Hoang To v. Directtou, LLC

• Court: District Court, N.D. California
• Decided: June 13, 2025
• Docket: 3:24-cv-06447
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 JONATHAN HOANG TO, et al., Case No. 24-cv-06447-WHO

8 Plaintiffs, ORDER ON THE MOTIONS TO 9 v. COMPEL ARBITRATION AND APPOINT INTERIM CLASS COUNSEL 10 DIRECTTOU, LLC, et al., Re: Dkt. Nos. 79, 80 Defendants. 11

12 There are two motions before me: the defendants’ Motion to Stay and Compel Arbitration 13 and the plaintiffs’ Motion to Appoint Interim Co-Lead Class Counsel. In the underlying operative 14 complaint, plaintiffs Jonathan Hoang To, Jeffry Heise, and Joseph Mull (together, “plaintiffs”) 15 allege that defendants DirectToU, LLC (“DirectToU”) and Alliance Entertainment, LLC 16 (“Alliance”) (altogether, “the defendants”) violated the Video Privacy Protection Act and 17 California state laws. After plaintiffs filed their Third Amended Complaint (Dkt. No. 68, hereafter 18 “TAC”), defendants moved to stay the case and compel arbitration. Because I conclude that 19 defendants have not waived their right to compel arbitration, I GRANT the motion. The Motion 20 to Appoint Interim Co-Lead Class Counsel is therefore DENIED as moot. 21 BACKGROUND 22 I. Arbitration Provision and Claims 23 The TAC alleges that the defendants own and operate three websites that sell DVDs, Blu- 24 ray videos, and video games to customers in the United States.1 TAC ¶ 2. The three websites, 25 www.deepdiscount.com, ccvideo.com, and moviesunlimited.com, (“the websites”), offer 26

27 1 Defendants clarify, and plaintiffs do not contest, that DirectToU owns and operates the three 1 thousands of videos and video games for sale. TAC ¶ 17. Each of the websites uses an integrated 2 tracking device called Meta Pixel, which collects data about an individual’s use of the website. 3 TAC ¶¶ 25, 32. Once collected, this data is given to non-party Meta (formerly Facebook, Inc.) 4 where it can further sell the information to interested advertisers. TAC ¶¶ 30, 32. 5 Plaintiffs appear to ground their concerns in former FTC Commissioner Rohit Chopra’s 6 comments that Meta’s “massive, private, and generally unsupervised network of advertisers has 7 virtually free reign to microtarget its ads based on every aspect of a user’s profile and activity . . . 8 includ[ing] things like a user’s location and personal connections, but it also includes the history 9 of everything a user has ever done wherever [Meta] is embedded in the digital world.” TAC ¶ 36. 10 According to plaintiffs, defendants have intentionally embedded the Meta Pixel on the websites 11 without the consent of any website visitors. TAC ¶¶ 37–50. And because of the way the Meta 12 Pixel operates, defendants knowingly disclosed those visitors’ personally identifiable information 13 to Meta and to third party “data aggregators, data brokers, data appenders, and data 14 cooperatives . . . as well as other third-party renters and exchangers of” that personally identifiable 15 information—all without their customers’ knowledge or consent. TAC ¶ 52. In 2023 and 2024, 16 plaintiffs allege that they purchased videos on the defendants’ websites and that defendants 17 disclosed that purchase information and other personally identifying information to Meta and third 18 parties. TAC ¶¶ 62–65. 19 These actions, plaintiffs assert, were in violation of the Video Privacy Protection Act 20 (“VPPA”) (TAC ¶¶ 86–96), California Civil Code § 1799.3 (TAC ¶¶ 97–102), and California’s 21 Unfair Competition Law pursuant to the California Business and Professional Code § 17200 22 (TAC ¶¶ 103–114). All plaintiffs allege the first cause of action against defendants, and Hoang 23 To, a California resident, alleges the latter two causes of action against defendants on behalf of 24 himself and members of the putative California sub-class. TAC ¶¶ 6, 86, 97, 103. 25 In their motion to compel arbitration and supporting documents, defendants explain that 26 dating back to 2021, an individual using any of the websites to make a purchase must agree to the 27 Terms of Use by checking a box next to the words: “I acknowledge that I have read and agree to 1 The full text of the Terms of Use is visibly hyperlinked with a blue underline. Id.; see also 2 Hinsley Decl., Exh. 4 at 33. Once a user clicks the hyperlink, the Terms of Use is available to 3 view. Id. The Terms of Use includes an arbitration agreement. Id. With the exception of each 4 website’s name, the arbitration agreement is the same, and provides in relevant part:

