1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 GREGORY ALLEN TUCKER, No. 2:18-cv-0035 TLN KJN P 12 Petitioner, 13 v. ORDER AND FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 14 JOSE GASTELO,1 15 Respondent. 16 17 I. Introduction 18 Petitioner is a state prisoner, proceeding without counsel. Respondent moves to dismiss 19 petitioner’s amended petition on the grounds that his challenge to his conviction is barred by the 20 statute of limitations, and his claim concerning parole fails to state a cognizable federal habeas 21 claim. Petitioner filed an opposition, and respondent filed a reply. As set forth below, the 22 undersigned recommends that the motion to dismiss be granted. 23 II. Legal Standards 24 Rule 4 of the Rules Governing Section 2254 Cases allows a district court to dismiss a 25 petition if it “plainly appears from the face of the petition and any exhibits annexed to it that the 26 petitioner is not entitled to relief in the district court. . . .” Id. The Court of Appeals for the Ninth
27 1 Petitioner was transferred to California Men’s Colony, where the current warden is Jose Gastelo. Accordingly, Warden Gastelo is substituted as respondent in this matter. Fed. R. Civ. P. 28 25(d); see Brittingham v. United States, 982 F.2d 378, 379 (9th Cir. 1992). 1 Circuit has referred to a respondent’s motion to dismiss as a request for the court to dismiss under 2 Rule 4 of the Rules Governing § 2254 Cases. See, e.g., O’Bremski v. Maass, 915 F.2d 418, 420 3 (1991). Accordingly, the court reviews respondent’s motion to dismiss pursuant to its authority 4 under Rule 4. 5 III. Is the Petition Untimely? 6 Respondent argues that petitioner filed his federal habeas petition decades after the 7 limitations period expired. (ECF No. 32 at 3.) Petitioner counters that under California law, 8 sentencing errors are not held to time constraints. (ECF No. 37 at 1.) 9 A. AEDPA Standards 10 On April 24, 1996, the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (“AEDPA”) was 11 enacted. Section 2244(d)(1) of Title 8 of the United States Code provides: 12 A 1-year period of limitation shall apply to an application for a writ of habeas corpus by a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of 13 a State court. The limitation period shall run from the latest of – 14 (A) the date on which the judgment became final by the conclusion of direct review or the expiration of the time for seeking 15 such review; 16 (B) the date on which the impediment to filing an application created by State action in violation of the Constitution or laws of the 17 United States is removed, if the applicant was prevented from filing by such State action; 18 (C) the date on which the constitutional right asserted was initially 19 recognized by the Supreme Court, if the right has been newly recognized by the Supreme Court and made retroactively applicable 20 to cases on collateral review; or 21 (D) the date on which the factual predicate of the claim or claims presented could have been discovered through the exercise of due 22 diligence. 23 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1). 24 Section 2244(d)(2) provides that “the time during which a properly filed application for 25 State post-conviction or other collateral review with respect to the pertinent judgment or claim is 26 pending shall not be counted toward” the limitations period. 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(2). Generally, 27 this means that the statute of limitations is tolled during the time after a state habeas petition has 28 been filed, but before a decision has been rendered. Nedds v. Calderon, 678 F.3d 777, 780 (9th 1 Cir. 2012). However, “a California habeas petitioner who unreasonably delays in filing a state 2 habeas petition is not entitled to the benefit of statutory tolling during the gap or interval 3 preceding the filing.” Id. at 781 (citing Carey v. Saffold, 536 U.S. 214, 225-27 (2002)). 