VICTOR E. SHAW, J.,
pro
tem.
Action to recover damages for personal injuries alleged to have been sustained by plaintiff as the result of defendants’ negligent operation of an automobile.
The jury returned a verdict in favor of plaintiff in the sum of two thousand five hundred dollars, for which judgment was entered. The appeal is from an order denying defendants’ motion for a new trial.
It appears that on Sunday afternoon, April 27, 1913, plaintiff and his wife, by means of a buggy drawn by a horse, were traveling near Bakersfield in a southerly direction on a highway known as Union Avenue when an automobile going in the -same direction, occupied by two men alleged to be defendants Toft and Nelson, passed in a manner that frightened his horse, causing it to leave the road and precipitate the buggy against an electric light pole, in colliding with which plaintiff was thrown to the ground, receiving the injuries which, with some slight property damage, forms the basis of the action. The theory of the- complainant, and that upon which the trial was had, is that while defendant Northam was not present at the time of the accident, she was the owner of the car described as a large, powerful, blue racing machine of Simplex make, which, at the time and place, her codefendants,' as her agents and employees and within the scope of their authority, were engaged in operating, or that all of defendants were copartners engaged in the joint enterprise of racing said car for their mutual profit.
Mrs. Northam filed a separate answer wherein she denied that, on the day in question, Toft and Nelson, or either of them, were operating her car, or any car, on Union Avenue, or in the vicinity of the place where the accident occurred, and Toft and Nelson joined in an answer containing like denial, from which, if true, it followed that plaintiff’s injury was caused by a car other than that of Mrs. Northam and by an automobile driven by others than Toft and Nelson. Not
withstanding such denials the court instructed the jury that the pleadings in the case admitted that the car which was being operated by Toft and Nelson was the Simplex car belonging to the defendant, Mrs. Northam. We must assume the instruction had reference to the car, the operation of which, at the time, caused plaintiff’s injury. Respondent justifies the giving of the same upon the ground of the alleged insufficiency of the denial to raise an issue. Under section 452 of the Code of Civil Procedure, which provides that ‘ allegations must be liberally construed, with a view to substantial justice between the parties,” we are constrained to hold that, conceding the denial to be somewhat complex and artificially drawn, it was a sufficient negative to present an issue, the determination of which question was for the jury. Moreover, this was the view of the answer taken by the plaintiff, who introduced much evidence, the sole purpose of which was not only to identify the car causing the accident as that owned by Mrs. Northam, but to identify Toft and Nelson as the men operating it as alleged in the complaint. Having treated the answer as sufficient to require proof of the allega-, tion of the complaint, plaintiff must be deemed to have waived all objections as to the sufficiency of the denial.
(Reclamation Dist.
v.
Hershey,
160 Cal. 694, [117 Pac. 904].)
Evidence was offered which without contradiction tended to prove that the men in the automobile witnessed the accident occasioned by their operation of the car but did not stop and give their names and addresses, as to which the court instructed the jury in effect that the neglect and failure of the operators of the car to stop and give his or their names and the name of the owner of said car and their addresses was a fact to be considered by it in arriving at a verdict. While failure to perform a duty imposed by statute is evidence of negligence
(Driscoll
v.
Market St. Ry. Co.,
97 Cal. 553, [33 Am. St. Rep. 203, 32 Pac. 591]), the act or omission in order to warrant its consideration by a jury in actions of this character must contribute directly to the injury. ‘' However improper or illegal it may have been in the abstract, an action for damages cannot be founded upon it.”
(McKune
v.
Santa Clara Valley Mill etc. Co.,
110 Cal. 480, [42 Pac. 980].) The omission of the parties operating the ear to stop after the accident occurred, since it in no way contributed to plaintiff’s injury, was not a subject for the consideration of
the jury, hence, the giving of the instruction was prejudicial error. As well might a blind man base an action for injury upon the failure of one to comply with an ordinance requiring the placing of a light to warn travelers of an obstruction in the street.
As stated, one theory which plaintiff sought to develop at the trial was that Mrs. Northam, the owner of the car, and Toft and Nelson were copartners engaged with her in the joint enterprise of racing the car for money. It appears that on April 26 and 27, 1913, there was an automobile race meet at Bakersfield and that all of defendants attended the same, Toft and Nelson in charge of the ear arriving there in the evening of April 25th, and defendant Northam going by train. As showing the existence of such copartnership and that Mrs. Northam was the owner of the car, and had caused it to be taken to Bakersfield for the purpose of entering it in the races as a partnership venture, the court over defendant’s objection received evidence to the effect that on the afternoon of April 26th someone paraded the track in front of the grandstand and by means of a megaphone announced to the large crowd assembled upon the grounds that Mrs. Northam had entered her car, with Toft as driver, in a fifty-mile race to be run the next day for a wager of two thousand five hundred dollars, the announcer introducing someone unknown to the witness as Toft. While the witness could not say that Mrs. Northam was present and heard the announcement, he did see her in her car at one end of the grandstand about fifteen minutes before the making of the announcement, and later, about fifteen minutes after the announcement was made, saw her drive away.