5 Arbitration Agreement and Class Action/Arbitration Waiver 6 Any claim, dispute or controversy between you and [website name] that arises in whole or 7 in part from all or any portion of your access or use of the [website name] Platform or otherwise in connection with this Agreement, or the breach, termination, enforcement, 8 interpretation of validity thereof, including the determination of the scope of applicability of this agreement to arbitrate (a “Dispute”) shall be decided exclusively in small claims 9 court or by binding arbitration as set forth in this section, and not by courts of general 10 jurisdiction. … 11 You agree that, by agreeing to this Agreement, the U.S. Federal Arbitration Act governs the interpretation and enforcement of this provision and that you and [website name] are 12 each waiving the right to a trial by jury. YOU AND [website name] AGREE THAT EACH MAY BRING CLAIMS AGAINST THE OTHER ONLY IN YOUR OR ITS 13 INDIVIDUAL CAPACITY, AND NOT AS A PLAINTIFF OR CLASS MEMBER IN 14 ANY PURPORTED CLASS OR REPRESENTATIVE PROCEEDING. YOU AGREE THAT THIS CLASS ARBITRATION WAIVER APPLIES TO YOU AND TO ANY 15 CHILD OR OTHER PERSON ON WHOSE BEHALF YOU REGISTER WITH THE [website name] PLATFORM. 16 … 17 Hinsley Decl. Exh. 1 at 12–13, Exh. 2 at 20–21, and Exh. 3 at 329–30. 18 Defendants contend that because each of the plaintiffs agreed to the legally binding 19 arbitration agreement contained within the Terms of Use, this case must be stayed while the 20 parties pursue arbitration to resolve plaintiffs’ concerns. 21 II. Procedural History 22 On August 12, 2024, plaintiff Hoang To filed a putative class action lawsuit against 23 DirectToU in Alameda County Superior Court. Notice of Removal [Dkt. No. 1] 9. DirectToU 24 removed the case to federal court on September 12, 2024. Id. at 1–7. Meanwhile, on August 8, 25 2024, plaintiffs Heise and Mull filed a putative class action lawsuit against DirectToU and 26 Alliance in the Southern District of Florida. Hedin Decl. [Dkt. No. 89-2] ¶ 3. In that case, Feller 27 v. Alliance Entertainment, LLC (“the Feller action”), those plaintiffs made allegations against the 1 In the Feller action, defendants participated in scheduling matters before the court, served written 2 discovery on the plaintiffs, attended mediation, filed a motion to dismiss the case on 12(b)(6) 3 grounds as well as on grounds that the VPPA violates the first amendment, and served objections 4 and responses to plaintiffs’ written discovery. Hedin Decl. ¶¶ 3–19, Exhs. A–I. 5 On October 28, 2024, plaintiffs in the Feller action moved to intervene and to dismiss this 6 case, or alternatively to transfer this action to the Southern District of Florida or stay the case 7 based on the first-to-file rule. Dkt. Nos. 14–15. That same day, the parties in this case (at that 8 time, Hoang To and DirectToU) filed a joint notice of settlement. Dkt. No. 16. On November 4, 9 2024, Hoang To moved for preliminary approval of the proposed settlement. Dkt. No. 26. The 10 Feller court stayed that case awaiting an update on the Hoang To matter. I held a hearing on all 11 the motions on December 4, 2024, and denied each. Dkt. Nos. 55, 57. I denied the motion for 12 preliminary approval without prejudice. Dkt. No. 57. 13 DirectToU moved to dismiss this action pursuant to the first-to-file rule on January 27, 14 2025, but withdrew the motion on February 11, 2025. Dkt. Nos. 62, 72. Meanwhile, at a case 15 management conference on February 4, 2025, I granted Hoang To’s request to file a third 16 amended complaint, and DirectToU explained its intent to move to dismiss the case or to compel 17 arbitration following a review of the newly amended complaint. Dkt. No. 67; DelGobbo Decl. 18 Exh. B (Transcript of February 4, 2025 Case Management Conference) 4. On February 7, 2025, 19 plaintiffs in the Feller action dismissed that case without prejudice. Hedin Decl. ¶ 22. That same 20 day, Hoang To filed the TAC, adding Heise and Mull as plaintiffs and Alliance as a defendant, 21 along with a number of allegations related to those parties’ involvement in the case. On March 3, 22 2025, plaintiffs moved to appoint interim class counsel, see Dkt. No. 79, and on March 10, 2025, 23 defendants filed the Motion to Stay and Compel Arbitration (“Mot.”) [Dkt. No. 80]. I held a 24 hearing on both motions on June 4, 2025. 