1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 PABLO SALAS, No. 1:15-cv-00831-JLT-EPG-HC 12 Petitioner, ORDER ADOPTING FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS, DENYING 13 v. MOTION TO AMEND, DIRECTING CLERK OF COURT TO CLOSE CASE, 14 M.D. BITER, AND ISSUING CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY 15 Respondent. (Doc. 56, 66) 16 17 I. INTRODUCTION 18 Pablo Salas is a state prisoner proceeding pro se with a petition for writ of habeas corpus 19 pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254. This matter was referred to a United States Magistrate Judge 20 pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(B) and Local Rule 302. 21 On August 16, 2021, the assigned magistrate judge issued findings and recommendations 22 recommending that Petitioner’s motion to amend be denied, finding, among other things, that his 23 proposed new claim is untimely because it does not relate back to the claims presented in 24 Petitioner’s original petition and because equitable tolling does not apply. The magistrate judge 25 assumed, without deciding, that Rule 60 is inapplicable in this instance given the Ninth Circuit’s 26 remand order. (Doc. 66.) Petitioner filed timely objections, and respondent filed a reply to 27 Petitioner’s objections. (Docs. 67, 68.) 28 In accordance with the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(C), the Court has conducted a 1 de novo review of the case. Having carefully reviewed the entire file, including Petitioner’s 2 objections, the Court will ADOPT THE FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS IN 3 FULL, DENY the motion to amend, and issue a certificate of appealability. 4 II. DISCUSSION 5 A. Relation Back of Newly Asserted Claim 6 Petitioner objects that the relation back doctrine should apply to his newly asserted claim. 7 (Doc. 67 at 15.) Some background is necessary to explain why this objection is not well founded. 8 1. Relevant Procedural History 9 In 2011, Petitioner was convicted in Kern County Superior Court on three counts: first- 10 degree murder, robbery, and active participation in a criminal street gang. See generally People v. 11 Casica, No. F063191, 2014 WL 1386677, at *1 (Cal. Ct. App. Apr. 9, 2014). As to Petitioner 12 only, the jury found that the murder was not premeditated. Id. Petitioner and his co-defendant 13 were acquitted of a conspiracy charge, and Petitioner was acquitted of on the charge of being a 14 felon in possession of a firearm. See id. The jury also made several special circumstance findings. 15 Id. As to the first-degree murder charge, the jury found that the murder was committed while 16 Petitioner was engaged in a robbery (referred to variously in the record as the “robbery-murder 17 special circumstance” or the “felony-murder special circumstance”). Id. The jury also found true 18 the additional special circumstances that Petitioner used a firearm in the commission of the 19 offenses and that he committed the offenses for the benefit of a criminal street gang. Id. 20 Petitioner was sentenced to life without the possibility of parole plus 25 years to life. Id. 21 On appeal, the California Court of Appeal, Fifth Appellate District, reversed the active 22 participation in a criminal gang offense (alternatively referenced as the “gang participation 23 offense”) conviction because, though there was evidence that Petitioner and his co-defendant 24 “were members of separate criminal street gangs, namely the Varrio Bakers and South Side 25 Bakers,”1 there was no evidence that they were members of the same gang. Id. at *9. Therefore,
26 1 As the California Court of Appeals explained in a detailed footnote, at trial both Petitioner and his co-defendant stipulated that the Varrio Bakers and South Side Bakers were “criminal street gangs” under Cal. Penal Code 186.22. 27 2014 WL 1386677, at *8 n.4. Petitioner argued in that appeal that the stipulation was insufficient to support his conviction on the gang participation offense because it failed to delineate that the gangs participated in a pattern of 28 criminal gang activity. Id. The court disagreed, finding that the stipulation encompassed the fact that the gangs 1 “the evidence was insufficient to support a finding defendants engaged in the gang participation 2 offense with another member of their own gang.” Id. (citing People v. Rodriguez, 55 Cal. 4th 3 1125 (2012) (holding that violation of the gang participation offense requires proof the “felonious 4 criminal conduct be committed by at least two gang members, one of whom can include the 5 defendant if he is a gang member”)). 6 The California Court of Appeals affirmed in all other respects, leaving undisturbed all of 7 the special circumstance findings. See generally id. Of note, Petitioner had argued in his state 8 court appeal that the evidence was insufficient to support the gang-murder special circumstance 9 finding because the evidence did not establish that he had knowledge of the criminal purpose of 10 his gang; that the murder was carried out to further the gang’s activities; that he was an active 11 participant in the gang; or that he benefitted from the murder. Id. at *9. The state appellate court 12 did not reach the substance of these arguments, finding instead that any such error was 13 “harmless” because Petitioner’s life without parole sentence was premised upon the separate 14 robbery-murder special circumstance2 finding. Id. at *10. 15 Petitioner’s original federal habeas petition contained three claims: (1) that there was 16 insufficient evidence to support the gang-murder special circumstance and the appellate court 17 erroneously declined to rule on this issue because a reversal would not change his sentence; (2) that 18 after ruling that the defense failed to make a prima facie case of racial discrimination in the 19 prosecution’s exercise of peremptory challenges of certain jurors, the trial court invited the prosecutor 20 to comment on the reasons for striking said jurors and improperly granted the request to file the 21 reasons under seal; and (3) that the trial court erroneously denied Petitioner’s motion to sever his trial. 22 (Doc. 1 & Ex. A.) 23 As relevant here, this Court did not reach the merits of the first claim, but instead 24 dismissed the petition for lack of jurisdiction, finding no nexus between either of the challenged 25 enhancements and Petitioner’s custody, because his life without the possibility of parole sentence 26 was premised solely on the separate robbery-murder (i.e., the felony-murder) special
27 engaged in a pattern of criminal gang activity. Id.
