Hirabelli v. Daniels

138 P. 1172, 44 Utah 88, 1914 Utah LEXIS 8

Opinion

STRAUP, J.

The plaintiff brought this action to recover damages for an alleged assault and battery. The case was tried three times, each time before a different judge and jury. The judgment on the first trial was reversed for errors in the charge. (40 Utah, 513, 121 Pac. 966.) On the second, a verdict was rendered in favor of the plaintiff for thirty-five dollars actual damages. The court, on plaintiff’s motion, and against the defendant’s objection, granted a new trial. On the third trial a verdict was rendered in favor of the plaintiff for $119 “actual damages” and “no punitive damages.” The defendant then filed a motion to vacate that judgment and to reinstate the-judgment rendered on the second trial, and, on the court’s refusal to do that, to grant a new trial. Both motions were denied. The defendant appeals. He had settled by a bill all the evidence and all the proceedings on the second trial and the proceedings relating to plaintiff’s motion for a new trial and the defendant’s motion to vacate the last judgment and to reinstate the second. The assignments are based upon these rulings and on an alleged abuse of discretion in setting aside the-second judgment and granting a new trial.

First, are the rulings reviewable on this appeal, an appeal from the final judgment entered as the result of the third trial? The appellant has invoked, and the respondent not challenged, our power in such particular. The respondent but asserts that appellant has no just complaint because of a waiver, want of prejudice, and that the granting of the motion was discretionary and not reviewable, except for an alleged abuse of discretion. Though not challenged, our power, nevertheless, is directly and necessarily involved.

1 Our statute and Constitution permit an appeal from only a final judgment. Because of them it has repeatedly been held that an order granting or refusing a new trial is not appealable; such an order being not a final judgment. It, however, is just as well settled that on an appeal from the final judgment an order or ruling refusing-a motion for a new trial, when the proceedings respecting it are properly preserved and presented by a bill, is reviewable under the provisions of the statute (Comp. Laws 1907, section 3304) that “upon an appeal from a judgment, all orders, rulings, and decisions in the action or proceeding to which exceptions have been taken in the court below, or which are deemed excepted to as provided by this Code, are before the Supreme Court for review.” It has not as yet been decided that an order or ruling granting a new trial is reviewable on an appeal from the final judgment. If such a ruling is not reviewable on such an appeal, it necessarily follows that it is not reviewable at all.

Under the statute, that on an appeal from the final judgment all orders, rulings, etc., in the action or proceeding to which exceptions have been tafeen or which are deemed excepted to, are before this court for review, we see no good reason for a holding that an order or ruling refusing a new trial, when the proceedings respecting it are properly preserved and presented by a bill, is before us and is reviewable, but that an order or ruling granting a new trial is not. True, in the cases where it was held a ruling refusing a new trial was reviewable on an appeal from a final judgment, the ruling related to the trial resulting in the judgment appealed from, while here the ruling granting a new trial relates, not to the trial resulting in the judgment appealed from, but to a prior trial and to a prior judgment. But the statute does not say, orders and rulings made on or which relate to the trial, but all orders and rulings, etc., “in the action or proceeding,” This is such a ruling or order, a ruling or order in the action or proceeding. And since it is properly preserved and presented by a bill, we think it is before us for review on the appeal from the final judgment. A contrary holding leads to this: No matter how often, or how whimsical or baseless the ground may be on which the trial court may set a verdict aside and grant a new trial, nevertheless, an aggrieved party will be compelled to accept what the court may choose to allow or impose upon him or abandon his cause or defense; for, no matter how often a. case may be tried, the trial court, for mere capricious notions that the verdict is too large or too small may set it aside until a jury is found to respond to the court’s notions of what the verdict and damages should be; and if, perchance, the proceedings on the last trial are without error, neither party can complain. Surely the statute does not contemplate no relief may be granted from sueb a prostitution of the constitutional trial by jury. The plaintiff was in his employ. On May 13, 1909,