25 LEGAL STANDARD 26 I. MOTION TO COMPEL ARBITRATION 27 The Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”) governs the motion to compel arbitration. 9 U.S.C. 1 exists and, if it does, (ii) whether the agreement encompasses the dispute at issue. Lifescan, Inc. v. 2 Premier Diabetic Servs., Inc., 363 F.3d 1010, 1012 (9th Cir. 2004). “To evaluate the validity of an 3 arbitration agreement, federal courts should apply ordinary state-law principles that govern the 4 formation of contracts.” Ingle v. Circuit City Stores, Inc., 328 F.3d 1165, 1170 (9th Cir. 2003) 5 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 6 If the court is “satisfied that the making of the arbitration agreement or the failure to 7 comply therewith is not in issue, the court shall make an order directing the parties to proceed to 8 arbitration in accordance with the terms of the agreement.” 9 U.S.C. § 4. “Any doubts concerning 9 the scope of arbitrable issues should be resolved in favor of arbitration.” Simula, Inc. v. Autoliv, 10 Inc., 175 F.3d 716, 719 (9th Cir. 1999) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 11 The court may conclude that a party has waived its right to compel arbitration. A party 12 arguing waiver of the right to arbitrate must demonstrate: “(1) knowledge of an existing right to 13 compel arbitration and (2) intentional acts inconsistent with that existing right.” Armstrong v. 14 Michaels Stores, Inc., 59 F.4th 1011, 1015 (9th Cir. 2023). See also Morgan v. Sundance, Inc., 15 596 U.S. 411, 419 (2022) (overruling the previously held Ninth Circuit understanding to clarify 16 that there is no “strong federal policy favoring enforcement of arbitration agreements” or any 17 requirement for the party opposing arbitration to demonstrate prejudice). 18 DISCUSSION 19 I. Arbitration Is Required 20 A. Waiver 21 Plaintiffs argue, and defendants do not contest, that the first prong of the waiver test 22 explained in Armstrong has been met here. Opposition to the Motion to Compel Arbitration 23 (“Oppo.”) [Dkt. No. 89] 13. For that reason, I focus only on the parties’ arguments concerning the 24 second prong: whether defendants acted inconsistently with any existing right to arbitrate. 25 “There is no concrete test to determine whether a party has engaged in acts inconsistent 26 with its right to arbitrate; rather, [courts] consider the totality of the parties’ actions.” Newirth by 27 & through Newirth v. Aegis Senior Communities, LLC, 931 F.3d 935, 939 (9th Cir. 2019). The 1 conscious decision . . . to seek judicial judgment on the merits of the arbitrable claims, which 2 would be inconsistent with a right to arbitrate.’” Armstrong, 59 F.4th at 1015 (citing Hill v. Xerox 3 Business Servs., LLC, 59 F.4th 457, 473 n. 19). Collecting cases, the court in Hill observed that a 4 party generally 5 acts inconsistent[ly] with its right to arbitrate . . . when a party chooses to delay [its] right 6 to compel arbitration by actively litigating [its] case to take advantage of being in federal 7 court. See Van Ness Townhouses v. Mar Indus. Corp., 862 F.3d 754, 756, 759 (9th Cir. 1988) (finding waiver when party answered complaints, moved to dismiss the action, and 8 did not claim a right to arbitration in any of the pleadings); Kelly v. Pub. Util. Dist. No. 2, 552 Fed. Appx. 663, 664 (9th Cir. 2014) (finding this element satisfied when the parties 9 “conducted discovery and litigated motions, including a preliminary injunction and a motion to dismiss”). 10 Hill, 59 F.4th at 471 (citing Martin v. Yasuda, 829 F.3d 1118, 1125 (9th Cir. 2016). 