NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT ___________
No. 10-2705 ___________
IAN B. RODRIGUES, Petitioner
v.
ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES, Respondent ____________________________________
On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals (Agency No. 044-137-068) Immigration Judge: Honorable Walter Durling ____________________________________
Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a) February 15, 2011
Before: FUENTES, GREENAWAY, JR., and ROTH, Circuit Judges
(Opinion filed February 22, 2011) ___________
OPINION ___________
PER CURIAM
Ian Boyd Rodrigues is a native and citizen of Jamaica who was convicted, on
October 29, 2002, for trafficking in marijuana in violation of Ohio Revised Code §
2925.03. The Government charged Rodrigues as removable for having been convicted of
1 an aggravated felony and a controlled substance violation, in violation of 8 U.S.C. §
1227(a)(2)(A)(iii) and 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(B)(i), respectively. The Immigration Judge
(“IJ”) sustained the charges. Initially, the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”)
rejected Rodrigues’s subsequent appeal as untimely filed. Rodrigues filed a petition for
review, which we granted. See Rodrigues v. Attorney Gen. of the United States, 352 F.
App’x 615 (3d Cir. 2009). Concluding that the agency appeal had been timely filed, we
remanded the matter to the BIA for consideration of Rodrigues’s claims on the merits.
See id. at 617.
On remand, the BIA upheld the IJ’s decision. The BIA rejected Rodrigues’s
claims that his conviction did not contain a trafficking element involving unlawful
trading or dealing in a controlled substance and that the Government did not submit
proper documentation to satisfy its burden of proof. The BIA concluded that the
Government submitted sufficient evidence by presenting copies of a judgment entry and
an indictment from the Court of Common Pleas in Franklin County, Ohio, which
established that Rodrigues pleaded guilty to trafficking in marijuana in violation of the
Ohio statute and received a three-year prison sentence. Then, applying a modified
categorical approach, the BIA considered the judgment entry and indictment and
determined that it indicated that Rodrigues’s offense involved trafficking of more than a
small amount of marijuana, corresponded to Ohio Revised Code § 2925.03(A)(2), and
was equivalent to a federal drug felony under 21 U.S.C. § 841(a). The BIA held that
Rodrigues was removable as charged. The BIA rejected Rodrigues’s claims that his due
process and Miranda rights had been violated. The BIA also denied Rodrigues’s motion
2 to reopen.
Rodrigues presents a pro se petition for review. He argues that he was not
convicted of an aggravated felony and that the evidence before the IJ did not prove the
contrary. He also contends that the Government violated his right to due process and his
protections against double jeopardy, cruel and unusual punishment, and involuntary
servitude by filing two notices to appear in his case. More specifically, Rodrigues
complains that the Government used the first notice to appear to lodge an immigration
detainer against him, but did not proceed against him with removal proceedings until five
years later when a revised notice to appear issued. Rodrigues also argues that the IJ
violated his right to due process by not informing him of potentially available relief from
removal.
The Government moves to dismiss Rodrigues’s petition in light of his conviction
for an aggravated felony. The Government argues that Rodrigues is an aggravated felon
who was charged with, pleaded guilty to, and does not deny that he was convicted of, a
controlled substance violation. The Government further contends that Rodrigues does
not raise a constitutional claim or a question of law over which we have jurisdiction. The
Government also otherwise argues that Rodrigues’s claims are without merit (including
one claim that the Government describes as unexhausted).
Because the basis for Rodrigues’s removal is his conviction for an aggravated
felony, our jurisdiction is limited by the REAL ID Act; however, we retain jurisdiction
over constitutional claims and questions of law. See Pierre v. Attorney Gen. of the
United States, 528 F.3d 180, 184 (3d Cir. 2008) (en banc) (citing 8 U.S.C. §
3 1252(a)(2)(C)-(D)); see also Silva-Rengifo v. Attorney Gen. of the United States, 473
F.3d 58, 63 (3d Cir. 2007) (citing Kamara v. Attorney Gen. of the United States, 420 F.3d
202, 210-11 (3d Cir. 2005), for the proposition that the “jurisdictional grant regarding
appeals by aggravated felons extends not just to legal determinations but also to
application of law to facts”). Despite the Government’s argument to the contrary,
Rodrigues does raise questions of law, such as his claim that he was not convicted of an
aggravated felony.
However, Rodrigues’s claim that he was not convicted of an aggravated felony
(and its corollary, that the Government did not prove that he had been convicted of one)
is without merit. The copies of his judgment entry and his indictment serve as sufficient
evidence of a conviction in this case. See 8 C.F.R. § 1003.41. Furthermore, his
conviction constitutes an aggravated felony. “A state drug conviction constitutes an
aggravated felony if (a) it would be punishable as a felony under the federal Controlled
Substances Act, or (b) it is a felony under state law and includes an illicit trafficking
element.” See Catwell v. Attorney Gen. of the United States, 623 F.3d 199, 206 (3d Cir.
2010) (quoting Evanson v. Attorney Gen. of the United States, 550 F.3d 284, 288 (3d Cir.