4 Furthermore, the AEDPA “statute of limitations is not tolled from the time a final decision is 5 issued on direct state appeal and the time the first state collateral challenge is filed because there 6 is no case ‘pending’ during that interval.” Nino v. Galaza, 183 F.3d 1003, 1006 (9th Cir. 1999), 7 overruled on other grounds by Carey, 536 U.S. at 214. In Carey, the United States Supreme 8 Court held that the limitation period is statutorily tolled during one complete round of state post- 9 conviction review, as long as such review is sought within the state’s time frame for seeking such 10 review. Id., 536 U.S. at 220, 222-23. State habeas petitions filed after the one-year statute of 11 limitations has expired do not revive the statute of limitations and have no tolling effect. 12 Ferguson v. Palmateer, 321 F.3d 820, 823 (9th Cir. 2003) (“section 2244(d) does not permit the 13 reinitiation of the limitations period that has ended before the state petition was filed”); Jiminez v. 14 Rice, 276 F.3d 478, 482 (9th Cir. 2001). 15 B. Chronology 16 For purposes of the statute of limitations analysis, the relevant chronology of this case is 17 as follows: 18 1. Petitioner pled no contest to kidnapping for robbery.2 (ECF No. 19-3 at 1.) On 19 December 21, 1984, petitioner was sentenced to life with the possibility of parole. (Respondent’s 20 Lodged Document (“LD”) 1 (ECF No. 19-1).)3 21 2. Petitioner did not file an appeal. 22 3. On December 22, 2017,4 petitioner filed his first petition for writ of habeas corpus in 23 2 “In exchange, robbery and vehicle theft charges were dismissed and the court struck the firearm 24 enhancement.” Id.
25 3 “This sentence was to run concurrently to a six-year sentence for a robbery with personal use of a firearm out of Fresno County, concurrent to two five-year sentences for convictions out of 26 Merced and El Dorado Counties.” (ECF No. 19-3 at 1.) 27 4 Petitioner’s filings are given benefit of the mailbox rule. See Campbell v. Henry, 614 F.3d 28 1056, 1059 (9th Cir. 2010) (under the mailbox rule, the petition is deemed filed when handed to 1 the Sacramento County Superior Court. (LD 2 (ECF No. 19-2).) On February 26, 2018, the 2 petition was denied in a reasoned decision. (LD 3 (ECF No. 19-3).) 3 4. On January 24, 2018, petitioner filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus in the 4 California Supreme Court. (LD 4 (ECF No. 19-4).) On June 13, 2018, the California Supreme 5 Court denied the petition without comment. (LD 5 (ECF No. 19-5).) 6 5. On December 22, 2017, petitioner filed his original petition in this action. See Rule 7 3(d) of the Federal Rules Governing Section 2254 Cases. Petitioner filed his amended petition on 8 February 10, 2019. (ECF No. 30 at 75.) 9 C. Statutory Tolling? 10 Under 28 § 2244(d)(1)(A), the limitations period begins running on the date that 11 petitioner’s direct review became final or the date of the expiration of the time for seeking such 12 review. Id. Here, petitioner did not file an appeal; his conviction became final sixty days later on 13 February 19, 1985. Cal. Rules of Court 8.308(a); Mendoza v. Carey, 449 F.3d 1065, 1067 (9th 14 Cir. 2006). However, because AEDPA had not yet taken effect, the limitation period did not start 15 running until April 24, 1996, the date AEDPA went into effect. Pace v. DiGuliemo, 544 U.S. 16 408, 423 (2005); Patterson v. Stewart, 251 F.3d 1243, 1246 (9th Cir. 2001) (applying Fed. R. Civ. 17 P. 6(a)). Thus, absent tolling, petitioner’s last day to file his federal petition was on April 24, 18 1997. 19 Here, all of petitioner’s collateral challenges in state court were filed decades after the 20 limitations period expired on April 24, 1997. State habeas petitions filed after the one-year 21 statute of limitations has expired do not revive the statute of limitations and have no tolling effect. 22 Ferguson, 321 F.3d at 823; Jiminez, 276 F.3d at 482. 23 Thus, petitioner is not entitled to statutory tolling for challenges to his criminal conviction. 24 D. State Law is Inapplicable to the Timeliness Determination 25 Further, petitioner contends that he may challenge his unauthorized sentence at any time, 26 relying on California law. (ECF No. 37 at 1.) Petitioner’s reliance on state law is unavailing. 27 prison authorities for mailing). Here, petitioner’s first state habeas petition was handed to prison 28 officials for mailing on December 22, 2017. (ECF No. 19-2 at 43 (proof of service).) 1 Federal law, not state law, governs the deadline for filing federal habeas proceedings. 