28 2 No challenge to the robbery-murder special circumstance finding was raised on direct appeal. 1 circumstance finding. (Docs. 20 at 12–13; Doc. 24.)3 Petitioner appealed. (Doc. 26.)4 2 While the appeal was pending, Petitioner filed a state habeas petition challenging the 3 sufficiency of the evidence of the robbery-murder special circumstance finding. (Doc. 58-1.) 4 Relying on the relatively new California Supreme Court decision in People v. Banks, 61 Cal. 4th 5 788 (2015), Petitioner argued that the felony-murder special circumstance finding was “not 6 supported by sufficient evidence that he, a non-killer, was a major participant in the underlying 7 felony acting with reckless disregard for life.” (Id. at 8.) Petitioner argued:
8 After the California Supreme Court denied review, on July 23, 2014, the court narrowed the scope of the felony-murder special 9 circumstance in People v. Banks (2015) 61 Cal. 4th 788, and People v. Clark (2016) 63 Cal. 4th 522. . . . A non-killer is subject to the 10 felony-murder special circumstance if he intended to kill or acted with “reckless indifference to human life” and was a “major 11 participant” in the underlying felony. ([Cal. Penal Code] § 190.2, subd. (d); People v. Estrada (1995) 11 Cal. 4th 568, 575.) 12 “Reckless indifference to human life” means “the defendant was subjectively aware that his or her participation in the felony 13 involved a grave risk of death.” (Estrada, 11 Cal. 4th at 577, 580.) Whether a defendant was a major participant is judged on a 14 spectrum based on all the circumstances of the case. (Banks, 61 Cal. 4th at 805-807.) 15 *** In Banks, the California Supreme Court identified factors to be 16 considered in determining whether a non-killer is sufficiently culpable to be eligible for the death penalty:5 17 What role did the defendant have in planning the criminal 18
19 3 Petitioner’s second and third claims were denied on the merits. (See Docs. 20, 24.)
20 4 California Senate Bill 1437 (“SB 1437”), which became effective on January 1, 2019, amended “the [felony- murder] rule and the natural and probable consequences doctrine, as it relates to murder, to ensure that murder 21 liability is not imposed on a person who is not the actual killer, did not act with the intent to kill, or was not a major participant in the underlying felony who acted with reckless indifference to human life.’” People v. Bucio, 48 Cal. 22 App. 5th 300, 307 (2020) (quoting Stats. 2018, ch. 1015, § 1, subd. (f)). “SB 1437 also added section 1170.95, which permits those convicted of felony murder or murder under the natural and probable consequences doctrine to file a 23 petition with the sentencing court to vacate the murder conviction and resentence on any remaining counts.” Id.
24 At oral argument, the Ninth Circuit expressed interest in the effect of SB 1437 on Petitioner. In particular, the Ninth Circuit indicated concern that Petitioner might be placed in a “Catch-22” if he attempted to exhaust a challenge to the 25 felony-murder special circumstance finding in state court because of the possibility that the State would argue that there is no reason to reach the felony-murder special circumstance issue because the gang participation enhancement is still in place. See Oral Argument, Pablo Salas v. M. Biter 16-16019, 26 https://www.ca9.uscourts.gov/media/audio/?20190206/16-16019/ (at approximately minutes 17:30-19:00).
27 5 As Petitioner pointed out in his 2019 state habeas petition, the standard from Banks applies with equal force in non- capital cases because both options (capital and non-capital sentences) arise out of the same provision of California 28 law: Cal. Pen. Code § 190.2(d). (Doc. 58-1 at 14 (citing Estrada, 11 Cal. 4th at 575–76).) 1 enterprise that led to one or more deaths? What role did the defendant have in supplying or using lethal weapons? What 2 awareness did the defendant have of particular dangers posed by the nature of the crime, weapons used, or past 3 experience or conduct of the other participants? Was the defendant present at the scene of the killing, in a position to 4 facilitate or prevent the actual murder, and did his or her own actions or inaction play a role in the death? What did 5 the defendant do after lethal force was used? 6 (Banks, 61 Cal. 4th at 803.) 7 (Id. at 13–15.) Petitioner maintained he was insufficiently culpable under this standard because:
8 The jurors here found that Casica was the killer, not Salas. It appears from the cell phone evidence that Salas was not present 9 when Casica killed Kelch. In several text messages between 10:32 and 11:04 p.m., Casica indicated he intended to “dome” Kelch, 10 meaning shoot her in the head. Salas said: “No dome” and “I got a plan.” [ ] Salas was apparently trying to persuade Casica not to 11 shoot Kelch. There was insufficient evidence he was a major participant in the robbery who acted with reckless indifference. 12 Thus, the felony-murder special circumstance should be vacated. 13 (Id. at 16.) 14 On November 25, 2019, the Superior Court denied the petition in a reasoned decision. 15 (Doc. 58-2.) The Superior Court evaluated the sufficiency of the evidence from several 16 perspectives, including by examining the Banks factors, as follows:
17 The jury instruction used in Petitioner’s trial set forth what the people must prove to establish a finding of special circumstance. 18 The CALCRIM jury instruction #703 parrots the wording of Penal Code § 190.2. The prosecutor was required to prove either that 19 Petitioner had the intent to kill the victim or acted with reckless disregard to human life. The instruction sets forth that, reckless 20 disregard for human life can be shown by all of the following:
21 1. the defendant’s participation in the crime began before or during the killing; 22 2. The defendant was a major participant in the crime; and 23 3. When the defendant participated in the crime, he acted 24 with reckless indifference to a human life - knowingly engaged in criminal activity that he knows involves a grave 25 risk of death.