2008)). Because the Ohio statute under which Rodrigues was convicted criminalizes
conduct relating to the mere sale of drugs as well as the trafficking of drugs, the BIA did
not err in applying the modified categorical approach to determine what elements were at
the basis of Rodrigues’s guilty plea and conviction. See Evanson, at 290-92. Rodrigues
pleaded guilty to Count I of his indictment, which stated that he violated Ohio Revised
Code § 2925.03 because he “did knowingly prepare for shipment, ship, transport, deliver,
4 prepare for distribution, or distribute a controlled substance included in Schedule I, to
wit: Marijuana in an amount equal to or exceeding twenty thousand (20,000) grams . . .
knowing or having reasonable cause to believe the controlled substance was intended for
sale or resale by [others].” As the BIA concluded, this language corresponds to a
violation of Ohio Revised Code § 2925.03(A)(2), and is equivalent to a federal drug
felony under 21 U.S.C. § 841, see Evanson, 550 F.3d at 289.
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NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT ___________
No. 10-2705 ___________
IAN B. RODRIGUES, Petitioner
v.
ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES, Respondent ____________________________________
On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals (Agency No. 044-137-068) Immigration Judge: Honorable Walter Durling ____________________________________
Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a) February 15, 2011
Before: FUENTES, GREENAWAY, JR., and ROTH, Circuit Judges
(Opinion filed February 22, 2011) ___________
OPINION ___________
PER CURIAM
Ian Boyd Rodrigues is a native and citizen of Jamaica who was convicted, on
October 29, 2002, for trafficking in marijuana in violation of Ohio Revised Code §
2925.03. The Government charged Rodrigues as removable for having been convicted of
1 an aggravated felony and a controlled substance violation, in violation of 8 U.S.C. §
1227(a)(2)(A)(iii) and 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(B)(i), respectively. The Immigration Judge
(“IJ”) sustained the charges. Initially, the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”)
rejected Rodrigues’s subsequent appeal as untimely filed. Rodrigues filed a petition for
review, which we granted. See Rodrigues v. Attorney Gen. of the United States, 352 F.
App’x 615 (3d Cir. 2009). Concluding that the agency appeal had been timely filed, we
remanded the matter to the BIA for consideration of Rodrigues’s claims on the merits.
See id. at 617.
On remand, the BIA upheld the IJ’s decision. The BIA rejected Rodrigues’s
claims that his conviction did not contain a trafficking element involving unlawful
trading or dealing in a controlled substance and that the Government did not submit
proper documentation to satisfy its burden of proof. The BIA concluded that the
Government submitted sufficient evidence by presenting copies of a judgment entry and
an indictment from the Court of Common Pleas in Franklin County, Ohio, which
established that Rodrigues pleaded guilty to trafficking in marijuana in violation of the
Ohio statute and received a three-year prison sentence. Then, applying a modified
categorical approach, the BIA considered the judgment entry and indictment and
determined that it indicated that Rodrigues’s offense involved trafficking of more than a
small amount of marijuana, corresponded to Ohio Revised Code § 2925.03(A)(2), and
was equivalent to a federal drug felony under 21 U.S.C. § 841(a). The BIA held that
Rodrigues was removable as charged. The BIA rejected Rodrigues’s claims that his due
process and Miranda rights had been violated. The BIA also denied Rodrigues’s motion
2 to reopen.
Rodrigues presents a pro se petition for review. He argues that he was not
convicted of an aggravated felony and that the evidence before the IJ did not prove the
contrary. He also contends that the Government violated his right to due process and his
protections against double jeopardy, cruel and unusual punishment, and involuntary
servitude by filing two notices to appear in his case. More specifically, Rodrigues
complains that the Government used the first notice to appear to lodge an immigration
detainer against him, but did not proceed against him with removal proceedings until five
years later when a revised notice to appear issued. Rodrigues also argues that the IJ
violated his right to due process by not informing him of potentially available relief from
removal.
The Government moves to dismiss Rodrigues’s petition in light of his conviction
for an aggravated felony. The Government argues that Rodrigues is an aggravated felon
who was charged with, pleaded guilty to, and does not deny that he was convicted of, a
controlled substance violation. The Government further contends that Rodrigues does
not raise a constitutional claim or a question of law over which we have jurisdiction. The
Government also otherwise argues that Rodrigues’s claims are without merit (including
one claim that the Government describes as unexhausted).
Because the basis for Rodrigues’s removal is his conviction for an aggravated
felony, our jurisdiction is limited by the REAL ID Act; however, we retain jurisdiction
over constitutional claims and questions of law. See Pierre v. Attorney Gen. of the
United States, 528 F.3d 180, 184 (3d Cir. 2008) (en banc) (citing 8 U.S.C. §
3 1252(a)(2)(C)-(D)); see also Silva-Rengifo v. Attorney Gen. of the United States, 473
F.3d 58, 63 (3d Cir. 2007) (citing Kamara v. Attorney Gen. of the United States, 420 F.3d
202, 210-11 (3d Cir. 2005), for the proposition that the “jurisdictional grant regarding
appeals by aggravated felons extends not just to legal determinations but also to
application of law to facts”). Despite the Government’s argument to the contrary,
Rodrigues does raise questions of law, such as his claim that he was not convicted of an
aggravated felony.