28 U.S.C. 2 § 2244(d). 3 E. Equitable Tolling 4 In his opposition, petitioner does not dispute the state court filings or dates argued in 5 respondent’s motion to dismiss, and does not contend that he is entitled to equitable tolling. 6 “Equitable tolling may be available ‘[w]hen external forces, rather than a petitioner’s lack 7 of diligence, account for the failure to file a timely claim.’” McMonagle v. Meyer, 802 F.3d 8 1093, 1099 (9th Cir. 2015) (quoting Miles v. Prunty, 187 F.3d 1104, 1107 (9th Cir. 1999)). “A 9 petitioner who seeks equitable tolling of AEDPA’s one-year filing deadline must show that (1) 10 some ‘extraordinary circumstance’ prevented him from filing on time, and (2) he has diligently 11 pursued his rights.” Luna v. Kernan, 784 F.3d 640, 646 (9th Cir. 2015) (citing Holland v. 12 Florida, 560 U.S. 631, 649 (2010)). The diligence required for equitable tolling purposes is 13 “reasonable diligence,” not “maximum feasible diligence.” Holland, 560 U.S. at 653. As to the 14 extraordinary circumstances required, the Ninth Circuit has held that the circumstances alleged 15 must make it impossible to file a petition on time, and that the extraordinary circumstances must 16 be the cause of the petitioner’s untimeliness. See Bills v. Clark, 628 F.3d 1092, 1097 (9th Cir. 17 2010), citing Spitsyn v. Moore, 345 F.3d 796, 799 (9th Cir. 2003). 18 The instant record reveals no basis for equitable tolling, particularly given the long delay 19 in bringing the instant petition. Such lengthy delay demonstrates that petitioner was not diligent. 20 Petitioner did not file a petition in the California Supreme Court until 2018. On this record, the 21 court cannot find that petitioner diligently pursued his rights. Accordingly, petitioner has not met 22 his burden of demonstrating the existence of grounds for equitable tolling. 23 F. Conclusion 24 Because petitioner’s challenge to his 1984 conviction is barred by the statute of 25 limitations, his claims should be dismissed. 26 IV. Is the Parole Challenge Cognizable? 27 Petitioner argues that the process used to determine parole eligibility is unconstitutional. 28 Petitioner claims he is subject to an unauthorized sentence because the Board of Parole Hearings 1 (hereafter “Board”) failed to affix a term pursuant to the holding in In re Butler. (ECF No. 30 at 2 5.) Petitioner argues the Board should have taken petitioner’s youth into account and considered 3 the Miller factors, citing Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460 (2012), and argues Miller was made 4 retroactive by the Supreme Court in Montgomery v. Louisiana, 136 S. Ct. 718 (2016). Petitioner 5 contends that based on other recent state laws, the Board should have set a parole eligibility date. 6 He also appears to argue that he is subject to an unauthorized sentence because he was a youth 7 when sentenced, and the “Youth Parole Hearing” created a new sentencing scheme, citing People 8 v. Franklin, 63 Cal. 4th 261 (2016). (ECF No. 37 at 2.) 9 Respondent counters that any challenge to a parole decision is limited to a showing that 10 his procedural due process rights were violated, and that petitioner’s reliance on state law fails to 11 implicate any federal constitutional right. 12 A. Federal Review of State Parole Decisions 13 A district court may entertain a petition for a writ of habeas corpus by a person in custody 14 pursuant to the judgment of a state court only on the ground that the custody is in violation of the 15 Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States. 28 U.S.C. §§ 2254(a), Wilson v. Corcoran, 16 562 U.S. 1, 16 (2010) (“it is only noncompliance with federal law that renders a State’s criminal 17 judgment susceptible to collateral attack in the federal courts.”). “[F]ederal habeas corpus relief 18 does not lie for errors of state law.” Estelle v. McGuire, 502 U.S. 62, 67 (1991) (internal 19 quotations and citation omitted). 