Hatten v. Grobet USA

• Court: District Court, D. Arizona
• Decided: July 27, 2020
• Docket: 4:20-cv-00099
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 WO 2 3 4 5 6 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA

9 Renee Hatten, No. CV-20-00099-TUC-JGZ

10 Plaintiff, ORDER

11 v.

12 Grobet USA, et al.,

13 Defendants. 14 15 On February 4, 2020, Plaintiff Renee Hatten filed a wrongful death action in the 16 Pima County Superior Court alleging that as a result of Defendants’ actions, her mother, 17 Janis Friend, contracted mesothelioma from exposure to asbestos-containing products 18 between 1977 and 1979, while working as an art teacher and jewelry-making instructor at 19 Fort Huachuca. In Plaintiff’s Complaint, she alleges causes of action for negligence, strict 20 liability, intentional failure to warn, and punitive damages against five Defendants: (1) 21 Grobet File Company of America, LLC; (2) Triarco Arts & Crafts LLC; (3) R.T. Vanderbilt 22 Holding Company, Inc.; (4) Posner’s Art Store, Inc.; and (5) Unknown Parties, named as 23 fictitious defendants, First Doe through Seventy-Fifth Doe. 24 On March 9, 2020, Defendant Grobet filed a notice of removal to federal court, 25 asserting that this Court has federal enclave jurisdiction over Plaintiff’s claims as well as 26 diversity jurisdiction over the suit. Grobet claims that Posner’s—the lone Arizona citizen 27 Defendant—should be ignored for purposes of determining diversity because Posner’s was 28 fraudulently joined. (Doc. 1.) Now before the Court is Plaintiff’s Motion to Remand to 1 State Court. (Doc. 12.) For the reasons stated, the Court will grant the Motion to Remand. 2 DISCUSSION 3 I. Diversity Jurisdiction 4 Plaintiff argues that this case should be remanded because Defendant Grobet’s 5 Notice of Removal was procedurally defective in that it failed to include proof of consent 6 of all Defendants,1 because Defendant Posner’s is an Arizona resident and the Court 7 therefore lacks diversity jurisdiction over the suit, and because the Court does not have 8 federal enclave jurisdiction. 9 When a civil suit is removed from state court on the basis of diversity jurisdiction, 10 “all defendants who have been properly joined and served must join in or consent to the 11 removal of the action.” 28 U.S.C. § 1446 (b)(2)(A). Moreover, a state court action “shall 12 be removable only if none of the parties in interest properly joined and served as defendants 13 is a citizen of the State in which such action is brought.” 28 U.S.C. § 1446 (b). The burden 14 of establishing federal jurisdiction is on the party seeking removal, and the removal statute 15 is construed strictly against removal. Emrich v. Touche Ross & Co., 846 F.2d 1190, 1195 16 (9th Cir. 1988). “The defendant seeking removal is entitled to present facts showing that 17 [a] joinder is fraudulent.” Good v. Prudential Ins. Co. of America, 5 F.Supp.2d 804, 807 18 (N.D. Cal. 1998); Morris v. Princess Cruises, Inc., 236 F.3d 1061, 1068 (9th Cir. 2001) 19 (quoting Cavallini v. State Farm Mutual Auto Ins. Co., 44 F.3d 256, 263 (5th Cir. 1995) 20 1 Under the unanimity rule, “all defendants who have been properly joined and 21 served must join in or consent to the removal of [an] action.” 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b)(2)(A). The Court finds that this rule has been satisfied. The three Defendants that Grobet does 22 not contend to be fraudulently joined filed either a timely answer or motion to dismiss in this action. See e.g., Cobian-Perez v. Pers. Protective Servs., Inc., No. C-13-5162 EMC, 23 2014 WL 342660, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 28, 2014) (where non-removing defendant was properly served prior to removal but failed to convey consent in the removal notice, 24 removing defendant cured the defect by submitting a declaration “stating that, post- removal, he received an e-mail from counsel for [the non-removing defendant] stating that 25 he consents to removal”); Gerawan Farming, Inc. v. Worrel & Worell, No. 1:10CV02011 AWI DLB, 2011 WL 202453, at *2 (E.D. Cal. Jan. 20, 2011) (“An answer filed within the 26 specified time [set forth in section 1446(b)] may be deemed consent of the non-joining defendant to removal.”); Manikan v. Pac. Ridge Neighborhood Homeowners Ass’n, No. 27 17-CV-00467-BEN-BLM, 2017 WL 2953958, at *3 (S.D. Cal. July 10, 2017) (finding that non-removing defendants manifested consent to removal by “never object[ing] to the 28 removal and, instead, fil[ing] a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) within the time period given to oppose removal”). 1 (“[F]raudulent joinder claims may be resolved by ‘piercing the pleadings' and considering 2 summary judgment-type evidence such as affidavits and deposition testimony.”)) 