C. J. Hoehn, J.
Defendants appeal as of right an October 9, 1979, judgment rendered by the trial court granting a permanent injunction in favor of plaintiff and which also gave plaintiff monetary damages and unjust enrichment damages. These damages were based upon defendants’ misuse of plaintiffs trade secrets.
Defendant Kuberski was employed by plaintiff on October 17, 1973. Approximately one week after defendant Kuberski was hired by plaintiff, he
signed an invention assignment agreement and a trade secret agreement.
Plaintiff manufactures silicone rubber sheets, dies, rollers, and sleeves to be used in hot stamp decorating. Plaintiff does not do the hot stamp decorating itself. Most of the processes and equipment used by plaintiff were developed by the founder of the company, Carl Gladen.
Defendant Kuberski met defendant Lunger while working for plaintiff. Mr. Lunger owned defendant National Pattern and Model Company and defendant Erie Marking Tool Company. Although plaintiff had previously used the services of Erie, the volume of business after this meeting substantially increased. The orders before this meeting were approximately $12,500 for the previous year. For the next year and two months, the sales volume was around $81,000. Before this meeting plaintiff did no business with National Pattern.
In October of 1976, defendants Kuberski and Lunger signed the articles of incorporation for defendant International Silicone. Defendant Kuberski resigned from plaintiff corporation on January 31, 1977. During the intervening time, defendant looked for equipment for International Silicone and made various phone calls. This suit was filed on March 17, 1977, charging defendants with misappropriation of trade secrets and confidential information, and plaintiff sought injunctive relief and damages for lost profits and unjust enrichment. A preliminary injunction was issued on April 25, 1978. A trial to the bench was held from April 24, 1979, through May 23, 1979.
The trial court found that defendant Kuberski’s trade secret agreement was valid and enforceable. It also found that, regardless of the contract, de
fendant Kuberski was prohibited by the common law from disclosing trade secrets. The trial court found that plaintiffs manufacturing procedures manual, that plaintiffs bonding technique, that plaintiffs technology for manufacturing dies, that plaintiffs technology for manufacturing rollers and sleeves, that plaintiffs customer lists and project information, and that plaintiffs materials, supplies, and sources were all trade secrets. The court found that defendants had misappropriated each and every one of the above described trade secrets. The court awarded plaintiff lost profits for the time defendants were in operation. These lost profits were based upon plaintiffs selling price and margin of profit, not defendants’.
The court also rendered a judgment against defendants for unjust enrichment. This was based upon defendant Kuberski’s placement of orders with defendants National Pattern and Erie while Mr. Kuberski worked for plaintiff. The court also awarded plaintiff exemplary damages in the amount of $25,000 in cash. In all, defendants were found liable for $176,968.39, plus costs of $3,443.80, plus interest. Defendants were also permanently enjoined from disclosing or using any of plaintiffs trade secrets relating to the production, sale or use of material for hot stamp decorating.
Further facts, where necessary, will be included in the discussion of the issues.
Statement of Issues:
I. Whether the trade secrets agreement signed by defendant Kuberski one week after he was employed by plaintiff was valid.
II. Whether plaintiff has trade secrets which defendants used in violation of plaintiffs rights.
III. Whether plaintiff must prove that its alleged
trade secrets and confidential information are not known to others in the trade.
IV. Whether the evidence supports the trial court’s finding that plaintiff is entitled to lost profits as the result of sales made by defendants.
V. Whether defendants Lunger, Erie Tool, and National Pattern were unjustly enriched because of defendant Kuberski’s placement of business with them when Kuberski worked for plaintiff, and if so, whether plaintiff can recover for unjust enrichment in addition to lost profits.
VI. Whether plaintiff was entitled to exemplary damages under the facts of this case.
VII. Whether the trial court erred in excluding the testimony of Ray Flynt, even on a separate record.
VIII. Whether the trial court erred in issuing a permanent injunction which prohibited defendants from ever disclosing or using trade secrets or confidential information of plaintiff.