20 In 2011, the United States Supreme Court overruled a line of Ninth Circuit precedent that 21 had supported habeas review in California cases involving denials of parole by the Board or the 22 governor. See Swarthout v. Cooke, 562 U.S. 216, 220-21 (2011). The Supreme Court held that 23 federal habeas jurisdiction does not extend to review of the evidentiary basis for state parole 24 decisions. Because habeas relief is not available for errors of state law, and because the Due 25 Process Clause does not require correct application of California’s “some evidence” standard for 26 denial of parole, federal courts may not intervene in parole decisions as long as minimum 27 procedural protections are provided. Swarthout, 562 U.S. at 220-21. The inquiry is limited to 28 whether the prisoner was given the opportunity to be heard and received a statement of reasons 1 why parole was denied. Id. at 221; Greenholtz v. Inmates of Nebraska Penal and Correctional 2 Complex, 442 U.S. 1, 16 (1979). 3 B. Discussion 4 To the extent petitioner asserts he should have been granted parole or a parole eligibility 5 date, such claim is unavailing. “There is no right under the Federal Constitution to be 6 conditionally released before the expiration of a valid sentence.” Swarthout, 562 U.S. at 220 7 (citing Greenholtz, 442 U.S. at 7; see also Harris v. Long, 2012 WL 2061698, at *8 (C.D. Cal. 8 May 10, 2012) (“[T]he Court is unaware of any United States Supreme Court case holding that 9 either the denial of parole and continued confinement of a prisoner pursuant to a valid 10 indeterminate life sentence, . . . constitutes cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the 11 Eighth Amendment.”), adopted, 2012 WL 2061695 (C.D. Cal. June 6, 2012); Prellwitz v. Sisto, 12 2012 WL 1594153, at *6 (E.D. Cal. May 4, 2012) (rejecting a similar Eighth Amendment claim 13 and holding that “[w]hile petitioner might have hoped or expected to be released sooner, the 14 Board’s decision to deny him a parole release date has not enhanced his punishment or 15 sentence.”), adopted, No. 2:07-cv-0046 JAM EFB (E.D. Cal. July 27, 2012); Rosales v. Carey, 16 2011 WL 3319576, at *8 (E.D. Cal. Aug. 1, 2011) (“[T]he Ninth Circuit has said that any 17 emotional trauma from dashed expectations concerning parole ‘does not offend the standards of 18 decency in modern society.’”) (quoting Baumann v. Arizona Dept. of Corrections, 754 F.2d 841 19 (9th Cir. 1985)), adopted, No. 2:03-cv-0230 JAM CKD (E.D. Cal. Sept. 29, 2011). 20 Rather, as stated above, the sole inquiry here is whether petitioner has been afforded 21 procedural due process. The United States Supreme Court has held that procedural due process in 22 the parole context is “minimal” and that the Constitution “does not require more” than the 23 petitioner be “allowed an opportunity to be heard and [be] provided a statement of the reasons 24 why parole was denied.” Swarthout, 562 U.S. at 220. Thus, petitioner’s argument that “parole 25 suitability hearings are not primarily restricted to procedural due process safeguards” (ECF No. 26 37 at 2) is incorrect under Swarthout. 27 Although petitioner did not provide a copy of transcripts from his parole hearings, the 28 record reflects that petitioner had a parole eligibility hearing as early as 2000, and at least one 1 subsequent parole hearing. (ECF No. 19-3 at 3.) As argued by respondent, petitioner does not 2 allege that he was not present at a parole hearing, or that he was not given a statement of reasons 3 for the denial of parole in violation of his federal due process rights. Rather, petitioner argues 4 that the process of determining a parole eligibility date is unconstitutional, which is not 5 cognizable because such challenge is solely based on state law. “[T]he federal due process 6 protections do not include adherence to California procedures.” McGee v. Arnold, 2016 WL 7 1060203, at *3 (E.D. Cal. March 17, 2016) (citing Swarthout, 562 U.S.at 863), adopted No. 2:15- 8 cv-02318 TLN GGH (E.D. Cal. April 20, 2016). Thus, petitioner fails to state a cognizable 9 challenge to his parole proceedings. 10 1. Reliance on Miller Unavailing 11 The Supreme Court’s decision in Miller does not provide petitioner relief. 