenses.

5 5. CONCLUSION 6 For the reasons stated above, the Court GRANTS both motions to compel in substantial part. Dkt. Nos. 81, 96. The parties must comply with the deadlines 8 specified in each ruling above. Failure to comply may result in sanctions under Rule 9 37. 10 i Dated this 30th of September, 2025. 12 13 Sie 14 United States District Judge

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