Mr. Chief Justice TANEY
delivered the opinion of the court.
This case has been brought up to this court by appeal from the decree of the circuit court of the United States, from the district of Virginia; and a motion is made on behalf of the appellee to dismiss it, upon the ground that it has not been removed in the manner the law requires, and that therefore we have no jurisdiction over it. And certificates and statements of the clerk, outside of the record, and given since it was certified and transmitted to this court, have been filed as evidence of the irregularity of the removal..
This evidence is not admissible upon the present motion. The record transmitted to this court, certified by the clerk of the circuit court, states that the appeal was taken in open court. This is sufficient evidence of that fact. And upon .a motion to 'dismiss, as well as on the hearing on the merits, no evidence
dehors
the record, as certified and returned by the clerk of the circuit court, can be received here to impeach its verity, or to show ■that the certificate ought not to have been given. The case, as therein set forth, is the case before this court. And if from inadvertence or mistake of the clerk of the court below, or from any other cause, the record transmitted in this case is defective or. incorrect, the errors or omissions should have been suggested in this court, and a
‘certiorari
moved to bring up a correct and true transcript of the proceedings.
. It is true an amendment may be made' here by consent, as was done in the case of Fletcher
n.
Peck, 6 Cranch, 87. And so also,' where it appeared by the certificate of the clerk that he had committed a clerical error in the transcript, in the form in which he had entered a judgment, in ejectment, and it was evident, from the declaration, that it was a mere clerical error, the court .suffered it to be amended here, without sending a
certiorari
to the circuit court to have it corrected. Woodward
v.
Brown, 13 Pet. 1.
' But in the case before us, there is no consent to amend, and the errors alleged are of a very different character, from the mere formal error in the case of Woodward
v.
Brown. And if it were otherwise, still; there should have been a motion to amend, by inserting in the transcript the certificates , above mentioned of the
clerk, before the motion was made to dismiss. But no such motion has been made, and the transcript now before the court is the one originally certified, without any amendment here by consent or by order of the court. And the motion is made to dismiss the case, not for any irregularity apparent in the record, but by testimony
aliunde,
offered to show that the transcript is incorrect. It is very clear that such testimony cannot be received to support this motion. And the record, as it stands when the motion is heard, presents the case which this court is called upon to decide ; and nothing outside of it can be introduced to affect the decision.
Neither is it of any importance as concerns this motion whether the appeal does or does not operate as a
supersedeas.
A writ of error or appeal does not operate as a
supersedeas
under the act of congress, unless security is given sufficient to coyer the amount recovered within ten days after the judgment or decree is rendered. But yet, if the party does not give the bond within the ten days, he may, nevertheless, sue out his writ of error- or take his appeal, as the case may be, at any time within five years from the date of the decree or judgment, upon giving security sufficient to cover the costs that may be awarded against him in the appellate court. And his omission to give the security in ten days is no ground for dismissing the appeal.
In this case, certainly, the appeal did not operate as á
supersedeas.
The security was' given and approved long after the time limited by the act of congress. Nor was any
supersedeas
moved for, or awarded by the circuit court, or the judge of the supreme court, who approved the bonds. Nor could any have been awarded by any court or judge. And, upon the expiration of the ten days, the plaintiff had a right to proceed on his decree and carry it into execution, notwithstanding the pendency of the appeal in this court.
But if a
supersedeas
had been awarded, this motion could not be sustained. The motion should have been to discharge the order, not to dismiss the appeal. And thte propriety or impropriety of an order granting a
supersedeas
could not be considered on a motion to dismiss. The order for the
supersedeas
might be discharged, and the appeal still maintained.
The decision of these points dispose of the motion. But in order to avoid any further controversy on the subject, it is proper to add that if the( facts offered in evidence were inserted in the record, they would füinish no ground for dismissing the appeal.
They are substantially as follows:—
The district judge had an interest in the issue of the case, and withdrew from the bench, and the chief justice of the supreme court sat alone at the trial. The decree was passed on the 27th
of June, 1855, and the appellant on the same day, in open court, appealed to this court, and his appeal was entered by the clerk among the minutes of the proceedings of that day, by order of the court; and on the next day, June 28, the court closed its session, and adjourned to the next term.