2, 3 Now, as to the merits of the ruling: All the evidence .adduced, and all the proceedings had, on the second trial are before us. The defendant conducted a tailor shop. an altercation arose between them over a coat sleeve on which the plaintiff was working. According to the defendant’s evidence, the plaintiff struck him several times on the head, as he, in a defenseless position, was descending a steep stairway. The plaintiff, admitting that blows were •struck, denied that he was the aggressor, or that he struck the first blow. The defendant discharged the plaintiff, ordered. him to leave, forbade him to return, and had him ar^ rested. The next day, the 14th, the plaintiff, as testified to by himself, went to the defendant’s place of business to get his things and there engaged in conversation with one of the workmen. The defendant came up and asked him what he was doing there and told him to “get out.” The plaintiff replied that he was there to get his tools and that he would go as soon as he got them. The defendant again told him to leave. As the plaintiff stepped to a table, as testified to by himself and another witness, to pick up his tools, the defendant struck him over the eye with a pair of tailor’s shears, and then a struggle followed. The defendant and other witnesses testified that when the defendant told the plaintiff to get his tools and go the plaintiff replied, “I will get out of here when I damn please, when I get ready.” Then the two “got together,” and in the struggle the defendant hit the plaintiff with the shears, but the defendant claimed he did not hit him “until he (the plaintiff) came on me.” The blow, as testified ■to by the plaintiff, stunned him and produced a cut over the eye about an inch long, which required three stitches. His eye and face were discolored and swollen. The injury was temporary. He lost, as he testified, about one week’s work, which amounted to eighteen dollars. He testified: “I started to work in about a week, but the eye hurt me about two weeks. Maybe it hurt me three or four weeks.” He tes- tilled tbe doctor treated him for eight days or two weeks and that he paid him fifty dollars. The doctor, who had practiced in Italy and Kansas City, and though a resident of Utah but not licensed' to practice in this state, testified that the wound was about an inch long; that he cleaned it out, gave it three stitches, treated the plaintiff for about two weeks, then took the stitches out, and charged him fifty dollars, which he paid; and that such sum was reasonable. The jury rendered a verdict in favor of the plaintiff “for pain and suffering, one dollar; for wages lost, twelve dollars; for medical treatment, twenty-two dollars; as punitive damages, -. Total, thirty-five dollars.” The plaintiff filed a motion for a new trial on the grounds:

(1) Misconduct of the jury; (2) surprise which ordinary prudence could not have guarded against; (3) newly discovered evidence; (4) insufficiency of the evidence to jus^ tify the verdict; (5) that the verdict is against law; (6) errors in law occurring at the trial and excepted to by the plaintiff. Nothing was shown to support the first, second, or third grounds. As to the fifth and sixth the bill recites that no objections were made and no exceptions taken to the charge by the plaintiff, nor to the court’s refusal to charge as requested by him. It is conceded by both parties that the new trial was granted on the theory that the damages awarded were inadequate and not in harmony with the evidence. Of course, as to the amount of the damages the court could not set up his mere opinion or judgment against that of the jury and grant a new trial because he may have-thought the evidence apparently or even fairly justified a larger verdict. The statute provides when the court in such particular may interfere. It provides a new trial may be granted on the application of the party aggrieved on the ground of “excessive damages appearing to have been given under the influence of passion or prejudice.” It further provides that a new tidal may be granted on the court’s own motion, without the application of either party, “when there has been such a plain disregard by the jury of the instructions of the court or the evidence in the case as to satisfy the court that the verdict was rendered' under a misapprehension of such instructions or under the influence of passion or prejudice.” Under these provisions the court had the undoubted power to set the verdict aside and' to grant a new trial. Granting or refusing a new trial on these grounds •of necessity largely rests within the sound discretion of the trial court. We can only review such a ruling on an alleged abuse of discretion, and can disturb it only when such an abuse is made to appear. Such an abuse is alleged by the defendant and denied by the plaintiff. The question then is: Has the defendant sustained the burden ?