26 The evidence provided by the prosecutor supports both theories - Petitioner intended to kill or let the victim be killed and he had a 27 reckless disregard for her life.
28 The prosecutor set forth both Petitioner and Casica’s need for 1 money- Casica needed money for his girlfriend and his child and Petitioner needed money to help his sister get an apartment, as she 2 had been evicted and had to leave her apartment by four days after the murder. 3 The evidence showed that Casica knew the victim’s boyfriend had 4 rifles at the house prior to the murder. The evidence showed Casica had spoken with someone prior to the murder about the value of 5 what, arguably, was guns. Casica was looking for someone to rob and bullets shortly before the murder. 6 When the victim texted Casica to come over the night of the 7 robbery/murder, he indicated to the victim that he was bringing a friend. 8 The cell phone texts between Casica and Petitioner around 11 p.m. 9 while both men were in the victim’s house with the victim and her son, are very telling. Casica texts Petitioner that he has “2 DOME 10 HER” - meaning shoot the victim in the head. Petitioner responded: “To much eyes in the naborhood but we can do that unsuspected 11 after.” Contrary to Petitioner’s position, he was not trying to talk Casica out of shooting the victim in the head, only out of doing it at 12 that time of night. It was a quiet neighborhood and a gunshot would attract attention. Petitioner did not text Casica not to shoot the 13 victim at all, only not to do it at that time of night. He did not disagree that the victim had to be shot. He concluded they could do it 14 “unsuspected”. A jury could conclude Petitioner had the intention to kill the victim, whether he was the shooter or not. There was also 15 evidence that Petitioner texted Mike Zimmerman (person who gave him a ride to buy more drugs) while he was still at the victim’s house 16 that he had a plan to reup (get drugs) and take care of you guys (Casica and Zimmerman) get back here and take care of things here. Easily the 17 jury could conclude “taking care of things here” would involve killing the victim or helping kill the victim or helping Casica get away if he 18 went through with the killing.
19 As far as reckless indifference, Petitioner had the intent to help Casica get the guns when he arrived at the victim’s house. He was not 20 shocked by the text from Casica about killing the victim. His participation in the robbery began when he and Casica walked into the 21 victim’s house. He was a major participant in the crime. The Banks court set forth how to determine a co-defendant’s involvement in a 22 crime as follows:
23 What role did the defendant have in planning the criminal enterprise that led to one or more deaths? We don’t know. 24 What role did the defendant have in supplying or using 25 lethal weapons? We don’t know.
26 What awareness did the defendant have of particular dangers posed by the nature of the crime, weapons used, or 27 past experience or conduct of the other participants? Both co-defendants had gang affiliations. Petitioner did not seem 28 surprised that Casica planned to shoot anyone. 1 Was the defendant present at the scene of the killing, in a position to facilitate or prevent the actual murder, and did 2 his or her own actions or inaction play a particular role in the death? It is unknown whether Petitioner was present 3 when the victim was shot. He did nothing to prevent it and his text regarding doing it “unsuspected after” implicates 4 him. The victim was not shot around 11 a.m. when the texts regarding doming her were exchanged. Petitioner left the 5 house around 3 a.m. with Zimmerman shortly after texting him that he had a plan to get back and “take care of things 6 here”. Both Casica and Petitioner were running out of the house around 5 a.m. with rifles and a Play Station 3. It 7 would be reasonable for the jury to conclude that the victim was shot sometime after Petitioner arrived back at the house 8 around 4 a.m. and when he and Casica were running from the house around 5 a.m. 9 What did the defendant do after lethal force was used? 10 Petitioner did not call the police, but was running from the home. He indicated that he would pay the woman that 11 picked him up at the house for gas money after he sold the Play Station 3. 12 With all that evidence, the jury could conclude that Petitioner acted 13 with reckless disregard for human life and knowingly engaged in criminal activity that involved a grave risk of death. 14 15 (Doc. 58-2 at 3–4.) 16 On March 12, 2020, the California Court of Appeal likewise denied the petition in a single 17 sentence decision, citing to Banks, 61 Cal. 4th 788. (Doc. 58-1.) The California Supreme Court 18 summarily denied the petition. (Doc. 58-9.) 