IX. Whether the trial court should have granted defendants’ motion for a new trial and disqualified itself because of possible bias against defendants.
The Court will discuss these issues
seriatim.
I. Whether the trade secrets agreement signed by defendant Kuberski one week after he was employed by plaintiff was valid.
A condition of employment that one may not disclose trade secrets is valid.
O & W Thum Co v Tloczynski,
114 Mich 149; 72 NW 140 (1897). The condition may be implied if there is a confidential relationship.
Id.,
157-158. This condition does not violate public policy against restraint of trade because:
"To restrain him from making use of what he has not discovered is not an injustice to him, and does not
abridge his right to work along those lines which would not be harmful to those to whom he has sustained a position of confidence.”
Id.,
161.
The statute which makes illegal any contract which prevents a person from engaging in any trade or profession does not apply to a trade secret agreement.
Glucol Manufacturing Co v Schulist,
239 Mich 70, 74; 214 NW 152 (1927). A contract which restricts the employee only from disclosing trade secrets, and not from employment in the industry, does not violate the statute. When "one obtains a trade secret of another either under contract not to divulge the same or because of relationship of confidence or through his employment, he will not be permitted afterward to make use of such secret for his own benefit or to disclose it to others without the consent of the original possessor of the secret”.
Dutch Cookie Machine Co v Vande Vrede,
289 Mich 272, 279-280; 286 NW 612 (1939).
Although one has the right to change jobs and use his learned skills, he does not have the right to disclose trade secrets.
Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Co v Continental Aviation & Engineering Corp,
255 F Supp 645, 653 (ED Mich, 1966).
The trade secret agreement signed by defendant Kuberski was executed one week after he was hired by plaintiff. The agreement provides:
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C. J. Hoehn, J.
Defendants appeal as of right an October 9, 1979, judgment rendered by the trial court granting a permanent injunction in favor of plaintiff and which also gave plaintiff monetary damages and unjust enrichment damages. These damages were based upon defendants’ misuse of plaintiffs trade secrets.
Defendant Kuberski was employed by plaintiff on October 17, 1973. Approximately one week after defendant Kuberski was hired by plaintiff, he
signed an invention assignment agreement and a trade secret agreement.
Plaintiff manufactures silicone rubber sheets, dies, rollers, and sleeves to be used in hot stamp decorating. Plaintiff does not do the hot stamp decorating itself. Most of the processes and equipment used by plaintiff were developed by the founder of the company, Carl Gladen.
Defendant Kuberski met defendant Lunger while working for plaintiff. Mr. Lunger owned defendant National Pattern and Model Company and defendant Erie Marking Tool Company. Although plaintiff had previously used the services of Erie, the volume of business after this meeting substantially increased. The orders before this meeting were approximately $12,500 for the previous year. For the next year and two months, the sales volume was around $81,000. Before this meeting plaintiff did no business with National Pattern.
In October of 1976, defendants Kuberski and Lunger signed the articles of incorporation for defendant International Silicone. Defendant Kuberski resigned from plaintiff corporation on January 31, 1977. During the intervening time, defendant looked for equipment for International Silicone and made various phone calls. This suit was filed on March 17, 1977, charging defendants with misappropriation of trade secrets and confidential information, and plaintiff sought injunctive relief and damages for lost profits and unjust enrichment. A preliminary injunction was issued on April 25, 1978. A trial to the bench was held from April 24, 1979, through May 23, 1979.
The trial court found that defendant Kuberski’s trade secret agreement was valid and enforceable. It also found that, regardless of the contract, de
fendant Kuberski was prohibited by the common law from disclosing trade secrets. The trial court found that plaintiffs manufacturing procedures manual, that plaintiffs bonding technique, that plaintiffs technology for manufacturing dies, that plaintiffs technology for manufacturing rollers and sleeves, that plaintiffs customer lists and project information, and that plaintiffs materials, supplies, and sources were all trade secrets. The court found that defendants had misappropriated each and every one of the above described trade secrets. The court awarded plaintiff lost profits for the time defendants were in operation. These lost profits were based upon plaintiffs selling price and margin of profit, not defendants’.