It is the practice in the state courts of Virginia, for the clerk to make written minutes of the proceedings in court as they occur during the day;' and after the court adjourns for the day, they are all written out. in full in what is called the order book, and presented to the court when it meets next morning, and read; and if found to be correct, is signed by the presiding judge, as evidence that the proceedings are -therein correctly stated. This practice has been followed by the circuit court of the United States when sitting in Virginia;- and according to this practice, it seems the clerk supposed that the appeal ought to have been entered in the order book, but omitted it through inadvertence; and did not discover the omission until after the term had closed. The fact was brought to the attention of the chief justice, by a certificate from the clerk, when the appeal bonds were presented for approval, which, was in October, 1855; and when he approved the bonds, he at the same time sent a written direction to the clerk to enter the appeal in the order book, as having been made in open court.; and as -of the day when it was actually made and entered in the minutes. It may be proper to say, that the penalty of the appeal bond presented for approval was much larger than necessary; because, as the appeal could not then operate as a
supersedeas,
the act of congress required such security only as would cover the costs of the appellee in case the decree should be affirmed. But it certainly could be no ground of objection when the bond was offered for approval, that the penalty was larger than it need have been.
These are the material facts, as they appear in the certificates of the clerk, produced and relied on in the argument.
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Mr. Chief Justice TANEY
delivered the opinion of the court.
This case has been brought up to this court by appeal from the decree of the circuit court of the United States, from the district of Virginia; and a motion is made on behalf of the appellee to dismiss it, upon the ground that it has not been removed in the manner the law requires, and that therefore we have no jurisdiction over it. And certificates and statements of the clerk, outside of the record, and given since it was certified and transmitted to this court, have been filed as evidence of the irregularity of the removal..
This evidence is not admissible upon the present motion. The record transmitted to this court, certified by the clerk of the circuit court, states that the appeal was taken in open court. This is sufficient evidence of that fact. And upon .a motion to 'dismiss, as well as on the hearing on the merits, no evidence
dehors
the record, as certified and returned by the clerk of the circuit court, can be received here to impeach its verity, or to show ■that the certificate ought not to have been given. The case, as therein set forth, is the case before this court. And if from inadvertence or mistake of the clerk of the court below, or from any other cause, the record transmitted in this case is defective or. incorrect, the errors or omissions should have been suggested in this court, and a
‘certiorari
moved to bring up a correct and true transcript of the proceedings.
. It is true an amendment may be made' here by consent, as was done in the case of Fletcher
n.
Peck, 6 Cranch, 87. And so also,' where it appeared by the certificate of the clerk that he had committed a clerical error in the transcript, in the form in which he had entered a judgment, in ejectment, and it was evident, from the declaration, that it was a mere clerical error, the court .suffered it to be amended here, without sending a
certiorari
to the circuit court to have it corrected. Woodward
v.
Brown, 13 Pet. 1.
' But in the case before us, there is no consent to amend, and the errors alleged are of a very different character, from the mere formal error in the case of Woodward
v.
Brown. And if it were otherwise, still; there should have been a motion to amend, by inserting in the transcript the certificates , above mentioned of the
clerk, before the motion was made to dismiss. But no such motion has been made, and the transcript now before the court is the one originally certified, without any amendment here by consent or by order of the court. And the motion is made to dismiss the case, not for any irregularity apparent in the record, but by testimony
aliunde,
offered to show that the transcript is incorrect. It is very clear that such testimony cannot be received to support this motion. And the record, as it stands when the motion is heard, presents the case which this court is called upon to decide ; and nothing outside of it can be introduced to affect the decision.
Neither is it of any importance as concerns this motion whether the appeal does or does not operate as a
supersedeas.