19 On August 5, 2020, the Ninth Circuit affirmed this Court’s conclusion that it lacked 20 jurisdiction to hear the original federal habeas petition because “regardless of the outcome of 21 Salas’ federal habeas challenge to the gang-murder special circumstance, the length of his 22 custody would not change.” (Doc. 39 at 3.) However, the Ninth Circuit remanded the matter for 23 this Court to consider whether Salas should be permitted to file an amended petition to include his 24 newly exhausted challenge to the robbery-murder special circumstance. (Id.) The Ninth Circuit 25 expressed no view as to whether leave to amend should be granted. (Id.) 26 On March 24, 2021, Petitioner filed his motion to amend. (Doc. 56.) In Claim 2 of his 27 proposed first amended petition, Petitioner asserts there was insufficient evidence to support the 28 felony-murder special enhancement. (Doc. 56-1, ¶¶ 73–82.) Petitioner argues that the Superior 1 Court’s November 25, 2019 decision denying his Banks/Clark challenge to the felony-murder 2 special circumstance finding “is based on an unreasonable finding of fact, namely, that Salas had 3 gang affiliation.” (Doc. 56 at 20.) Petitioner contends this was unreasonable because “Salas made 4 clear that the Court of Appeal had vacated the standalone gang activities conviction (Count 5); 5 that accordingly, he claimed the evidence was insufficient to support the gang-murder special 6 circumstance; [and] that this same challenge was pending before the Ninth Circuit Court of 7 Appeals, after they had certified that issue.” (Id.; see also 56-1 at ¶¶ 73–83.) Petitioner also 8 argues in his proposed claim that the state court’s denial of this claim was unreasonable because it 9 failed to: 10 [G]ive proper deference to the jury’s verdicts, to wit: acquittal of the charge of conspiracy (Count 1); acquittal of the charge that 11 Salas was a felon in possession of a firearm (Count 4); and finding that Salas did not premeditate the homicide. The verdicts 12 necessarily hold that Salas and Casica did not jointly preplan the murder, and further, that Casica was the actual killer, and Salas did 13 not have a firearm in his possession or control. 14 Furthermore, the Superior Court’s decision (Exh. A2) is unreasonable in its failure to take into account that, at the time of 15 the offense, Salas was in late adolescence (age 25) (see Pen. Code §3051), which affected his capacity to act with reckless 16 indifference. 17 (Doc. 56 at 20; see also 56-1 at ¶¶ 76–77.) 18 2. Relation Back Doctrine 19 Under Rule 15(c)(1)(B) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, an otherwise untimely 20 amended pleading “relates back to the date of the original pleading when . . . the amendment 21 asserts a claim or defense that arose out of the conduct, transaction, or occurrence set out – or 22 attempted to be set out – in the original pleading.” See Ross v. Williams, 950 F.3d 1160, 1166 (9th 23 Cir. 2020) (en banc). A petitioner “may amend a new claim into a pending federal habeas petition 24 after the expiration of the limitations period only if the new claim shares a ‘common core of 25 operative facts’ with the claims in the pending petition.” King v. Ryan, 564 F.3d 1133, 1141 (9th 26 Cir. 2009) (quoting Mayle v. Felix, 545 U.S. [644,] 659 [(2005)]). A new claim does not relate 27 back “simply because [it is] relat[ed] to the same trial, conviction, or sentence as the timely-filed 28 claim.” Mayle, 545 U.S. at 662. Rather, it must be “based on the same facts as the original 1 pleading and only changes the legal theory.” Id. at 664 n.7 (citation and internal quotation marks 2 omitted). 3 In determining whether an amended petition relates back to an original petition, a court 4 must first determine “what claims the amended petition alleges and what core facts underlie those 5 claims.” Ross, 950 F.3d at 1167. Next, “for each claim in the amended petition, [the Court] 6 look[s] to the body of the original petition and its exhibits to see whether the original petition ‘set 7 out’ or ‘attempted to . . . set out’ a corresponding factual episode, see Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(c)(1)(B) 8 – or whether the claim is instead ‘supported by facts that differ in both time and type from those 9 the original pleading set forth.’” Id. (quoting Mayle, 545 U.S. at 650, 664). Further, the Ninth 10 Circuit has explained that, “[a]t a minimum, an original petition ‘attempted to . . . set out’ all facts 11 that supported a ground for relief asserted in the original petition. Those facts therefore could 12 provide the necessary correspondence for relation back.” Id. (citing Mayle, 545 U.S. at 659-660 13 (explaining that an amendment that “invoked a legal theory not suggested by the original 14 complaint” could relate back to the original complaint because it arose out of the same “episode- 15 in-suit”). 16 3. Application of Relation Back Doctrine 17 As mentioned, Petitioner’s original federal habeas petition contained a claim that 18 challenged the gang-murder special circumstance finding, arguing there was “a dearth of evidence 19 relating to appellants recent involvement in the Varrio Bakers and no evidence of his active 20 involvement” and therefore that there was insufficient evidence to establish the “active 21 participation” element required to make the special circumstances finding. (Doc. 1 at 10, 33-34.) 22 Petitioner also pointed out that the parties had stipulated at the trial that the Varrio Bakers were a 23 street gang as defined by the relevant statute but had declined to stipulate that appellant had 24 knowledge of the gang’s criminal purpose. (Id. at 34.) As a result of the stipulation, the 25 prosecution presented no evidence of predicate offenses relating to the Varrio Bakers, an 26 omission Petitioner argued resulted in a lack of evidence connecting the Varrio Bakers to the 27 charged offenses. (Id.) Viewing these assertions broadly, the facts underlying these arguments 28 relate to: (1) Petitioner’s involvement in the Varrio Bakers, and, more specifically, how recent 1 and “active” that involvement may have been; and (2) whether the Varrio Bakers as a whole had a 2 “criminal purpose” and whether Petitioner had knowledge of such purpose. 