3 Defendant Grobet contends both that the notice of removal was proper and that the 4 requisite diversity between citizens exists because Defendant Posner’s was fraudulently 5 joined.2 “If the plaintiff fails to state a cause of action against a resident defendant, and the 6 failure is obvious according to the settled rules of the state, the joinder of the resident 7 defendant is fraudulent.” McCabe v. Gen. Foods. Corp., 811 F.2d 1336, 1339 (9th Cir. 8 1987). The removing defendant has “the opportunity to show that the individual[] joined 9 in the action cannot be liable on any theory.” Ritchey v. Upjohn Drug Co., 139 F.3d 1313, 10 1318 (9th Cir. 1998). 11 In the Complaint here, Plaintiff alleges claims stemming from Janis Friend’s 12 exposure to asbestos and asbestos-containing products generally against all Defendants, 13 rather than specifically against each one. Defendant Grobet argues that because the 14 Complaint offers no allegations specific to Defendant Posner’s Art Store, Inc., and because 15 Posner’s was not named in a lawsuit previously brought against all other named Defendants 16 in Illinois, and not mentioned at any point during the discovery conducted during that 17 lawsuit, the claims against Posner’s in this suit are frivolous. Plaintiff argues that she has 18 asserted state law negligence and strict liability claims against Posner’s, which have long 19 been recognized under Arizona law, and that Grobet is asking the Court to, in essence, 20 conduct a summary judgment review of the claim, rather than to discern whether Plaintiff’s 21 failure to state a cause of action “is obvious according to the settled rules of the state.” 22 McCabe, 811 F.2d at 1339. Plaintiff further argues that Grobet “has not brought a Fed. R. 23 Civ. P. 12(b)(6) or 12(e) motion in this Court,” and that “Grobet has no standing to make 24 such a challenge[.]” (Doc. 18, pg. 4.) 25 Although the discovery in the prior Illinois action, devoid of any reference to 26 Posner’s, does lend credence to Grobet’s argument that Posner’s has been joined merely to 27 2 The term “fraudulent joinder” is a term of art, used for removal purposes, and 28 does not connote any intent to deceive on the part of plaintiff or his counsel. Lewis v. Time Inc., 83 F.R.D. 455, 460 (E.D. Cal. 1979). 1 defeat diversity jurisdiction, the Court does not find the absence of any mention of Posner’s 2 dispositive. Plaintiff, for any number of reasons, might have subsequently stumbled upon 3 information indicating Posner’s connection to Janis Friend’s alleged exposure. As for 4 Grobet’s argument that the Complaint contains no allegations specific to Posner’s, the 5 Court finds the guidance provided in Grancare, LLC v. Thrower by and through Mills, 889 6 F.3d 543 (9th Cir. 2018), controlling. 7 In Grancare, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held that although “the fraudulent 8 joinder standard shares some similarities with the analysis under Rule 12(b)(6) . . . . the 9 test for fraudulent joinder and for failure to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6) are not 10 equivalent.” Id. at 549 (“A claim against a defendant may fail under Rule 12(b)(6), but 11 that defendant has not necessarily been fraudulently joined.”). The Circuit Court reiterated, 12 from a previous holding, that the most appropriate standard for assessing fraudulent joinder 13 was whether there is a “possibility that a state court would find that the complaint states a 14 cause of action against any of the [non-diverse] defendants.” Id. quoting Hunter v. Philip 15 Morris USA, 582 F.3d 1039, 1046 (9th Cir. 2009). 16 Plaintiff alleges colorable claims against Posner’s for negligence, strict liability, and 17 failure to warn. And though the Complaint alleges claims generally against all Defendants, 18 in Grancare too, the appellant argued that the complaint alleged “misconduct against all 19 defendants collectively, that the heirs did not plead their claims with sufficient 20 particularity, and that the heirs did not sufficiently allege negligence,” but the Circuit Court 21 nonetheless concluded that these arguments went “to the sufficiency of the complaint, 22 rather than to the possible viability of the heirs’ claims against [the alleged fraudulently 23 joined party],” and therefore did “not establish fraudulent joinder.” Grancare, 889 F.3d at 24 552. In sum, although Grobet has highlighted significant deficiencies in the generality of 25 the Complaint, Grobet has not demonstrated that there is no possibility that Plaintiff could 26 prevail against Posner’s, and that the Court therefore has diversity jurisdiction over this 27 suit.3

