1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 ADRIAN CABRERA ESPINOZA, Case No. 23-cv-05872-PCP
8 Plaintiff, ORDER TO TRANSFER v. 9 Re: Dkt. No. 44 10 MOISES BECERRA, et al., Defendants. 11
12 13 Petitioner Adrian Cabrera Espinoza brings this action to challenge his confinement of 14 nearly 22 months by U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement at the Golden State Annex 15 (“GSA”) in the Eastern District of California. Cabrera Espinoza is detained while his ongoing 16 removal proceedings are pending pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1226(c), which requires indefinite civil 17 detention during removal proceedings for individuals with certain prior criminal convictions. 18 Cabrera Espinoza brings this case as a petition for writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2241 19 and as an action for declaratory and injunctive relief under 28 U.S.C. § 1331. 20 Cabrera Espinoza initially brought both procedural and substantive due process claims 21 under the Fifth Amendment. Dkt. No. 1, at 2. On December 20, 2023, this Court granted Cabrera 22 Espinoza’s motion for a preliminary injunction and ordered Respondents to provide him with an 23 individualized bond hearing before an immigration judge. Dkt. No. 22. At that hearing, the 24 immigration judge found that Cabrera Espinoza posed a flight risk that bond conditions could not 25 mitigate, thereby warranting his continued detention. Dkt. No. 26-2, at 25. 26 In July 2024, the Ninth Circuit held that this Court lacks jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 27 2241 over habeas petitions from similarly situated immigrant detainees held outside the Northern 1 Circuit held that an immigrant detainee confined at the GSA can file a habeas petition only in the 2 Eastern District of California, the district of his confinement. Doe, 109 F.4th. at 1198. This Court 3 thereafter requested supplemental briefing regarding the application of the Ninth Circuit’s decision 4 to this case. Dkt. No. 44. 5 Cabrera Espinoza contends that, although this Court lacks jurisdiction over his § 2241 6 habeas petition under Doe, it nonetheless retains jurisdiction over this action under 28 U.S.C. § 7 1331 because the action was pleaded not only as a habeas petition but also as a complaint seeking 8 declaratory and injunctive relief to remedy a constitutional violation. Dkt. No. 46, at 2–3. 9 This Court is skeptical that it retains jurisdiction over Cabrera Espinoza’s claims under 28 10 U.S.C. § 1331. Although federal courts have inherent equitable authority to address constitutional 11 violations, their power “to enjoin unlawful executive action is subject to express and implied 12 statutory limitations.” Armstrong v. Exceptional Child Ctr., Inc., 575 U.S. 320, 328 (2015). The 13 government asserts that 28 U.S.C. § 2241 creates such a limitation, impliedly excluding alternative 14 remedies to habeas corpus for core habeas challenges—i.e., those actions challenging the fact or 15 duration of physical confinement. 16 The Supreme Court has held that the habeas corpus procedures established in 28 U.S.C. § 17 2254 provide the exclusive instrument by which individuals detained under state authority may 18 challenge the fact or duration of their confinement, impliedly precluding the federal courts from relying upon their equitable jurisdiction or 42 U.S.C. § 1983 to provide remedies not available 19 under § 2254. Preiser v. Rodriguez, 411 U.S. 475, 500 (1973). Preiser, however, addressed 20 challenges to confinement under state authority, and the Court did not address challenges to 21 federal immigration detention. Similar concerns nonetheless suggest that 28 U.S.C. § 2241 22 provides the exclusive vehicle for challenges to federal detention. The Supreme Court, in 23 Rumsfeld v. Padilla, 542 U.S. 426, 443 (2004), and the Ninth Circuit in Doe have held that, for 24 core habeas petitions, jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 2241 is limited to the district of confinement. 25 If Congress intended to allow federal courts to retain equitable jurisdiction over core habeas 26 petitions under 28 U.S.C. § 1331, this limitation of jurisdiction in 28 U.S.C. § 2241 would have 27 1 powers, circumvent Congress’s exclusion[.]”). 2 Cabrera Espinoza contends that Roman v. Wolf, 977 F.3d 935 (9th Cir. 2020) controls here. 3 But Roman held only that 28 U.S.C. § 1331 confers equitable federal court jurisdiction over Fifth 4 Amendment challenges to conditions of confinement. Cabrera Espinoza’s challenge is to the fact 5 of his confinement, not its conditions. It is a core habeas challenge governed by 28 U.S.C. § 2241 6 subject to the restrictions set forth therein. 7 Amicus the Lawyers Committee for Civil Rights of the San Francisco Bay Area contends 8 that this Court has equitable jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331 because the remedies available to 9 Cabrera Espinoza are not limited to release but also include requiring a bond hearing or addressing 10 his conditions of confinement.1 Because the Court has already found a violation of Cabrera 11 Espinoza’s procedural due process rights and ordered the government to provide him with a bond 12 hearing (which it did, albeit not to Cabrera Espinoza’s benefit), the Court need not consider 13 whether a complaint seeking only that form of relief as a remedy for a procedural due process 14 violation would be cognizable under 28 U.S.C. § 1331. And while Cabrera Espinoza’s conditions 15 of confinement may be relevant to determining whether his ongoing detention has become 16 punitive, see Doe v. Becerra, - F. Supp. 3d --, No. 23-cv-04767-PCP, 2024 WL 2340779, at *4 17 (N.D. Cal. May 2, 2024), that does not convert his substantive due process challenge to his 18 ongoing detention into a conditions of confinement claim. His due process theory challenges not those conditions but the fact that he has been subjected to punishment without being accorded the 19 procedural protections demanded by the Due Process Clause.