The court also rendered a judgment against defendants for unjust enrichment. This was based upon defendant Kuberski’s placement of orders with defendants National Pattern and Erie while Mr. Kuberski worked for plaintiff. The court also awarded plaintiff exemplary damages in the amount of $25,000 in cash. In all, defendants were found liable for $176,968.39, plus costs of $3,443.80, plus interest. Defendants were also permanently enjoined from disclosing or using any of plaintiffs trade secrets relating to the production, sale or use of material for hot stamp decorating.
Further facts, where necessary, will be included in the discussion of the issues.
Statement of Issues:
I. Whether the trade secrets agreement signed by defendant Kuberski one week after he was employed by plaintiff was valid.
II. Whether plaintiff has trade secrets which defendants used in violation of plaintiffs rights.
III. Whether plaintiff must prove that its alleged
trade secrets and confidential information are not known to others in the trade.
IV. Whether the evidence supports the trial court’s finding that plaintiff is entitled to lost profits as the result of sales made by defendants.
V. Whether defendants Lunger, Erie Tool, and National Pattern were unjustly enriched because of defendant Kuberski’s placement of business with them when Kuberski worked for plaintiff, and if so, whether plaintiff can recover for unjust enrichment in addition to lost profits.
VI. Whether plaintiff was entitled to exemplary damages under the facts of this case.
VII. Whether the trial court erred in excluding the testimony of Ray Flynt, even on a separate record.
VIII. Whether the trial court erred in issuing a permanent injunction which prohibited defendants from ever disclosing or using trade secrets or confidential information of plaintiff.
IX. Whether the trial court should have granted defendants’ motion for a new trial and disqualified itself because of possible bias against defendants.
The Court will discuss these issues
seriatim.
I. Whether the trade secrets agreement signed by defendant Kuberski one week after he was employed by plaintiff was valid.
A condition of employment that one may not disclose trade secrets is valid.
O & W Thum Co v Tloczynski,
114 Mich 149; 72 NW 140 (1897). The condition may be implied if there is a confidential relationship.
Id.,
157-158. This condition does not violate public policy against restraint of trade because:
"To restrain him from making use of what he has not discovered is not an injustice to him, and does not
abridge his right to work along those lines which would not be harmful to those to whom he has sustained a position of confidence.”
Id.,
161.
The statute which makes illegal any contract which prevents a person from engaging in any trade or profession does not apply to a trade secret agreement.
Glucol Manufacturing Co v Schulist,
239 Mich 70, 74; 214 NW 152 (1927). A contract which restricts the employee only from disclosing trade secrets, and not from employment in the industry, does not violate the statute. When "one obtains a trade secret of another either under contract not to divulge the same or because of relationship of confidence or through his employment, he will not be permitted afterward to make use of such secret for his own benefit or to disclose it to others without the consent of the original possessor of the secret”.
Dutch Cookie Machine Co v Vande Vrede,
289 Mich 272, 279-280; 286 NW 612 (1939).
Although one has the right to change jobs and use his learned skills, he does not have the right to disclose trade secrets.
Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Co v Continental Aviation & Engineering Corp,
255 F Supp 645, 653 (ED Mich, 1966).
The trade secret agreement signed by defendant Kuberski was executed one week after he was hired by plaintiff. The agreement provides:
"I agree not to communicate or disclose to any person, either directly or indirectly or under any circumstances or at any time, any knowledge or information whatsoever acquired by me during the period of my employment relating to or concerning the Company’s inventions, trade secrets, systems or any other confidential information regarding the property, business and affairs of the Company or any of its subsidiaries without the written consent of the Company, and I agree
not to utilize or make available any such knowledge or information, either directly or indirectly, in connection with the solicitation of or the acceptance of employment with any competitor of the Company.”