28 3 Grobet asks the Court to take judicial notice of 1991 article from the Tucson Citizen newspaper stating that the owner who acquired Posner’s opened a store location in 1 II. Federal Enclave Jurisdiction 2 Plaintiff additionally argues that a remand is appropriate because the Court lacks 3 federal enclave jurisdiction over the suit—specifically, because during the dates of the 4 alleged offenses, the Federal Government merely had a proprietary interest, rather than 5 exclusive jurisdiction, over Fort Huachuca where Janis Friend worked, or at least that 6 Defendant cannot establish that the Federal Government’s interest was exclusive. 7 Federal question jurisdiction arises exists only when a plaintiff’s claims arise under 8 the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States, 28 U.S.C. § 1331, and depends 9 solely on plaintiff’s claims for relief as pled in the complaint. ARCO Env. Remediation, 10 L.L.C. v. Dept. of Health and Env. Quality of the State of Montana, 213 F.3d 1108, 1113 11 (9th Cir. 2000). Pursuant to the Constitution, the United States has the power to acquire 12 land from the states for certain specified uses and to exercise exclusive jurisdiction over 13 such lands, which are known as “federal enclaves.” Lord v. Local Union No. 20, Int’l Bd. 14 of Elec. Workers, 646 F.2d 1057, 1059 (5th Cir. 1981). Cases involving state law claims 15 on federal enclave property subject to non-exclusive jurisdiction—be it concurrent state 16 and federal jurisdiction or solely proprietary jurisdiction—do not, ordinarily, present a 17 federal question. Community Housing P’ship v. Byrd, No. 13-3031, 2013 WL 6087350, at 18 *4 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 19, 2013). “It is conclusively presumed that jurisdiction has not been 19 accepted until the Government accepts jurisdiction over land” as provided by 40 U.S.C. § 20 3112—requiring that the Government file “a notice of acceptance [of consent to 21 jurisdiction over land] with the Governor of the State or in another manner prescribed by 22 the laws of the State where the land is situated.” 40 U.S.C. § 3112 (b)-(c).