3 Petitioner’s amended claim argues in part that the Superior Court’s November 25, 2019 4 decision denying his Banks/Clark challenge to the felony-murder special circumstance was based 5 on an unreasonable finding of fact: that Salas had gang affiliation. (Doc. 56-1 at 20.) 6 The facts related to Salas’ gang affiliation are indeed common to Salas’s original and 7 amended claims. However, the fact that the claims “share one fact . . . is not sufficient to conclude 8 that they arise out of a common core of operative facts.” Schneider v. McDaniel, 674 F.3d 1144, 9 1151 (9th Cir. 2012) (emphasis in original). Critically, Petitioner’s proposed Banks/Clark 10 challenge to the robbery felony-murder special circumstance finding also relies on numerous 11 facts beyond petitioner’s alleged gang affiliation. For example, as mentioned, the proposed claim 12 argues that the state court’s denial of this claim was unreasonable because it failed to give proper 13 deference to the jury’s verdicts, which “necessarily hold that Salas and Casica did not jointly 14 preplan the murder, and further, that Casica was the actual killer, and Salas did not have a firearm 15 in his possession or control,” and failed “to take into account that, at the time of the offense, Salas 16 was in late adolescence (age 25) . . . which affected his capacity to act with reckless indifference.” 17 (Doc. No. 56-1 at 25.) 18 Citing Mayle, the findings and recommendations concluded that the new claim does not 19 relate back to the original one because these additional facts “differ in both time and type” from 20 facts related to petitioner’s alleged gang affiliation. (Doc. 66 at 14 (citing Mayle, 545 U.S. at 21 661)). Mayle is not a perfect analogue to the present case because the facts underlying the original 22 and newly asserted claims were entirely distinct in that case. Specifically, an original 23 Confrontation Clause claim concerned a witness’ taped video statements, while a proposed new 24 Fifth Amendment claim concerned the defendant’s own pretrial statements. 545 U.S. at 644, 657. 25 But what happens when there is some factual overlap between the two claims? The Ninth 26 Circuit addressed a somewhat similar situation in Schneider, 674 F.3d at 1151. There, the original 27 petition claimed that the petitioner’s trial counsel had provided ineffective assistance by failing to 28 investigate his co-defendant’s trial strategy, which would have led him to file a timely motion to 1 sever. In an amended petition, he claimed that the trial court’s denial of his untimely motion to 2 sever deprived him of due process. Id. at 1151. The Ninth Circuit broke down why the new claim 3 did not relate back to the original one as follows: 4 These two claims do not arise out of a common core of operative facts. The facts underlying the original claim were: (1) trial counsel 5 failed to investigate [co-defendant’s] trial strategy, (2) trial counsel failed to file a timely motion to sever, (3) trial counsel failed to file 6 a timely motion to suppress testimony by [the co-defendant], and (4) [the co-defendant] testified at Schneider’s trial. The facts 7 underlying the amended claim are different: (1) trial counsel brought a motion to sever on the second day of trial, (2) the trial 8 court denied the motion, and (3) [the co-defendant] testified at Schneider’s trial. While both theories share one fact: that [the co- 9 defendant] testified at Schneider’s trial, this is not sufficient to conclude that they arise out of a common core of operative facts. 10 Schneider’s original theory was based on trial counsel’s alleged failures. His amended theory is based on the trial court’s alleged 11 errors. The core facts underlying the second theory are different in type from the core facts underlying the first theory. See Mayle, 545 12 U.S. at 650. Therefore, relation back is not appropriate. 13 Id.; see also Burch v. Baker, No. 2:17-CV-00656-MMD-VCF, 2020 WL 1470963, at *4 (D. Nev. 14 Mar. 26, 2020) (original claim was that the state failed to preserve exculpatory evidence because, 15 among other things, the investigating detective’s failed to seek out and question two potentially 16 exculpatory witnesses, while the newly-asserted claim was that his trial counsel failed to try to 17 locate, let alone call, those two witnesses; although these claims shared the one fact—that the 18 witnesses might have provided exculpatory information—the factual underpinnings of the claims 19 were “different in time and type” because the initial ground raised facts related to the detective’s 20 actions during the police investigation of the case while the new claim related to counsel’s actions 21 during the preparation of the case). Schneider (and cases like Burch that follow Schneider) stand 22 for the unsurprising proposition that relation back requires more than just some common facts. 23 Cases applying the relation back doctrine outside the habeas context provide additional 24 guidance. These cases establish that notice is a key touchstone to the relation back analysis. The 25 district court in Beverly Hills Unified Sch. Dist. v. Fed. Transit Admin., provides a helpful 26 summary of these authorities. 