11 This case presents a close call. Defendants filed their Motion to Compel Arbitration seven 12 months after Hoang To filed his putative class action case in California state court. So, a 13 “prolonged period of time” has not passed since the start of the action. Armstrong, 59 F.4th at 14 1015 (holding that moving to compel arbitration “within a year” after a plaintiff filed his 15 complaint not to be a “prolonged period of time”). But, after defendant DirectToU removed the 16 case to the Northern District of California, it negotiated settlement agreements and filed a joint 17 notice of settlement that would have resolved classwide claims. I denied the parties’ Motion for 18 Preliminary Approval, without prejudice. Dkt. No. 57. Defendant (now defendants) moved to 19 dismiss the case on procedural grounds pursuant to the first-to-file rule but did not seek a 20 determination on the merits, and then withdrew the motion. Although plaintiffs had discussed the 21 shadow of arbitration as a reason that I should grant the Motion for Preliminary Approval, 22 defendants’ first explicit mention of their intent to file a Motion to Compel Arbitration arose at the 23 February 4, 2025, Case Management Conference when I granted plaintiff’s request to file a Third 24 Amended Complaint—almost five months after the removing the case, and six months after 25 Hoang To first filed the case in state court. 26 Plaintiffs point to defendants’ actions in the Florida-filed Feller case, where defendants 27 1 arbitrate. See Oppo. 15–19. But they have provided no caselaw to support a conclusion that a 2 defendant’s action in a separate case, in a distant court, against different plaintiffs, bears on 3 whether that defendant has waived its right to arbitration in another, albeit similar, case. 4 That defendant DirectToU engaged in settlement negotiations, and reached a settlement 5 subject to my approval following plaintiff’s Second Amended Complaint, gives me the most pause 6 as I consider waiver. Plaintiffs point to Bower v. Inter-Con Security Systems, Inc., a California 7 Court of Appeal case that concluded that the defendant waived its right to arbitrate because its 8 “attempt to settle the case on a classwide basis was inconsistent with its right under the arbitration 9 agreement to insist that any claims had to be arbitrated on an individual basis only.” 232 Cal. 10 App. 4th 1035, 1045 (2014). But there, defendants had answered the complaint and sought formal 11 classwide discovery. Id. at 1043–44. The same is not true here. Plaintiffs cited no case where a 12 defendant had waived its right to arbitrate when it had not begun litigating the merits of its 13 position. No case states that because a party has engaged in and even reached a settlement 14 (subject to the court’s approval), it has therefore waived its right to arbitrate. Looking at the 15 “totality” of DirectToU’s actions, I cannot conclude that it has sought “judicial judgment on the 16 merits of the arbitrable claims” signaling an inconsistency with its right to arbitrate. Aegis Senior 17 Communities, LLC, 931 F.3d at 939; Armstrong, 59 F.4th at 1015. 18 To the extent that it matters that the parties sought a settlement in this case, it matters that 19 settlement was with regard to the allegations included in the Second Amended Complaint. 20 Plaintiffs have filed the TAC, in which they added two additional named plaintiffs, one defendant 21 (Alliance), and significant new allegations concerning the data brokers’ and other third parties’ 22 role in this case. Compare Dkt. No. 68 with Dkt. No. 23. It is misaligned with the caselaw to 23 allow the party arguing for waiver of arbitration to make significant amendments to its complaint 24 and not allow the party seeking arbitration the possibility of reviving its right to compel 25 arbitration. This is especially true where, as here, that party has not engaged in any steps to 26 determine the merits of the case. See, e.g., Gilmore v. Shearson/American Exp. Inc., 811 F.2d 27 108, 113 (2nd Cir. 1987) (“[T]o change course and revive its right to move to compel arbitration, 1 nullify its earlier waiver and allow it to reassess its strategy, for example, that the amended 2 complaint changed the scope or theory of [plaintiff’s] claims in a manner that is relevant to the 3 issues presented by [defendant] in the district court.”); Krinks v. SunTrust Banks, Inc., 654 F.3d 4 1194, 1203–04 (11th Cir. 2011) (holding that defendant’s right to compel arbitration was revived 5 because of the significant changes made in the plaintiff’s amended Complaint). 