567 U.S. at 12 479. In Miller, the Supreme Court held unconstitutional a mandatory sentence of life without the 13 possibility of parole for a homicide committed when the defendant was fourteen years old. Id. 14 A state must provide a juvenile offender5 “some meaningful opportunity to obtain release based 15 on demonstrated maturity and rehabilitation.” Graham v. Florida, 560 U.S. 48, 75 (2011). In 16 2016, the Supreme Court determined that Miller applies retroactively. Montgomery, 136 S. Ct. at 17 736. Thereafter, the Ninth Circuit explained that “[b]ecause [life without parole] is the ‘ultimate 18 penalty for juveniles . . . akin to the death penalty,” it ‘demand[s] individualized sentencing,’ 19 including consideration of the juvenile’s age and the circumstances of the crime. Demirdjian v. 20 Gipson, 832 F.3d 1060, 1076-77 (9th Cir. 2016), cert. denied, 138 S. Ct. 71 (2017) (quoting 21 Miller, 567 U.S. at 475). 22 Here, petitioner was not sentenced to life without the possibility of parole, and was not a 23 juvenile at the time the crime was committed. Rather, petitioner was 19 years old when he 24 committed the offense and 21 years old when he entered the plea. (ECF No. 19-3 at 2.) Thus, 25 petitioner’s reliance on Miller is without merit. See United States v. Shill, 740 F.3d 1347, 1356 26 5 The United States Supreme Court has defined specific rights applicable to juvenile offenders. 27 In Roper v. Simmons, the Supreme Court held that sentencing juveniles under the age of 18 to death is unconstitutional. 543 U.S. 551, 575 (2005). For example, “a ‘juvenile’ is a person who 28 has not attained his eighteenth birthday. . . .” 18 U.S.C. § 5031. 1 (9th Cir. 2014) (“Both Graham and Miller expressly turned on two factors not present here: a 2 juvenile offender and a sentence of life in prison without parole.”). Nevertheless, the Sacramento 3 County Superior Court reasonably determined that petitioner’s sentence did not violate Miller 4 because petitioner failed to demonstrate he was not provided a parole hearing under California 5 Penal Code Section 3051. (ECF No. 19-3 at 2.) At his 2000 parole eligibility hearing, petitioner 6 would have been 37, well within his natural life expectancy, and has since had another parole 7 hearing. Thus, petitioner’s sentence, while lengthy, is not the functional equivalent of life 8 without the possibility of parole because he continues to have opportunities for parole within his 9 lifetime. See, e.g., Demirdjian, 832 F.3d at 1077 (holding juvenile sentence of two consecutive 10 terms of 25-years to life, where parole eligibility arose at age 66, was not the “functional 11 equivalent” of a life without parole sentence); Toledo v. Johnson, 2017 WL 442905, at *32 (C.D. 12 Cal. Jan. 25, 2017) (state court reasonably rejected claim that 50-year sentence was the functional 13 equivalent of life without the possibility of parole where prisoner would be eligible for parole at 14 age 71, and enactment of California Penal Code § 3051 mooted Toledo’s Miller claim); Hart v. 15 Beard, 2016 WL 8456753, at *8 (C.D. Cal. Nov. 16, 2016) (41-year sentence was “not within the 16 category of the harshest possible term of imprisonment for juvenile offenders because it does not 17 preclude the possibility of parole within [Hart’s] lifetime” where Hart was eligible for parole at 18 age 51). 19 2. People v. Franklin 20 Further, federal habeas relief is unavailable to the extent petitioner claims that the 21 California Supreme Court’s holding in People v. Franklin, 63 Cal. 4th 261 (2016),6 cert. denied, 22 137 S. Ct. 573 (2016), retroactively entitles him to create a record the Board could use to consider 23 mitigating evidence tied to petitioner’s youth (ECF No. 37 at 1), because his claim is solely based 24 on state law. But even if petitioner could demonstrate he is entitled to such an opportunity, 25 petitioner would not be guaranteed release on parole or the setting of a parole eligibility date 26