27 “The relation back doctrine of Rule 15(c) is ‘liberally applied.’” ASARCO, [LLC v. Union Pac. R. Co.], 765 F.3d [999,] 1004 [(9th 28 Cir. 2014)] . . . . But a liberal application—"to provide maximum 1 opportunity for each claim to be decided on its merits rather than on procedural technicalities”—is balanced against the respect that must 2 be accorded the purpose of statutes of limitation and recognition of the concern that “[a]mendments that significantly alter the 3 pleadings could require the opposing party to start over and prepare the case a second time.” ASARCO, 765 F.3d at 1005 (quoting 6 4 Charles Alan Wright, et al., Federal Practice and Procedure § 1471 (3d ed. 1998)). The “conduct, transaction, or occurrence” test set 5 forth in Rule 15(c)(1)(B) balances these concerns. See ASARCO, 765 F.3d at 1005. 6 “Although . . . the relation back doctrine of Rule 15(c) is to be 7 applied liberally, there must nonetheless be some basis for application of the doctrine.” Percy v. S.F. Gen. Hosp., 841 F.2d 8 975, 980 (9th Cir. 1988). The Rule “relaxes, but does not obliterate, the statute of limitations; hence relation back depends on the 9 existence of a common ‘core of operative facts’ uniting the original and newly asserted claims.” Mayle v. Felix, 545 U.S. 644[] (2005). 10 Thus, in performing the analysis Rule 15(c)(1)(B) requires, courts 11 look to “whether the original and amended pleadings share a common core of operative facts so that the adverse party has fair 12 notice of the transaction, occurrence, or conduct called into question.” Martell v. Trilogy Ltd., 872 F.2d 322, 325 (9th Cir. 13 1989); see also ASARCO, 765 F.3d at 1004; Williams v. Boeing Co., 517 F.3d 1120, 1133 n. 9 (9th Cir. 2008) (“The requirement 14 that the allegations in the amended complaint arise from the same conduct, transaction, or occurrence is meant to ensure that the 15 original pleading provided adequate notice of the claims raised in the amended pleading.”); Anthony v. Cambra, 236 F.3d 568, 576 16 (9th Cir. 2000) (“[A]s a leading treatise explains, ‘[t]he rationale of allowing an amendment to relate back is that once a party is 17 notified of litigation involving a specific factual occurrence, the party has received all the notice and protection that the statute of 18 limitation requires.’”) (quoting James Wm. Moore et al., Moore’s Federal Practice § 15.19[1] (3d ed. 1999)); Schwarzer, Tashima, et 19 al., California Practice Guide: Federal Civil Before Trial (“Schwarzer & Tashima”) § 8:1620, at 8–180 (“The basic inquiry is 20 whether the opposing party was on notice of the nature of the claim raised by the amended pleading.”). “Fairness to the defendant 21 demands that the defendant be able to anticipate claims that might follow from the facts alleged by the plaintiff.” Percy, 841 F.2d at 22 979. “Rule 15 does not require that a pleading give notice of the exact scope of relief sought.” ASARCO, 765 F.3d at 1006. “So long 23 as a party is notified of litigation concerning a particular transaction or occurrence, that party has been given all the notice that Rule 24 15(c) requires.” ASARCO, 765 F.3d at 1006; Percy, 841 F.2d at 979 (“[A]mendment of a complaint is proper if the original pleading put 25 the defendant on notice of the ‘particular transaction or set of facts’ that the plaintiff believes to have caused the complained of injury.”) 26 (quoting Santana, 686 F.2d at 739). 27 In aid of the general focus on notice, “[w]hen a plaintiff seeks to amend a complaint to state a new claim against an original 28 defendant . . . the court compares the original complaint with the 1 amended complaint and decides whether the claim to be added will likely be proved by the ‘same kind of evidence’ offered in support 2 of the original pleading.” Percy, 841 F.2d at 978 (quoting Rural Fire Prot. Co. v. Hepp, 366 F.2d 355, 362 (9th Cir. 1966)); see also 3 ASARCO, 765 F.3d at 1004; O’Donnell v. Vencor Inc., 466 F.3d 1104, 1112 (9th Cir. 2006) (“Because the allegations and type of 4 evidence necessary for O’Donnell to succeed on her EPA claims are identical to what she alleged in her second complaint, the 5 December 1, 2003 amendment ‘relates back’ to the second complaint....”) (omitting internal citation); In re Dominguez, 51 6 F.3d 1502, 1510 (9th Cir. 1995). 7 No. CV 12-9861-GW(SSX), 2016 WL 4650428, at *109–10 (C.D. Cal. Feb. 1, 2016). 8 Some courts in this Circuit have held that where a party must include “additional facts” in 9 an amended pleading to support a new claim, relation back does not apply because there is no 10 “common core of operative facts.” This was the case in Williams v. Boeing Co., 517 F.3d 1120, 11 1133 (9th Cir. 2008), where the original claim was a promotion discrimination claim, while the 12 amended complaint attempted to include a compensation discrimination claim. Because “different 13 statistical evidence and witnesses would be used to prove the compensation and promotion 14 discrimination claims because of the different processes [the defendant] use[d] to make salary and 15 promotion decisions,” relation back was not appropriate even though both claims involved 16 allegations of racial discrimination. Id.; see also Echlin v. PeaceHealth, 887 F.3d 967, 978 (9th 17 Cir. 2018) (no relation back where original claim failed to allege facts essential to new claim). 18 Here, as mentioned, while the original and new claims have some common facts, namely 19 the timing and extent of Petitioner’s gang involvement, there are also indisputably “additional” 20 facts in the newly asserted challenge to the felony-murder special circumstance finding. 