However, Rodrigues’s claim that he was not convicted of an aggravated felony
(and its corollary, that the Government did not prove that he had been convicted of one)
is without merit. The copies of his judgment entry and his indictment serve as sufficient
evidence of a conviction in this case. See 8 C.F.R. § 1003.41. Furthermore, his
conviction constitutes an aggravated felony. “A state drug conviction constitutes an
aggravated felony if (a) it would be punishable as a felony under the federal Controlled
Substances Act, or (b) it is a felony under state law and includes an illicit trafficking
element.” See Catwell v. Attorney Gen. of the United States, 623 F.3d 199, 206 (3d Cir.
2010) (quoting Evanson v. Attorney Gen. of the United States, 550 F.3d 284, 288 (3d Cir.
2008)). Because the Ohio statute under which Rodrigues was convicted criminalizes
conduct relating to the mere sale of drugs as well as the trafficking of drugs, the BIA did
not err in applying the modified categorical approach to determine what elements were at
the basis of Rodrigues’s guilty plea and conviction. See Evanson, at 290-92. Rodrigues
pleaded guilty to Count I of his indictment, which stated that he violated Ohio Revised
Code § 2925.03 because he “did knowingly prepare for shipment, ship, transport, deliver,
4 prepare for distribution, or distribute a controlled substance included in Schedule I, to
wit: Marijuana in an amount equal to or exceeding twenty thousand (20,000) grams . . .
knowing or having reasonable cause to believe the controlled substance was intended for
sale or resale by [others].” As the BIA concluded, this language corresponds to a
violation of Ohio Revised Code § 2925.03(A)(2), and is equivalent to a federal drug
felony under 21 U.S.C. § 841, see Evanson, 550 F.3d at 289.
Although Rodrigues contends additionally that 20,000 grams did not accurately
describe the amount of marijuana at issue, he pleaded guilty to a felony in the third
degree under Ohio law. Accordingly, even if we assume the minimum conduct necessary
for the third degree felony, see Jeune v. Attorney Gen. of the United States, 476 F.3d 199,
204 (3d Cir. 2007), the trafficking conviction involved at least 200 grams of marijuana,
see ORC § 2925.03(C)(3)(c)-(e), significantly more than the small amount that would
qualify for the exception for simple possession, see 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(B)(i); Catwell,
623 F.3d at 209. Also, Rodrigues’s case is distinguishable from the Sixth Circuit case he
cites, which dealt with a violation of Ohio Revised Code § 2925.03(A)(1) (not §
2925.03(A)(2)). See Mendieta-Robles v. Gonzales, 226 F. App’x 564 (6th Cir. 2007).
In his brief, in addition to contesting the conclusion that he was convicted of an
aggravated felony, Rodrigues argues that the Government should not have issued two
notices of appear or used the first notice to appear as the basis to have him detained.1
1 Rodrigues does not, however, specifically challenge the BIA’s determination that he is also removable for having been convicted of a controlled substance violation. Accordingly, we find any such challenge waived. See Ghana v. Holland, 226 F.3d 175, 180 (3d Cir. 2000). 5 Rodrigues’s claims about the notices to appear and his detention do not relate to his final
order of removal. Accordingly, we do not have jurisdiction over them. See Nnadika v.
Attorney Gen. of the United States, 484 F.3d 626, 631 (3d Cir. 2007) (citing
Kumarasamy v. Attorney Gen. of the United States, 453 F.3d 169, 172 (3d Cir. 2006), for
its proposition that we have jurisdiction under the REAL ID Act only over challenges to a
final order of removal).
Even if the claims about the notices to appear could be seen as somehow relating
to the final order of removal, the REAL ID Act specifically deprives us of jurisdiction to
review the Government’s decisions relating to initiating removal proceedings against
Rodrigues. See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(g). The Government has prosecutorial discretion in
regards to whether and when it commences removal proceedings against an alien. See
Matter of Bahta, 22 I & N Dec. 1381, 1391 (BIA 2000). Also, as Rodrigues knows,
given his pursuit of habeas relief in the United States District Court for the Middle
District of Pennsylvania, his detention claim is the type of matter over which a district
court has jurisdiction, see 28 U.S.C. § 2241, although it appears that his claim has been
mooted by his release and removal to Jamaica.
Lastly, Rodrigues presents a claim that the IJ violated his right to due process by
not informing him of potentially available relief from removal. However, Rodrigues did
not exhaust this issue because he did not raise it in his brief before the BIA. R. 15-57.
Accordingly, we cannot consider it. See Bonhometre v. Gonzales, 414 F.3d 442, 447 (3d
Cir. 2005).
In summary, we deny the Government’s motion to dismiss the entire petition. We
6 will, however, dismiss Rodrigues’s petition in part insomuch as it raises claims over
which we do not have jurisdiction for the reasons given above. We will otherwise deny
the petition.