The agreement was restricted to the disclosure of trade secrets. Defendant Kuberski is perfectly free to use his general skill and knowledge. This agreement does not violate MCL 445.761; MSA 28.61.
Even without an agreement specifically prohibiting disclosure of trade secrets, defendant Kuberski is prohibited by the common law from disclosing such trade secrets.
O & W Thum Co, supra,
157-158. Defendant Kuberski’s own testimony indicated that he knew there was certain information he should not disclose to competitors.
Finally, defendant Kuberski’s contention that there was no consideration for the agreement, and it was therefore unenforceable, is without merit. MCL 566.1; MSA 26.978(1) provides that any agreement to change any contract is not invalid because of lack of consideration as long as the modification is written and signed. Defendant Kuberski’s attempt to restrict this statute to real property and personal property does not easily comport with the language of the statute itself.
It is this Court’s opinion that a valid and enforceable trade secret agreement applied to defendant Kuberski. There was no error by the trial court on this issue.
II. Whether plaintiff has trade secrets which defendants used in violation of plaintiff's rights.
The law gives no protection to knowledge which is so general as to be common property in the trade.
Russell v Wall Wire Products Co,
346 Mich 581, 590-591; 78 NW2d 149 (1956).
Kubik, Inc v Hull,
56 Mich App 335, 347-348; 224 NW2d 80 (1974), lists the steps in order to find whether the
information is a trade secret. To be a trade secret the information must be: (1) valuable enough to give the possessor a .competitive edge over those who do not use the information or know of it; (2) secret, that is, sufficient measures are taken to guard the secrecy of the information and preserve its confidentiality; and (3) information which is not readily ascertainable, that is, incapable of being ascertained by the general public without extreme difficulty or hardship. See also
Manos v Melton,
358 Mich 500, 508; 100 NW2d 235 (1960).
Whether plaintiffs processes were a trade secret is a question of fact. The trier of fact found that the processes were trade secrets.
This Court will accept the findings of fact of the trial court unless the record reveals no substantial evidence to support such findings.
Tuttle v Dep’t of State Highways,
397 Mich 44; 243 NW2d 244 (1976).
The trial court record overwhelmingly supports the trial court’s findings in relation to the manufacturing processes which the trial court ordered protected.
The customer lists of plaintiff and plaintiffs sources of materials and supplies were capable of being discovered through research and investigation.
Defendant Kuberski did not discover the trade lists of customers and sources as the result of any independent research or investigation. Defendant Kuberski took advantage of his confidential relationship with plaintiff to avail himself of plaintiffs customer lists and sources of supply.
"Even conceding, as the Defendants contend, that all the trade secret information, acquired by the Defendants could
have been
legally obtained through investigation, research and the like, this does not negate the
secrecy of the information, as to the present Defendants, nor does it negate their culpability, for they failed to employ legal, proper and fair means in learning these trade secrets.”
Kubik, Inc v Hull, 56
Mich App 335, 352; 224 NW2d 80 (1974).
The trial court did not err in holding plaintiffs customer lists and sources of supply to be confidential information which defendants were not entitled to use. To hold otherwise would permit defendants to profit from their theft.
Kubik, supra,
refutes the notion that all information garnered in a confidential relationship is enjoinable at the behest of the former employer.
However where, as here, written lists are stolen by a person in a confidential relationship, the use of such written lists is indeed enjoinable.
Defendants may, if such lists are publicly available, purchase and use such lists notwithstanding that plaintiffs customers, plaintiffs sources of supply or some of them are included on such public trade lists.
III. Whether plaintiff must prove that its alleged trade secrets are not known to others in the trade.
There is ample evidence, including the testimony of defendant Kuberski, from which the trial court could infer that the manufacturing processes were trade secrets and by implication, at least, not known to the general public. The findings of the trial court will not be disturbed where the evidence reveals supporting evidence.
Tuttle, supra.
The Court will not repeat the statements of the law relating to customer lists and sources of supply set forth in section II.