We know of no principle of law under which this evidence was admissible. To render statements made by another in the presence of a party, and because uncontradicted by him, binding as his admissions, it must clearly appear that he heard and understood them, and that the circumstances were such that his acquiescence therein may be fairly inferred from his silence. Where Mrs. Northam was when this announcement was made is not made to appear. True, she was in an automobile at one end of the grandstand some fifteen minutes before and was seen driving away some fifteen minutes thereafter, but it cannot be said from this fact that she heard the megaphone announcement. •
(Leach
v.
Dickerson,
14 Ind. App. 375, [42 N. E. 1031];
Schilling
v.
Union R. Co.,
77 App. Div. 74, [78 N. Y. Supp. 1015].) Conceding, however, that she did hear the statement made and that it was her duty to contradict the same, there is not a scintilla of evidence disclosed by the record which tends to prove that she remained silent.
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VICTOR E. SHAW, J.,
pro
tem.
Action to recover damages for personal injuries alleged to have been sustained by plaintiff as the result of defendants’ negligent operation of an automobile.
The jury returned a verdict in favor of plaintiff in the sum of two thousand five hundred dollars, for which judgment was entered. The appeal is from an order denying defendants’ motion for a new trial.
It appears that on Sunday afternoon, April 27, 1913, plaintiff and his wife, by means of a buggy drawn by a horse, were traveling near Bakersfield in a southerly direction on a highway known as Union Avenue when an automobile going in the -same direction, occupied by two men alleged to be defendants Toft and Nelson, passed in a manner that frightened his horse, causing it to leave the road and precipitate the buggy against an electric light pole, in colliding with which plaintiff was thrown to the ground, receiving the injuries which, with some slight property damage, forms the basis of the action. The theory of the- complainant, and that upon which the trial was had, is that while defendant Northam was not present at the time of the accident, she was the owner of the car described as a large, powerful, blue racing machine of Simplex make, which, at the time and place, her codefendants,' as her agents and employees and within the scope of their authority, were engaged in operating, or that all of defendants were copartners engaged in the joint enterprise of racing said car for their mutual profit.
Mrs. Northam filed a separate answer wherein she denied that, on the day in question, Toft and Nelson, or either of them, were operating her car, or any car, on Union Avenue, or in the vicinity of the place where the accident occurred, and Toft and Nelson joined in an answer containing like denial, from which, if true, it followed that plaintiff’s injury was caused by a car other than that of Mrs. Northam and by an automobile driven by others than Toft and Nelson. Not
withstanding such denials the court instructed the jury that the pleadings in the case admitted that the car which was being operated by Toft and Nelson was the Simplex car belonging to the defendant, Mrs. Northam. We must assume the instruction had reference to the car, the operation of which, at the time, caused plaintiff’s injury. Respondent justifies the giving of the same upon the ground of the alleged insufficiency of the denial to raise an issue. Under section 452 of the Code of Civil Procedure, which provides that ‘ allegations must be liberally construed, with a view to substantial justice between the parties,” we are constrained to hold that, conceding the denial to be somewhat complex and artificially drawn, it was a sufficient negative to present an issue, the determination of which question was for the jury. Moreover, this was the view of the answer taken by the plaintiff, who introduced much evidence, the sole purpose of which was not only to identify the car causing the accident as that owned by Mrs. Northam, but to identify Toft and Nelson as the men operating it as alleged in the complaint. Having treated the answer as sufficient to require proof of the allega-, tion of the complaint, plaintiff must be deemed to have waived all objections as to the sufficiency of the denial.
(Reclamation Dist.
v.
Hershey,
160 Cal. 694, [117 Pac. 904].)
Evidence was offered which without contradiction tended to prove that the men in the automobile witnessed the accident occasioned by their operation of the car but did not stop and give their names and addresses, as to which the court instructed the jury in effect that the neglect and failure of the operators of the car to stop and give his or their names and the name of the owner of said car and their addresses was a fact to be considered by it in arriving at a verdict. While failure to perform a duty imposed by statute is evidence of negligence
(Driscoll
v.
Market St. Ry. Co.,
97 Cal. 553, [33 Am. St. Rep. 203, 32 Pac. 591]), the act or omission in order to warrant its consideration by a jury in actions of this character must contribute directly to the injury. ‘' However improper or illegal it may have been in the abstract, an action for damages cannot be founded upon it.”
(McKune
v.
Santa Clara Valley Mill etc. Co.,
110 Cal. 480, [42 Pac. 980].) The omission of the parties operating the ear to stop after the accident occurred, since it in no way contributed to plaintiff’s injury, was not a subject for the consideration of
the jury, hence, the giving of the instruction was prejudicial error. As well might a blind man base an action for injury upon the failure of one to comply with an ordinance requiring the placing of a light to warn travelers of an obstruction in the street.