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1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 ADRIAN CABRERA ESPINOZA, Case No. 23-cv-05872-PCP
8 Plaintiff, ORDER TO TRANSFER v. 9 Re: Dkt. No. 44 10 MOISES BECERRA, et al., Defendants. 11
12 13 Petitioner Adrian Cabrera Espinoza brings this action to challenge his confinement of 14 nearly 22 months by U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement at the Golden State Annex 15 (“GSA”) in the Eastern District of California. Cabrera Espinoza is detained while his ongoing 16 removal proceedings are pending pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1226(c), which requires indefinite civil 17 detention during removal proceedings for individuals with certain prior criminal convictions. 18 Cabrera Espinoza brings this case as a petition for writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2241 19 and as an action for declaratory and injunctive relief under 28 U.S.C. § 1331. 20 Cabrera Espinoza initially brought both procedural and substantive due process claims 21 under the Fifth Amendment. Dkt. No. 1, at 2. On December 20, 2023, this Court granted Cabrera 22 Espinoza’s motion for a preliminary injunction and ordered Respondents to provide him with an 23 individualized bond hearing before an immigration judge. Dkt. No. 22. At that hearing, the 24 immigration judge found that Cabrera Espinoza posed a flight risk that bond conditions could not 25 mitigate, thereby warranting his continued detention. Dkt. No. 26-2, at 25. 26 In July 2024, the Ninth Circuit held that this Court lacks jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 27 2241 over habeas petitions from similarly situated immigrant detainees held outside the Northern 1 Circuit held that an immigrant detainee confined at the GSA can file a habeas petition only in the 2 Eastern District of California, the district of his confinement. Doe, 109 F.4th. at 1198. This Court 3 thereafter requested supplemental briefing regarding the application of the Ninth Circuit’s decision 4 to this case. Dkt. No. 44. 5 Cabrera Espinoza contends that, although this Court lacks jurisdiction over his § 2241 6 habeas petition under Doe, it nonetheless retains jurisdiction over this action under 28 U.S.C. § 7 1331 because the action was pleaded not only as a habeas petition but also as a complaint seeking 8 declaratory and injunctive relief to remedy a constitutional violation. Dkt. No. 46, at 2–3. 9 This Court is skeptical that it retains jurisdiction over Cabrera Espinoza’s claims under 28 10 U.S.C. § 1331. Although federal courts have inherent equitable authority to address constitutional 11 violations, their power “to enjoin unlawful executive action is subject to express and implied 12 statutory limitations.” Armstrong v. Exceptional Child Ctr., Inc., 575 U.S. 320, 328 (2015). The 13 government asserts that 28 U.S.C. § 2241 creates such a limitation, impliedly excluding alternative 14 remedies to habeas corpus for core habeas challenges—i.e., those actions challenging the fact or 15 duration of physical confinement. 16 The Supreme Court has held that the habeas corpus procedures established in 28 U.S.C. § 17 2254 provide the exclusive instrument by which individuals detained under state authority may 18 challenge the fact or duration of their confinement, impliedly precluding the federal courts from relying upon their equitable jurisdiction or 42 U.S.C. § 1983 to provide remedies not available 19 under § 2254. Preiser v. Rodriguez, 411 U.S. 475, 500 (1973). Preiser, however, addressed 20 challenges to confinement under state authority, and the Court did not address challenges to 21 federal immigration detention. Similar concerns nonetheless suggest that 28 U.S.C. § 2241 22 provides the exclusive vehicle for challenges to federal detention. The Supreme Court, in 23 Rumsfeld v. Padilla, 542 U.S. 426, 443 (2004), and the Ninth Circuit in Doe have held that, for 24 core habeas petitions, jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 2241 is limited to the district of confinement. 25 If Congress intended to allow federal courts to retain equitable jurisdiction over core habeas 26 petitions under 28 U.S.C. § 1331, this limitation of jurisdiction in 28 U.S.C. § 2241 would have 27 1 powers, circumvent Congress’s exclusion[.]”). 2 Cabrera Espinoza contends that Roman v. Wolf, 977 F.3d 935 (9th Cir. 2020) controls here. 3 But Roman held only that 28 U.S.C. § 1331 confers equitable federal court jurisdiction over Fifth 4 Amendment challenges to conditions of confinement. Cabrera Espinoza’s challenge is to the fact 5 of his confinement, not its conditions. It is a core habeas challenge governed by 28 U.S.C. § 2241 6 subject to the restrictions set forth therein. 