A writ of error or appeal does not operate as a
supersedeas
under the act of congress, unless security is given sufficient to coyer the amount recovered within ten days after the judgment or decree is rendered. But yet, if the party does not give the bond within the ten days, he may, nevertheless, sue out his writ of error- or take his appeal, as the case may be, at any time within five years from the date of the decree or judgment, upon giving security sufficient to cover the costs that may be awarded against him in the appellate court. And his omission to give the security in ten days is no ground for dismissing the appeal.
In this case, certainly, the appeal did not operate as á
supersedeas.
The security was' given and approved long after the time limited by the act of congress. Nor was any
supersedeas
moved for, or awarded by the circuit court, or the judge of the supreme court, who approved the bonds. Nor could any have been awarded by any court or judge. And, upon the expiration of the ten days, the plaintiff had a right to proceed on his decree and carry it into execution, notwithstanding the pendency of the appeal in this court.
But if a
supersedeas
had been awarded, this motion could not be sustained. The motion should have been to discharge the order, not to dismiss the appeal. And thte propriety or impropriety of an order granting a
supersedeas
could not be considered on a motion to dismiss. The order for the
supersedeas
might be discharged, and the appeal still maintained.
The decision of these points dispose of the motion. But in order to avoid any further controversy on the subject, it is proper to add that if the( facts offered in evidence were inserted in the record, they would füinish no ground for dismissing the appeal.
They are substantially as follows:—
The district judge had an interest in the issue of the case, and withdrew from the bench, and the chief justice of the supreme court sat alone at the trial. The decree was passed on the 27th
of June, 1855, and the appellant on the same day, in open court, appealed to this court, and his appeal was entered by the clerk among the minutes of the proceedings of that day, by order of the court; and on the next day, June 28, the court closed its session, and adjourned to the next term.
It is the practice in the state courts of Virginia, for the clerk to make written minutes of the proceedings in court as they occur during the day;' and after the court adjourns for the day, they are all written out. in full in what is called the order book, and presented to the court when it meets next morning, and read; and if found to be correct, is signed by the presiding judge, as evidence that the proceedings are -therein correctly stated. This practice has been followed by the circuit court of the United States when sitting in Virginia;- and according to this practice, it seems the clerk supposed that the appeal ought to have been entered in the order book, but omitted it through inadvertence; and did not discover the omission until after the term had closed. The fact was brought to the attention of the chief justice, by a certificate from the clerk, when the appeal bonds were presented for approval, which, was in October, 1855; and when he approved the bonds, he at the same time sent a written direction to the clerk to enter the appeal in the order book, as having been made in open court.; and as -of the day when it was actually made and entered in the minutes. It may be proper to say, that the penalty of the appeal bond presented for approval was much larger than necessary; because, as the appeal could not then operate as a
supersedeas,
the act of congress required such security only as would cover the costs of the appellee in case the decree should be affirmed. But it certainly could be no ground of objection when the bond was offered for approval, that the penalty was larger than it need have been.
These are the material facts, as they appear in the certificates of the clerk, produced and relied on in the argument. And the appellees contend that the order book is the only record of the' proceedings of the court; that this record could not lawfully be amended by the order of the judge after the term was over; that the entry of the appeal made by his direction, is not legally a record; and that as there is no record of an appeal in open court on the 27th of June, 1855, the clerk had no legal authority for certifying that such an appeal was made; that his certificate on that account is erroneous; and the case, therefore, is not removed to, and is not in this court, according to law.
The counsel for the appellee, in support of these objections, has referred to a decision of the court of appeals of Virginia, and to the practice in the courts of that State in cases of appeal. The answer, however, to this argument is obvious. The power
of. making amendments, and the mode of removing .a case from an inferior to. an appellate court of the United States, are regulated by acts of congress, and do not depend upon the laws or practice of the State in which the court may happen to be held. The decisions or practice of the courts of Virginia, cannot therefore have any influence in deciding the motion before us.
Neither is it necessary to inquire, whether the entry made in the order book is to be regarded as a part of the record — or merely a memorandum to preserve the. history of the case, by entering the appeal in the book where it is usually found, and would naturally be looked for by the party interested. In either view this entry was not necessary to give validity to the appeal. In making the appeal, the party exercised a legal right. It was made in open court, and the clerk had official knowledge of the fact. And it would have been his duty, even if no written memorandum of it had been made, to certify it to this court, when the security was approved by the judge and the appeal allowed. And his certificate of the fact is all that is required in the appellate tribunal. He does not certify it as a copy from the record. The appeal is made orally, and the entry usually made on the minutes or in the order book, is to preserve the evidence of the act, and is' not necessary to give it validity.