As stated, one theory which plaintiff sought to develop at the trial was that Mrs. Northam, the owner of the car, and Toft and Nelson were copartners engaged with her in the joint enterprise of racing the car for money. It appears that on April 26 and 27, 1913, there was an automobile race meet at Bakersfield and that all of defendants attended the same, Toft and Nelson in charge of the ear arriving there in the evening of April 25th, and defendant Northam going by train. As showing the existence of such copartnership and that Mrs. Northam was the owner of the car, and had caused it to be taken to Bakersfield for the purpose of entering it in the races as a partnership venture, the court over defendant’s objection received evidence to the effect that on the afternoon of April 26th someone paraded the track in front of the grandstand and by means of a megaphone announced to the large crowd assembled upon the grounds that Mrs. Northam had entered her car, with Toft as driver, in a fifty-mile race to be run the next day for a wager of two thousand five hundred dollars, the announcer introducing someone unknown to the witness as Toft. While the witness could not say that Mrs. Northam was present and heard the announcement, he did see her in her car at one end of the grandstand about fifteen minutes before the making of the announcement, and later, about fifteen minutes after the announcement was made, saw her drive away.
We know of no principle of law under which this evidence was admissible. To render statements made by another in the presence of a party, and because uncontradicted by him, binding as his admissions, it must clearly appear that he heard and understood them, and that the circumstances were such that his acquiescence therein may be fairly inferred from his silence. Where Mrs. Northam was when this announcement was made is not made to appear. True, she was in an automobile at one end of the grandstand some fifteen minutes before and was seen driving away some fifteen minutes thereafter, but it cannot be said from this fact that she heard the megaphone announcement. •
(Leach
v.
Dickerson,
14 Ind. App. 375, [42 N. E. 1031];
Schilling
v.
Union R. Co.,
77 App. Div. 74, [78 N. Y. Supp. 1015].) Conceding, however, that she did hear the statement made and that it was her duty to contradict the same, there is not a scintilla of evidence disclosed by the record which tends to prove that she remained silent. Indeed, for aught that appears to the contrary, she may by like use of a megaphone have repudiated the declaration as being false and untrue. In itself and standing alone the declaration did not constitute evidence affecting defendants. In a proper case evidence of statements made in the presence of a party may be admissible primarily for the purpose of showing acquiescence therein by conduct which implies assent. If, however, it is not followed by some proof of conduct on the part of the one sought to be bound thereby, it is clearly inadmissible.
(People
v.
Mallon,
103 Cal. 514, [37 Pac. 512].) To have warranted the admission of such evidence it devolved upon plaintiff to show conduct on the part of Mrs. Northam from which her assent could fairly be implied.
To the question put to plaintiff, “What do you consider as being the amount of the damages that you have suffered by reason of the injury to your person?” he, over defendants’ objection, was permitted to answer: “It is about fifteen thousand dollars.” The question as to damages resulting from plaintiff’s personal injuries was for the jury to determine upon testimony as to the extent of such injuries. Our attention is directed to no case constituting authority for the 'admission of such opinion testimony by one who is injured. The rule is that the witness may state the facts showing the extent of the injuries, the measure of which is the ultimate fact to be found by the jury.
(De Wald
v.
Ingle,
31 Wash. 616, [96 Am. St. Rep. 927, 72 Pac. 471];
Ohio etc. Ry. Co.
v.
Nickless,
71 Ind. 271;
Andreson
v.
Ogden Union etc. Depot Co.,
8 Utah, 128, [30 Pac. 305].) The testimony was stamped with the approval of the court as to its competency as proof of the amount of damage sustained by plaintiff, and, hence, it cannot be said that it did not in some degree influence the jury in estimating the amount of damage claimed.
Among other instructions the court gave one to the effect that the driving of Mrs. Northam’s ear by Toft and Nelson in a manner which made a loud noise, created dust and smoke, and traveling at a high rate of speed which frightened plain
tiff’s horse, constituted negligence. It cannot as a matter of law be said that the operation of an automobile in a manner to make a loud noise, creating dust and smoke, constitutes negligence. The instruction is likewise objectionable because of the use of the indefinite term “high rate of speed,” which the jury might understand to be the statutory limit of speed not in excess of twenty miles an hour, as was the provision of the law at the time of the alleged accident. There was evidence to the effect that the automobile was being operated at a speed of forty to fifty'miles an hour and other evidence which, if believed by the jury, would have justified a conclusion that’ the car at the time was not being driven in excess of twenty miles an hour, which rate of travel, accompanied by noise, smoke, and dust, caused by the operation of the car, might or might not in the minds of the jurors, depending upon all the circumstances, constitute negligence. The rule is that negligence is a question of fact for the jury even when there is no conflict in the evidence, if different conclusions upon the subject can be rationally drawn from the evidence.
(Wahlgren
v.
Market St. Ry. Co.,
132 Cal. 656, [62 Pac. 308, 64 Pac. 993] ;
Hampton
v.
Occidental Steamship Co.,
139 Cal. 706, [73 Pac. 579].) Other instructions given are subject to like objections.
The order denying defendants’ motion for a new trial is reversed.
Sloss, J., Melvin, J., Henshaw, J., Shaw, "J., Lawlor, J., and Angellotti, C. J., concurred.