7 Amicus the Lawyers Committee for Civil Rights of the San Francisco Bay Area contends 8 that this Court has equitable jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331 because the remedies available to 9 Cabrera Espinoza are not limited to release but also include requiring a bond hearing or addressing 10 his conditions of confinement.1 Because the Court has already found a violation of Cabrera 11 Espinoza’s procedural due process rights and ordered the government to provide him with a bond 12 hearing (which it did, albeit not to Cabrera Espinoza’s benefit), the Court need not consider 13 whether a complaint seeking only that form of relief as a remedy for a procedural due process 14 violation would be cognizable under 28 U.S.C. § 1331. And while Cabrera Espinoza’s conditions 15 of confinement may be relevant to determining whether his ongoing detention has become 16 punitive, see Doe v. Becerra, - F. Supp. 3d --, No. 23-cv-04767-PCP, 2024 WL 2340779, at *4 17 (N.D. Cal. May 2, 2024), that does not convert his substantive due process challenge to his 18 ongoing detention into a conditions of confinement claim. His due process theory challenges not those conditions but the fact that he has been subjected to punishment without being accorded the 19 procedural protections demanded by the Due Process Clause. 20 Although the Court is skeptical about its jurisdiction over Cabrera Espinoza’s Fifth 21 Amendment substantive due process claim under 28 U.S.C. § 1331, it need not reach a conclusive 22 decision on that issue because an alternative forum indisputably has jurisdiction to consider 23 Cabrera Espinoza’s claim. Under 28 U.S.C. § 1406(a), a district court may in the interest of justice 24 transfer a case to any district in which the action could have been brought. Doe makes clear that 25 the Eastern District of California has jurisdiction over Cabrera Espinoza’s habeas petition because 26 27 1 it is the district of his confinement. Transfer of Cabrera Espinoza’s case would serve the interest of 2 justice by ensuring that there is no uncertainty as to the jurisdiction of the court that rules upon it. 3 The government opposes transfer and maintains that dismissal is the only appropriate 4 remedy because Cabrera Espinoza did not name as a respondent to the current petition his 5 immediate custodian, the Facility Administrator of GSA. Dkt. No. 45, at 5. Doe held that, under 6 Padilla, a habeas petitioner must name his immediate custodian as respondent and the immediate 7 custodian for detainees held at GSA is the Facility Administrator. Doe, 109 F.4th at 1197. But 8 Cabrera Espinoza’s mere failure to name the appropriate respondent does not require dismissal. 9 The Ninth Circuit has recognized that, upon transfer of a habeas petition to a court with 10 jurisdiction, the petitioner should be afforded the opportunity to make “necessary amendments to 11 perfect the form of the habeas petition.” Cruz-Aguilera v. I.N.S., 245 F.3d 1070, 1073 n.2 (9th Cir. 12 2001); see also Lopez-Marroquin v. Barr, 955 F.3d 759, 760 (9th Cir. 2020) (allowing transfer of 13 a habeas petition where petitioner did not name his immediate custodian as respondent); Ashley v. 14 Washington, 394 F.2d 125, 126 n.1 (9th Cir. 1968) (noting that failure to name custodian as 15 respondent “could be cured by amendment”); Stanley v. California Supreme Court, 21 F.3d 359, 16 360 (9th Cir. 1994) (instructing district court to allow petitioner the opportunity to amend his 17 petition to name the correct respondent). 18 Transfer, rather than dismissal, serves the interests of justice here. The Ninth Circuit “take[s] a broad view of when transfer is appropriate, recognizing that ‘normally transfer will be in 19 the interest of justice because normally dismissal of an action that could be brought elsewhere is 20 time-consuming and justice-defeating.’” Amity Rubberized Pen Co. v. Mkt. Quest Grp. Inc., 793 21 F.3d 991, 996 (9th Cir. 2015) (quoting Miller v. Hambrick, 905 F.2d 259, 262 (9th Cir. 1990)). 22 Where a party has brought an action in good faith, “[t]ransfer serves as a means to prevent the 23 injustice of penalizing a party for an honest procedural mistake.” Amity, 793 F.3d at 996; see also 24 Cruz-Aguilera, 245 F.3d at 1074 (stating that the court “should not fault” petitioner’s decision to 25 file his habeas petition in the incorrect court “given the complicated jurisdictional questions” at 26 issue). There is no reason to further delay prompt resolution of Cabrera Espinoza’s constitutional 27 1 decided this Court lacked jurisdiction. 2 For the foregoing reasons, this case is transferred to the Eastern District of California. All 3 pending motions and requests can be addressed by that court upon transfer. 4 IT IS SO ORDERED. 5 Dated: September 16, 2024 leo~ 7 P. Casey Pitts 8 United States District Judge 9 10 11 12
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