21 Specifically, the new claim also relies upon aspects of the jury’s verdicts which, according to 22 petitioner, “necessarily hold that Salas and Casica did not jointly preplan the murder, and further, 23 that Casica was the actual killer, and Salas did not have a firearm in his possession or control,” 24 and the fact that “at the time of the offense, Salas was in late adolescence (age 25) . . . which 25 affected his capacity to act with reckless indifference.” (Doc. No. 56-1 at 25.) Though there is an 26 argument that these facts may not be “essential” to the sufficiency of the evidence claim, the new 27 claim necessitates a broad look at all the relevant facts. The overall lesson from the caselaw is 28 that the addition of substantial new facts can run afoul of the notice requirement that underpins 1 the relation back rule. Indeed, the original claim’s factual allegations related to gang involvement 2 did not give notice to defendants that a later claim might possibly be filed that that encompasses a 3 much broader range of facts, many of which have nothing to do with gang involvement. For this 4 reason, the Court finds that the proposed claim challenging the sufficiency of the evidence in 5 support of the felony-murder special circumstance finding does not relate back to the first claim 6 in the original petition. 7 B. Equitable Tolling 8 In the alternative, Petitioner objects to the magistrate judge’s finding that equitable tolling 9 does not apply to the newly asserted claim. (Doc. 67 at 15–18.) Petitioner weaves together several 10 threads by arguing that (1) appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to attack the robbery-murder 11 special circumstance on direct appeal and that this failure “coupled with [2] the sheer lack of state- 12 level counsel since then, as well as [3] the rapidly changing laws,” are extraordinary circumstances 13 that establish cause for equitable tolling. (Doc. 65 at 10.) Petitioner also notes this case’s “unique 14 . . . postural state of remand from a Ninth Circuit panel that expressed grave concern about the 15 equities.” (Doc. No. 67 at 5.) 16 Petitioner’s most facially compelling objection relates to the shifting legal landscape. He 17 argues that the claim he now seeks to bring could not have been brought prior to the issuance of 18 the Banks decision in 2016 “absent a prescient application of Enmund v. Florida, 458 U.S. 782 19 (1982), and Tison v. Arizona, 481 U.S. 137 (1987)].” (Doc. 65 at 5.)6 Enmund and Tison were 20 death penalty cases. Among other things, Banks made it clear that the rules generally set forth in 21 Enmund and Tison applied to those sentenced to life without the possibility of parole. See 22 generally Banks, 61 Cal. 4th 788. Petitioner contends that “before the enactment of SB 1437, it is 23 doubtful whether even a skilled lawyer would or should have known that a Banks/Clark petition 24
25 6 In Enmund, the United States Supreme Court held the death penalty was inappropriate for an accomplice who did not kill, attempt to kill, intend a killing take place, or intend for lethal force to be employed. 458 U.S. at 797. On the other end of the spectrum, Tison held that accomplices could be sentenced to death despite the fact they had not 26 committed the killings or intended to kill where they had substantial involvement in the crimes by being “actively involved in every element” of the underlying felonies and were physically present during the entire sequence of 27 criminal activity culminating in the murders. 481 U.S. at 158. This “high level of participation” implicated them in the resulting deaths. Id. 28 1 was called for, particularly [while Petitioner’s] challenge to the gang murder special circumstance 2 was pending.” (Doc. 65 at 6.) The Court shares Respondent’s confusion in relation to this 3 argument. 4 As explained in People v. Martinez, 31 Cal. App. 5th 719, 723 (2019), relief is available 5 under California Penal Code § 1170.95—codified as a result of SB 1437’s passage—where all 6 three of the following conditions are met: “(1) A complaint, information, or indictment was filed 7 against the petitioner that allowed the prosecution to proceed under a theory of felony murder or 8 murder under the natural and probable consequences doctrine[;] [¶] (2) The petitioner was 9 convicted of first degree or second degree murder following a trial or accepted a plea offer in lieu 10 of a trial at which the petitioner could be convicted for first degree or second degree murder[;] [¶] 11 [and] (3) The petitioner could not be convicted of first or second degree murder because of 12 changes to Section 188 or 189 made effective January 1, 2019.” Petitioner suggests his state 13 habeas petition challenging the sufficiency of the evidence to support the felony-murder special 14 circumstance under Banks/Clark is part of an attempt to “position himself” for relief under 15 § 1170.95. (See Doc. 65 at 9.) However, it is unclear to the Court how the enactment of SB 1437 16 “called for” the filing of a Banks/Clark petition in a way that was not already “called for” by 17 Banks or Clark directly. 