6 I conclude that defendants have not waived their right to arbitration because they have not 7 litigated the merits of their arbitrable claims. Alternatively, I would find that because plaintiffs’ 8 TAC includes more than minor changes, defendants’ right to arbitrate the claims brought by 9 plaintiffs has been revived. 10 B. The Arbitration Agreement 11 Plaintiffs also contend that even if defendants did not waive their right to arbitrate, there is 12 an issue of whether there was a valid arbitration agreement in the first instance. Plaintiffs’ 13 arguments lack merit. 14 Plaintiffs first assert that the declaration of Tim Hinsley, provided by defendants in support 15 of their motion, does not include enough “screenshots” and does not “explain how [Hinsley] has 16 personal knowledge sufficient to come to the conclusion that these checkout screens on all of the 17 websites have remained the same since May 4, 20[2]1.” Oppo. 20. I disagree. The declaration in 18 question includes a screenshot that shows that any customer using any of the websites must 19 acknowledge they have read the Terms of Use. Hinsley Decl. Exh. 4. Hinsley’s declaration 20 confirms that he is the General Manager of DirectToU, where he has worked since 2011—ten 21 years before the inclusion of the Terms of Use on the website in this fashion. That is an adequate 22 explanation to confirm Hinsley’s personal knowledge. 23 Plaintiffs assert that there is an “issue of fact as to whether an agreement to arbitrate was 24 ever formed between the parties” because: (1) plaintiff Heise placed orders using a mail-order 25 catalog, not using the online portal; and (2) plaintiff Mull used PayPal to make purchases on the 26 website on three occasions wherein there was no disclosure statement concerning the Terms of 27 Use online. Oppo. 23–24. The TAC states that “[o]n or about April 4, 2023, Plaintiff Heise 1 Plaintiff Heise purchased prerecorded video material on Defendants’ website, he has had a 2 || Facebook account.” TAC 47. At no point within the TAC do plaintiffs raise Heise’s “mail-order 3 catalog” that would have evaded use of the website. Oppo. 24. As to plaintiff Mull, defendants 4 || provided an exhibit in support of their Motion that includes the purchase history of the named 5 plaintiffs. It shows that Mull made purchases on the website on four occasions. See Hinsley Decl. 6 || Exh. 5. Plaintiffs do not dispute that the fourth purchase was subject to the Terms of Use included 7 on the website. 8 Finally, to the extent that plaintiffs argue that arbitrability itself is in question, the Ninth 9 || Circuit has consistently held that broad arbitration agreements like the one at issue “constitute[] 10 || clear and unmistakable evidence that the parties agreed to arbitrate arbitrability.”. Oracle America, 11 Inc. v. Myriad Group A.G., 724 F.3d 1069, 1073 (9th Cir. 2013). There is no doubt that the 12 arbitration agreement in this case contemplated such a broad interpretation. See Hinsley Decl. 13 || Exh. 1 at 12-13, Exh. 2 at 20-21, and Exh. 3 at 329-30 (“Any . . . dispute or controversy . . . that 14 arises ... in connection with this Agreement, or the . . . interpretation of validity thereof, including 3 15 the determination of the scope of the applicability of this agreement to arbitrate . . . shall be a 16 || decided... by binding arbitration... .”). 3 17 The arbitration agreement is legal and binding. 18 CONCLUSION 19 For the foregoing reasons, the Motion to Stay and Compel Arbitration is GRANTED. 20 || Because I grant the motion to compel, plaintiffs’ motion to appoint interim class counsel is 21 DENIED as moot. Plaintiffs are ORDERED to submit to individual arbitration pursuant to the 22 || Terms of Use included on defendants’ websites. The matter is STAYED pending binding 23 arbitration. 9 U.S.C. § 3. 24 IT IS SO ORDERED. 25 Dated: June 13, 2025 . \f CE 26 ° William H. Orrick 27 United States District Judge 28