27 6 In Franklin, the California Supreme Court held that Penal Code section 3051 mooted Eighth Amendment challenges to life-equivalent sentences for juvenile offenders. Franklin, 63 Cal. 4th 28 at 284. 1 because the youth factors are just one of numerous factors the Board considers in determining 2 suitability for release. Because such relief would not necessarily result in petitioner’s immediate 3 or earlier release from prison, any alleged claim regarding such entitlement to create a record of 4 such youth factors is not cognizable on federal habeas. See Nettles v. Grounds, 830 F.3d 922, 5 935 (9th Cir. 2016) (en banc) (Nettles claim was not cognizable on habeas because success on 6 such claim “would not necessarily lead to his immediate or earlier release from confinement”), 7 quoting Skinner v. Switzer, 562 U.S. 521, 535 n.13 (2011). 8 3. Reliance on Butler and Other State Laws Unavailing 9 Petitioner’s reliance on In re Butler, 236 Cal. App. 4th 1222 (2015), rev’d, 4 Cal. 5th 728 10 (2018), is unavailing as well. Petitioner’s claim that the Board failed to set a term of years, 11 rendered his sentence disproportionate, or violated the terms of the Butler settlement or the state 12 appellate court’s decision in In re Butler (ECF No. 30 at 30-33), alleges only a violation of state 13 law which is not cognizable on federal habeas corpus. See Estelle v. McGuire, 502 U.S. at 67-68; 14 see also Wheeler v. Gastelo, 2019 WL 3069172 (C.D. Cal. May 30, 2019), adopted, 2019 WL 15 3067588 (C.D. July 8, 2019) (Wheeler not entitled to habeas relief based on “claims that the 16 Board improperly weighed the evidence, denied parole without sufficient evidence, failed to 17 consider favorable factors including [Wheeler’s] youth at the time of the offense and failed to 18 follow state law concerning assertedly mandated terms and the use of juvenile matrices.); Tome 19 v. Gastelo, 2019 WL 920204, at *7 (C.D. Cal. Feb. 1, 2019), adopted, 2019 WL 917051 (C.D. 20 Cal. Feb. 25, 2019) (allegation that Board failed to adhere to In re Butler settlement terms did not 21 state a federal habeas claim); Butler v. Arnold, 2018 WL 5920147, at *2 (E.D. Cal. Nov. 13, 22 2018) (same). Petitioner’s citation to other state laws, i.e. SB-260, SB-261, Proposition 9,7 23 7 Error! Main Document Only.California Proposition 9, also known as Marsy’s Law, approved 24 by California voters in November 2008, amended California law governing parole deferral periods. See Gilman v. Davis, 690 F. Supp. 2d 1105, 1109-13 (E.D. Cal. 2010), rev’d sub nom. 25 Gilman v. Schwarzenegger, 638 F.3d 1101 (9th Cir. 2011). Prior to Marsy’s Law, the Board deferred subsequent parole suitability hearings to indeterminately-sentenced inmates for one year 26 unless the Board determined it was unreasonable to expect that parole could be granted the 27 following year, in which case the Board could defer the subsequent parole suitability hearing for up to five years. Cal. Pen. Code § 3041.5(b)(2) (2008). Marsy’s Law amended § 3041.5(b)(2) to 28 impose a minimum deferral period of three years, and to authorize the Board’s deferral of a 1 Assembly Bill No. 1308, and other California cases, do not apply here because petitioner’s 2 federal due process rights in a parole hearing are governed by the Supreme Court’s decision in 3 Swarthout, 562 U.S. at 220, and are limited to minimal procedural due process only, as discussed 4 above. See Miller v. Oregon Bd. of Parole, 642 F.3d 711, 716-17 (9th Cir. 2011) (issue is not 5 whether Board’s parole denial was “substantively reasonable,” or whether the Board correctly 6 applied state parole standards; issue is simply “whether the state provided Miller with the 7 minimum procedural due process outlined in [Swarthout v.] Cooke”). 8 4. Conclusion 9 Here, petitioner fails to demonstrate that his federal due process rights under Swarthout 10 were denied. Thus, his claims are not cognizable in this habeas proceeding. In other words, 11 petitioner’s claims that his due process rights were violated by the failure of the Board to consider 12 plaintiff’s youth or failed to set a parole eligibility date must be dismissed because such claims 13 only concern state law issues. Estelle, 502 U.S. at 68 (“In conducting habeas review, a federal 14 court is limited to deciding whether a conviction violated the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the 15 United States.”). Respondent’s motion to dismiss should be granted because petitioner’s parole 16 claims are not cognizable. 17 V. Eighth Amendment Claim 18 Finally, petitioner argues his sentence is disproportionate to his crime in violation of the 19 Eighth Amendment. 20 A criminal sentence that is “grossly disproportionate” to the crime for which a defendant 21 is convicted may violate the Eighth Amendment. Lockyer v. Andrade, 538 U.S. 63, 72 (2003); 22 Rummel v. Estelle, 445 U.S. 263, 271 (1980). However, outside of the capital punishment 23 context, the Eighth Amendment prohibits only sentences that are extreme and grossly 24 disproportionate to the crime. United States v. Bland, 961 F.2d 123, 129 (9th Cir. 1992) (quoting 25 Harmelin v. Michigan, 501 U.S. 957, 1001 (1991) (Kennedy, J., concurring)). Such instances are 26 “exceedingly rare” and occur only in “extreme” cases. Lockyer, 538 U.S. at 73; Rummel, 445 27