4, 5 Plaintiff’s action is predicated on the assault and battery committed on the 14th, the day it is alleged the defendant struck him with the shears. Among the alleged issues, the court submitted this: “That on a previous day the plaintiff attacked the defendant while in a defenseless position or going down a steep stairway and struck him; that the defendant discharged him and ordered him to leave the premises and not to return; that the next day the plaintiff wrongfully visited the defendant’s place of business and endeavored to persuade and induce the defendant’s workmen to quit working for the defendant in the event the defendant prosecuted the plaintiff for the assault on the previous day; that the defendant again ordered plaintiff to leave, who declined, called the defendant vile names and attacked and struck him, when a fight ensued in which the plaintiff received the injury complained of.” The court fully instructed the jury on all the issues presented by the complaint. On the defendant’s theory, among others, the court gave these:

“In defending himself against the unlawful attack of another, a man is justified in resorting to such violence and use of such force as the particular circumstances of the case may require for his protection. The degree of force to be employed in protecting one’s person must be in proportion to the force of the attack made, and must depend upon the circumstances of each particular case, and the imminence of the danger as it reasonably appears to him at the partieu- lar time. The only purpose which justifies the employment of force against an assault is to defend one’s self. That is-the object to be attained, and a man is justified in using suck an amount of force and no more, as may appear to him at the time to be resonably necessary to accomplish that purpose. As soon ias that object is attained it is his duty to desist. You are further instructed that the plaintiff would have the right to visit the defendant’s shop for the purpose of removing his tools or other personal property therefrom if he came in good faith for that purpose, and would not be a trespasser by so doing; but if he did not go there for that purpose, and came to defendant’s premises for the purpose of causing trouble with the defendant’s workmen, or with the defendant, and defendant ordered him to leave, and he did not do so, then the plaintiff was a trespasser, and the defendant had the right to use such reasonable force as was necessary to eject the plaintiff from the premises. If you find from the preponderance of the evidence that the defendant struck the plaintiff with ,a pair of tailor’s scissors as alleged in the complaint, then in determining whether such strikng was justified you should take into consideration all of the facts, conditions, and circumstances surrounding the attack ias shown by the evidence, together with the occurrences of the previous day as testified to by the witnesses, and all that had been said and done by both of the parties up to the time of the alleged fight, together with the appearance, movements, and language of the plaintiff just prior to and at the time of said fight, and from all such facts determine whether the acts of the defendant would, under such circumstances, be deemed-by a reasonably prudent man necessary to protect and defend himself.”

On the measure of damages the court gave this:

“If you find for the plaintiff you will assess his damages at such sum as will compensate him for all bodily pain he has suffered, if any, not exceeding the amount alleged, to wit, $1000; also, such sum of money as he necessarily expended in lan effort to be cured, if any, not exceeding the amount claimed, to wit, fifty dollars; also, such sum of money as he may have lost in wages, if any, as a result of the alleged assault and battery, not exceeding tbe amount alleged, to wit, eighteen dollars; and in addition thereto, if yon find that the assault and battery was committed maliciously, then you may award the plaintiff such further sum as punitive damages as you may, in your judgment, determine, not exceeding, however, the sum of $500.”

In accordance with that measure, the jury, as hereinbe-fore stated, found one dollar for pain suffered, twelve dollars for lost wages, twenty-two dollars for medical attendance, and no punitive damages. It is thus seen that the only measure which the court gave the jury on general damages w;as for pain suffered. The jury were bound by that. No complaint was made of it. Since the evidence with respect to the issues presented by the complaint and the answer was in direct conflict, and in view of the charge with respect to such issues and the measure of damages, can it be said the court, in the exercise of a sound discretion, was justified in the conclusion that the jury, in rendering the verdict returned by them, plainly disregarded or misapprehended the instructions or the evidence, or acted under the influence of passion or prejudice?