18 Even assuming Banks/Clark and SB 1437 constitute developments in state law that made 19 Petitioner’s challenge to the felony-murder special circumstance more viable, the findings and 20 recommendations evaluate this issue correctly considering Shannon v. Newland, 410 F.3d 1083, 21 1089–90 (9th Cir. 2005). There, the petitioner argued equitable tolling could be triggered by the 22 post judgment issuance of a state court decision clarifying state law in a way potentially favorable 23 to petitioner’s federal constitutional claim. As the Ninth Circuit described it, Shannon’s argument 24 was “that the state court prevented him from prevailing on a federal habeas claim,” until the 25 subsequent decision was issued because “federal courts would have had to accept the California 26 courts’ understanding of their own law.” Id. at 1090. The Ninth Circuit rejected this argument 27 because it “would open the door for any state prisoner to file a habeas petition anytime a state 28 court issues a clarification of state law. Such an interpretation cannot be squared with the goals of 1 finality that are central to AEDPA.” Id. The changing state law legal landscape is not a valid basis 2 for equitable tolling. 3 Petitioner makes overlapping arguments that appellate counsel’s errors and/or the lack of 4 counsel during the habeas process warrant equitable tolling. The Court agrees with the findings and 5 recommendations that: (1) Petitioner has failed to establish a causal connection between the asserted 6 errors of appellate counsel (in failing to challenge the felony-murder special circumstances) and 7 Petitioner’s failure to raise that claim in the habeas context; and (2) lack of counsel is not a valid 8 ground for equitable tolling. (Doc. 66 at 12.) 9 Finally, the procedural posture of this case—described by the Ninth Circuit as a potential 10 “Catch 22” caused by the fact that the continued validity of one special circumstance finding may 11 have made it difficult or impossible for Petitioner to challenge the other—does not change the 12 equitable tolling analysis. Equitable tolling is appropriate where the petitioner demonstrates “‘(1) that 13 he has been pursuing his rights diligently, and (2) that some extraordinary circumstance stood in his 14 way’ and prevented timely filing.” Holland v. Florida, 560 U.S. 631, 649 (2010) (emphasis added). 15 Nothing in the record suggests that the potential “Catch 22” had any bearing on whether Petitioner 16 could have or did include a challenge to the felony murder special circumstance in his initial habeas 17 petition. In short, the fact that the procedural situation has now created a potential Catch-22 does not 18 establish that equitable tolling is appropriate 19 Plaintiff suggests that all the above-described factors operated in concert to create an 20 extraordinary circumstance warranting application of equitable tolling. (See Doc. 65 at 10 21 (“[I]neffective assistance, coupled with the sheer lack of state-level counsel since then, as well as 22 the rapidly changing laws, are extraordinary circumstances that establish cause for equitable 23 tolling of the statute of limitations.”)). Again, the Court does not see it this way because none of 24 the identified circumstances constitute an impediment to Petitioner having timely filed a 25 challenge to the felony-murder special circumstance. Thus, the Court concludes that equitable 26 tolling does not apply to Petitioner’s proposed new claim. 27 C. Certificate of Appealability 28 The court now turns to whether a certificate of appealability should issue. See Rule 11, 1 | Rules Governing Section 2254 Cases in the United States District Courts, 28 U.S.C. foll. § 2254 2 | (“The district court must issue or deny a certificate of appealability when it enters a final order 3 | adverse to the applicant.”). A petitioner seeking a writ of habeas corpus has no absolute 4 | entitlement to appeal a district court’s denial of relief, and an appeal is only allowed in certain 5 || circumstances. Miller-El v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 335-36 (2003); 28 U.S.C. § 2253. The court 6 | should issue a certificate of appealability if “reasonable jurists could debate whether (or, for that 7 || matter, agree that) the petition should have been resolved in a different manner or that the issues 8 || presented were ‘adequate to deserve encouragement to proceed further.’” Slack v. McDaniel, 529 9 | U.S. 473, 484 (2000) (quoting Barefoot v. Estelle, 463 U.S. 880, 893 & n.4 (1983)). In the present 10 | case, the court finds that it is possible reasonable jurists could disagree as to the application of the 11 } relation back doctrine and equitable tolling. The relation back analysis was close and difficult, 12 | and it is likewise possible that a reasonable jurist—particularly at the appellate level—could find 13 | a pathway to affording Petitioner relief under the equitable tolling caselaw. Accordingly, 14 1. The findings and recommendations issued on August 16, 2021 (Doc. No. 66) are 15 ADOPTED IN FULL. 16 2. Petitioner’s motion to amend (Doc. No. 56) is DENIED. 17 3. The Clerk of Court is directed to close this case; and 18 4. The Court issues a certificate of appealability as to the following issues: 19 a. Whether the newly asserted sufficiency of the evidence challenge to the 20 felony-murder special circumstance finding relates back to the original 21 challenge to the gang special circumstance finding. 22 b. Whether equitable tolling applies to render the newly asserted claim timely. 23 IT IS SO ORDERED. os | Dated: _ November 1, 2022 Charis [Tourn TED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 26 27 28 17