28 subsequent parole hearing for up to seven, ten, or fifteen years. Id. § 3041.5(b)(3) (2010). 1 U.S. at 272. 2 The Supreme Court has held that a life sentence is constitutional, even for a non-violent 3 crime. See Rummel, 445 U.S. at 265-66 (upholding life sentence with the possibility of parole 4 under Texas recidivist statute for a defendant convicted of obtaining $120.75 by false pretenses); 5 see also Harmelin, 501 U.S. at 994-95 (upholding sentence of life without the possibility of parole 6 for possession of 672 grams of cocaine by first time offender); Lockyer, 538 U.S. at 73-77 7 (affirming 25 years-to-life sentence under Three Strikes law for petty theft of $153.54 worth of 8 videotapes). 9 In addition, “[a] life sentence for kidnapping for robbery is not grossly disproportionate.” 10 Wheeler, 2019 WL 3069172, at *7 (collecting cases); Drakeford v. Lizaraga, 2019 WL 1004583, 11 at *7 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 1, 2019) (Drakeford’s sentence of seven years to life for two counts of 12 attempted kidnapping to commit robbery, robbery, and use of a firearm, “is not one of the 13 “exceedingly rare” instances of a sentence that is so disproportionate to the crimes that it violates 14 the Eighth Amendment”), citing see Hung Duong Nguon v. Virga, 2014 WL 996215, at *2 (E.D. 15 Cal. Mar. 13, 2014) (life sentence not disproportionate to convictions for kidnapping and robbery 16 with use of a firearm), adopted No. 2:12-cv-1913 MCE CMK (E.D. Cal. Mar. 28, 2014). 17 Such decisions demonstrate that the term petitioner has served to date for the crime of 18 kidnapping for robbery is not so disproportionate as to violate the Eighth Amendment or due 19 process. Thus, petitioner’s sentence for kidnapping for robbery, while long, “cannot be said to be 20 more extreme or disproportionate to the crime than sentences previously upheld under the Eighth 21 Amendment.” Thanh Tran v. Terhune, 2000 WL 33287983, *8 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 18, 2000). 22 Petitioner’s Eighth Amendment claim should be dismissed. 23 VI. Conclusion 24 Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Warden Jose Gastelo is substituted as 25 respondent. 26 Further, IT IS RECOMMENDED that: 27 1. Respondent’s motion to dismiss (ECF No. 32) be granted; and 28 2. This action be dismissed. 1 These findings and recommendations are submitted to the United States District Judge 2 | assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). Within fourteen days 3 | after being served with these findings and recommendations, any party may file written 4 | objections with the court and serve a copy on all parties. Such a document should be captioned 5 | “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s Findings and Recommendations.” If petitioner files objections, 6 | he shall also address whether a certificate of appealability should issue and, if so, why and as to 7 | which issues. A certificate of appealability may issue under 28 U.S.C. § 2253 “only if the 8 | applicant has made a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C. 9 | § 2253(c)(3). Any response to the objections shall be served and filed within fourteen days after 10 | service of the objections. The parties are advised that failure to file objections within the 11 | specified time may waive the right to appeal the District Court’s order. Martinez v. Ylst, 951 12 | F.2d 1153 (9th Cir. 1991). 13 | Dated: September 10, 2019 i Aectl Aharon 15 KENDALL J. NE UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 16 / □□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□ 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 13