The plaintiff urges that since the jury found in his favor the allowance of only one dollar for general damages was so grossly inadequate as to show a disregard of thé evidence. That may be true in some cases. But here the court restricted the general damages to pain suffered. No complaint was made of that. Certainly pain resulted from the injury though it was not serious and was but temporary. There, of course, can be no fixed rule to measure the amount of damages to be awarded for pain suffered. From the very nature of things that is something largely to be left to the sound discretion of an unprejudiced jury. Then, on the evidence, and under the charge, the jury may have taken this view of the matter: Though the defendant’s plea of self-defense and justification was not sustained, yet the plaintiff was the aggressor in the assault in which the defendant used more force than was reasonably necessary, and hence allowed the plaintiff less for pain suffered than they otherwise would had he not been the aggressor. On the evidence, and under the charge, the jury, though finding for the plaintiff, could have taken that view. On the record several theories are disclosed to sustain the verdict rendered by the jury. In neither of them can it be said they disregarded or misconceived the instructions or the evidence. Then it is said the evidence without dispute shows that the value of the plaintiff’s loss of earnings — one week — was eighteen dollars, but the jury allowed only twelve dollars; that he paid fifty dollars for medical attendance which the doctor testified was reasonable and which was not disputed, and that the jury allowed only twenty-two dollars. In his original complaint the plaintiff alleged he paid twenty dollars and no more for medical attendance and that that was reasonable. Then he amended his complaint and alleged that he paid fifty dollars and that that was reasonable. The testimony of the doctor that fifty dollars was reasonable was not binding on the jury. From the character and extent of the injury, and from all that the doctor did or was required to do in attendance upon the plaintiff, as was fully disclosed by the evidence, and from the facts thus before them upon which the doctor’s opinion or conclusion was based, the jury could justly reach the conclusion that twenty-two dollars, two dollars more than was originally averred by him, was reasonable compensation for such services. (Head v. Hargrave, 105 U. S. 45, 26 L. Ed. 1028.) That, to a large extent, also applies to plaintiff’s loss of earnings. All the jury possible could have allowed him for that was eighteen dollars. He alleged no more. He proved no more. They gave him twelve dollars. To have interfered with the verdict for that reason would have been trivial. As said by some courts, juries, in cases of tort, are more prone to overestimate than underestimate damages, and for that reason trial courts have more often been justified in interfering with verdicts on the ground of excessive damages than on the ground of inadequate damages. But in either case to justify the court in interfering it should be made to appear that the jury plainly disregarded or misconceived tbe instructions or tbe evidence, or acted under tbe influence of passion or prejudice. On tbe record submitted nothing of that kind was made to appear; and, since it is affirmatively made to appear that tbe new trial, was not granted on any other ground, it necessarily follow's no legal ground whatever existed to justify tbe granting of a new trial. We are indeed slow to interfere with a ruling granting or refusing a new trial on questions relating to damages, but a court on tbe measure of general damages cannot tie a jury to only pain suffered, and when they follow and obey that instruction then set tbe verdict aside, not for a misdirection, but on tbe ground that they disregarded or misconceived tbe instructions and rendered a verdict which tbe court thinks does not adequately compensate tbe plaintiff for bis general damages. Yet that, according to tbe plaintiff’s contention, is what tbe court did — set tbe verdict aside because tbe amount rendered for general' damages was inadequate; and in addition, according to contentions of both parties because tbe jury rendered twelve dollars instead of eighteen dollars for loss of earnings and twenty-two dollars instead of fifty dollars for medical attendance. In view of tbe issues, tbe evidence, and tbe charge we think tbe court bad no legal ground whatever to interfere and abused bis discretion when be granted the new trial.

6 A waiver also is urged by tbe plaintiff. It consists of this: Notwithstanding tbe defendant opposed tbe granting of tbe new trial and took and bad noted bis exception to tbe ruling, yet when tbe case was reset and came on regularly for trial tbe defendant personally and by bis counsel appeared “and took part in tbe trial of said cause without any objection.” There is nothing to that.

7 Then is it also urged that tbe defendant was not prejudiced by setting: aside tbe verdict and granting tbe new trial. Tbe argument is that be was not prejudiced because tbe judgment of thirty-five dollars against him was vacated, and hence tbe ruling was in bis favor. Tbe trouble is that was not tbe ruling. Tbe ruling not only vacated tbe judgment but granted a new trial. Had tbe litigation ended on setting tbe judgment aside, of course tbe defendant would not have been prejudiced. But it did' not. He was put to tbe trouble and expense of another trial. When that ended be bad a judgment against him for $119 instead of thirty-five dollars, and for additional costs. Tbe claim of no prejudice is as groundless as tbe claimed waiver.

Tbe judgment of tbe court below is reversed and vacated; tbe cause remanded, with directions to reinstate tbe second judgment; tbe defendant to pay all taxable costs both in tbe court below and above incurred up to the rendition and entry of tbe second judgment, tbe plaintiff to pay tbe taxable costs incurred thereafter both in tbe court below and in tbe court above.

McCARTY, O. J., and FRICK, J., concur.