Once plaintiff has established that a person in a confidential relationship has stolen its trade secrets or customer lists the burden of going forward
with the evidence falls on the guilty party to establish that the trade secrets and customer lists are not in fact secret but are openly known in the trade.
IV. Whether the evidence supports the trial court’s ñnding that plaintiff is entitled to lost proñts as a result of sales made by defendants.
Defendants contend that, although an overwhelming percentage of its sales were made to plaintiffs customers, plaintiff failed to prove that if defendants had not made the sales plaintiff would have. Hence plaintiffs damages are speculative and cannot be recovered.
The general rule is that plaintiff may recover all damages resulting necessarily, immediately and directly from defendants’ breach but may not recover such damages as are contingent, speculative or uncertain. As the United States Supreme Court has said:
"Nor can we accept the view of that court that the verdict of the jury, in so far as it included damages for the first item, cannot stand because it was based upon mere speculation and conjecture. This characterization on the basis for the verdict is unwarranted. It is true that there was uncertainty as to the extent of the damage, but there was none as to the fact of damage; and there is a clear distinction between the measure of proof necessary to establish the fact that petitioner had sustained some damage, and the measure of proof necessary to enable the jury to fix the amount. The rule which precludes the recovery of uncertain damages applies to such as are not the certain, result of the wrong, not to those damages which are definitely attributable to the wrong and only uncertain in respect of their amount.
Taylor v Bradley,
4 Abb App Dec 363, 366, 367; 100 Am Dec 415:
" 'It is sometimes said that speculative damages cannot be recovered, because the amount is uncertain; but such remarks will generally be found applicable to such
damages as it is uncertain whether sustained at all from the breach. Sometimes the claim is rejected as being too remote. This is another mode of saying that it is uncertain whether such damages resulted necessarily and immediately from the breach complained of.’ ”
Story Parchment Co v Paterson P Paper Co,
282 US 555, 562; 51 S Ct 248; 75 L Ed 544, 548 (1931).
Concerning uncertainty, the Court said:
" 'Whatever of uncertainty there may be in this mode of estimating damages, is an uncertainty caused by the defendant’s wrongful act; and justice and sound public policy alike require that he should bear the risk of the uncertainty thus produced * *
Story, supra,
565.
Moreover, the Michigan Supreme Court has followed the principles articulated in the
Story
decision from at least the early 1860’s when Justice Christiancy wrote:
"The nature of the case is such that the wrong-doer has chosen to make it; and upon every principle of justice,
he
is the party who should be made to sustain all the risk of loss which may arise from the uncertainty pertaining to the nature of the case, and the difficulty of accurately estimating the results of his own wrongful act. Upon what principle of right can courts of justice assume — not simply to divide this risk, which would be thus far unjust — but to relieve the wrong-doer from it entirely, and throw the
whole
upon the innocent and injured party? Must not such a course of decision tend to encourage trespasses, and operate as an inducement for parties to right themselves by violence, in cases like the present?
"Since, from the nature of the case, the damages cannot be estimated with certainty, and there is a risk of giving by one course of trial less, and by the other more than a fair compensation — to say nothing of justice — does not sound policy require that the risk should be thrown upon the wrong-doer instead of the injured
party? However this question may be answered, we cannot resist the conclusion that it is better to run a slight risk of giving somewhat more than actual compensation, than to adopt a rule which, under the circumstances of the case, will, in all reasonable probability, preclude the injured party from the recovery of a large proportion of the damages he has actually sustained from the injury, though the amount thus excluded can not be estimated with accuracy by a fixed and certain rule. Certainty is doubtless very desirable in estimating damages in all cases; and where, from the nature and circumstances of the case, a rule can be discovered by which adequate compensation can be accurately measured, the rule should be applied in actions of tort, as well as in those upon contract.”