The act of congress does not require an appeal to be made in open court — or to be in writing — or entered on the minute's of the court — or to be recorded. It is often made before a judge in vacation, when it cannot be recorded in the order book as a part of ..the proceedings of the court. And the law makes no difference, as to the form in which it is to be made, whether it be taken in court or out of court before a judge. In either case it may be made orally or in writing. And the only difference is, that this court has decided that where the appeal is made in' open court, during the term at which the decree is passed, no citation is necessary to the adverse party. ’He is presumed to be in pourt, and therefore to have notice. But when the appeal is taken out of court, the citation is necessary to give him notice. In all other respects the same rules apply to either mode of taking an appeal. Reilly
v.
Lamar, 2 Cranch, 344; Yestor
v.
Lenox, 7 Pet. 220.
The aet of March 3,1803,-which authorizes the appeals, provides that they shall be subject to the same rules, regulations, and restrictions as are prescribed by law in cases of writs of error. And in the base of Innerarity
v.
Byrne, 5 How. 295, where the record transmitted to this court did not show that a citation had been issued and served, it was held to be no ground for dismissing the case, and that the fact might be proved
aliunde.
It is not necessary that, all of the steps required to give
this court jurisdiction should even be on file in the court below, and certainly need not appear to be of record in that court. Masten
v.
Hunter, 1 Wheat. 304.
We think it evident, therefore, that the want of record evidence in the circuit court that the appeal was prayed, would be no ground of dismissal; and the certificate’ of the clerk that it was so prayed, is all that is required in this court.
’ The objection that'the entry on the minutes, and also in the order book, required that the bond should be approved by the court, and that the approval by the judge out of court is therefore not sufficient, is equally untenable.
No copy of the order of the judge directing the entry in the order book has been produced. But the clerk States in his certificate that the order directed him to enter the appeal as of the day on which the decree passed; and without doubt he states it correctly. And in executing that order he appears to have followed the form he had adopted in his entry on the minutes. The same form may perhaps be used in other circuits, and is in some cases probably borrowed from the formulas used in like cases in the state courts. But the appellant had legal rights, and he cannot be deprived of them by any irregularity in a clerical entry. Strictly speaking, nothing ought to have been entered either in the minutes Or on the order book as of the day the decree ‘ was passed, except the appeal itself. And this, indeed, would appear to have been all the judge ordered. For the appeal could not have been allowed on that day, because an order of a court, or a judge allowing an' appeal, is in effect nothing more than an order to send the transcript of the record to the. appellate court. It is the clerk’s authority for making the return to the superior court. And that order could not'be legally given until the • security required by law was offered and approved. But, when the appéal was taken, the approval of the court could not be made the only condition upon which it should be allowed. He-had a right by law to carry up his appeal, if the security he offered was approved by the judge, out of court, in vacation; and no entry of the clerk, and indeed no order of the court, could deprive him of this right. Neither could the amount of the security be then prescribed. For he had q right to produce his security within, the ten days, if he desired to do so, and thereby supersede the judgment, until the decision of this court was had in the premises. And in order t.o obtain the supersedeas, the law requites that the security given shall be sufficient to cover the whole amount of the .sum recovered against him. But, if he preferred carrying up-his case without superseding, the law does not exact security to the amount -recovered. Security is required in'that case for’ no greater amount than will cover the
costs that may be recovered against him in the superior court. Such were the legal rights of the appellant when be made his appeal; and he cannot be deprived of them by the form adopted by the clerk in entering it. The approval of the security by the judge, as it appears in the certificates offered in evidence, is sufficient, and the objéction that it was not approved by the court cannot be maintained.
Upon the whole, we see no ground for dismissing the appeal; and the motion to dismiss is overruled.