Allison v Chandler,
11 Mich 542, 554-555 (1863).
Further, our own Court has repeatedly held adversely to defendants’ claim:
"It has been observed that the certainty requirement 'will be relaxed where the
fact
of damage has been established and the question to be decided is the
extent
of the damage.’ 2 Harper and James, Law of Torts, § 25.3, p 1306. (Emphasis by authors.)
" 'The law does not require impossibilities; and can not, therefore, require a higher degree of certainty than the nature of the case admits.’
Allison v Chandler,
11 Mich 542, 555 (1863).
"On the principle that where a litigant can show he had been damaged, but his damages cannot be measured with certainty, that it is better that he recover more than he is entitled to than less, the rule in Michigan is that the risk of the uncertainty is cast upon the wrongdoer, not the injured party.
Routsaw v McClain,
365 Mich 167, 171 (1961).”
Howard v City of Melvindale,
27 Mich App 227, 235; 183 NW2d 341 (1970).
The fact of damage having been established, the burden of going forward with the evidence to show
that plaintiff would not have made the sales was upon the defendants. Defendants failed in this burden.
V. Whether defendants Lunger, Erie Tool, and National Pattern were unjustly enriched because of defendant Kuberski’s placement of business with them when Kuberski worked for plaintiff, and if so, whether plaintiff can recover for unjust enrichment in addition to lost proñts.
The trial court found that defendant Kuberski diverted business to defendants Erie Tool and National Pattern in order to finance defendant Silicone. The evidence substantiates the trial court’s findings. The award of damages for unjust enrichment was proper.
Unjust enrichment is allowed for the wrongful placement of tooling orders with Erie Tool and National Pattern. Damages were awarded for the loss of profits accruing from the unlawful appropriation and use of trade secrets. These are separate wrongs which entitled plaintiff to separate recoveries. Neither one overlaps the other.
VI. Whether plaintiff was entitled to exemplary damages under the facts of this case.
Michigan law is clear that exemplary damages may be awarded in cases such as this. Exemplary damages may be awarded in a trade secrets case.
Shwayder Chemical Metallurgy Corp v Baum,
45 Mich App 220, 225; 206 NW2d 484 (1973).
The purpose of exemplary damages is not to punish the defendant but to render the plaintiff whole. The focus is on plaintiffs injuries to determine the measure of exemplary damages. The focus is on the action of the defendant in determining if exemplary damages should be awarded.
Peisner v Detroit Free Press, Inc,
68 Mich App 360; 242 NW2d 775 (1976).
Defendant’s conduct clearly entitled plaintiff to recover whatever exemplary damages it sustained.
The trial court found from the evidence that plaintiff suffered uncompensated damages by reason of defendant’s wrongdoing.
Many such elements of damage are incapable of ascertainment,
e.g.,
the amount of time defendant Kuberski devoted to National Silicone when he was being paid by plaintiff.
The court did not err in awarding exemplary damages.
VII. Whether the trial court erred in excluding the testimony of Ray Flynt, even on a separate record.
Mr. Flynt was not on the list of witnesses exchanged by counsel prior to trial. Whether he was to be permitted to testify at the trial was discretionary with the court. The court did not abuse its discretion in refusing the proferred testimony of Mr. Flynt.
VIII. Whether the trial court erred in issuing a permanent injunction which prohibited defendants from ever disclosing or using trade secrets or conñdential information of plaintiff.
Whether a permanent injunction should be issued is a matter for the discretion of the court.
Kubik, Inc v Hull,
56 Mich App 335; 224 NW2d 80 (1974).
The court’s conclusion that the permanent injunction was necessary in order to uphold defendant Kuberski’s contract with the plaintiff is amply supported by the facts and is affirmed.
IX. Whether the trial court should have granted defendants’ motion for a new trial and disqualified itself because of possible bias against defendants.
The proper procedure to secure the disqualifica
tion of a judge is a motion for disqualification. GCR 1963, 912.
Defendant, not having followed the court rules, may not raise the issue for the first time on appeal.
Righteous indignation is not entirely inappropriate, even to a court of law.
The trial court is affirmed, plaintiff will recover its costs.