23 Sierra Vista, AZ, between 1984 and 1986, which Grobet argues is dispositive because Sierra Vista is supposedly the location where Janis Friend supposedly purchased art clay. 24 (Doc. 20.) Setting aside whether the Court may or may not take notice of the substance of this article, the Court does not find that the article changes the outcome on this issue. As 25 Plaintiff indicates, Posner’s did have a location in Tucson during the relative time frame, and Plaintiff’s argument in her reply brief supporting a remand highlighted that Ms. 26 Friend’s deposition indicated that suppliers other than the named Defendants in the Illinois suit might have been involved—but not necessarily that only one other previously unnamed 27 Defendant, now identified as Posner’s, was involved. The Court takes Grobet’s point that the Complaint provides little specific information attributable to each Defendant, but under 28 the Ninth Circuit’s standard, nonetheless holds firm to the conclusion that Grobet has not established diversity jurisdiction. 1 Plaintiff alleges that Janis Friend was exposed to toxic substances, which eventually 2 caused her wrongful death, while employed as an art teacher and jewelry-making instructor 3 at Fort Huachuca between approximately 1977 and 1979. (Doc. 1, exh. 1, ¶ 14.) The Court 4 must determine, therefore, whether the art studio at the Fort during the relevant time period 5 was subject to exclusive or nonexclusive Federal Government jurisdiction during the 6 relevant time frame. To answer this question, the parties have submitted to the Court 7 Chapter 96 of the 1951 Arizona Session Laws 200, a history of Fort Huachuca from the 8 U.S. Military website (Doc. 1, exh. 2), and a 1962 Inventory Report on Jurisdictional Status 9 of Federal Areas Within the States. (Doc. 12-5.) 10 The 1951 Session Laws state that “[t]he consent of the state of Arizona is hereby 11 given . . . to the acquisition by the United States . . . of any land in this State required for 12 the erection of forts . . . or for any other military installations of the government[.]” 1951 13 Ariz. Sess. Laws 200, ch. 96, sec. 1 (effective Mar. 27, 1951). Further, “[e]xculsive 14 jurisdiction over any land in this State so acquired for any of the purposes aforesaid, and 15 over any public domain land in this state, now or in the future reserved or used for military 16 purposes, is hereby ceded to the United States,” but for no longer than the land is used for 17 military purposes. Id. at sec. 2. Finally, “[a]s to any land over which exclusive jurisdiction 18 is herein ceded, the state of Arizona retains concurrent jurisdiction within the United States, 19 so far, that all process, civil or criminal, issuing under the authority of this State . . . may 20 be executed by the proper officers.” Id. at sec. 3. 21 Consistent with the Session Laws, the Inventory Report details that from 1951 to 22 1956, the Government acquired exclusive federal jurisdiction of 48,177 acres of land 23 affiliated with Fort Huachuca. (Doc. 12-5, pg. 39). On March 8, 1956, the federal 24 government appears to have formally accepted the grant. The Report also details that 25 between 1956 and 1962, the Government acquired a proprietorial interest in an additional 26 23,666 acres of land affiliated with the Fort. (Id.) Plaintiff argues that “[a]s the party with 27 the burden of proof, Grobet has failed to prove that Decedent Janis Friend was exposed to 28 1 asbestos on the original 48,000 acres . . . , as opposed to the additional 51,000 acres[.]”4 2 (Doc. 18, pg. 8.) Grobet, in turn, argues that the fact that in 1956 the federal government 3 accepted jurisdiction over 48,177 acres of Fort Huachuca, in conjunction with the Session 4 Laws, confirms that the federal government accepted the requisite jurisdiction—and that 5 this conclusion is buttressed by a March 8, 1956 letter from “Secretary of Army Wilber M. 6 Brucker inform[ing] the Governor of Arizona that the United States accepted exclusive 7 jurisdiction over the military installation designated as Fort Huachuca.” (Doc. 17, pgs. 15- 8 16.) 9 Although Grobet’s Notice of Removal contained a reference to Secretary Brucker’s 10 letter, Grobet did not include a copy of the document for the Court’s review. Without 11 having conducted an exhaustive search, the Court did not locate the letter elsewhere, but 12 did locate a Report of a Special Master in a case addressing adjudication of water rights,5 13 in which the Special Master referred to the letter, summarizing its contents as stating: 14 [N]otice is hereby given that the United States accepts exclusive 15 jurisdiction over the entire area of the military instillation designated as Fort 16 Huachuca . . . with the exception of 160 acres of school land of the State of Arizona leased to the United States and 960 acres of public domain land not 17 yet transferred from the Department of the Interior. The area over which the 18 United States hereby accepts exclusive jurisdiction comprises approximately 48,177 acres of lands acquired by the United States for military purposes. 19

20 Id. at pgs. 57-58, Finding of Fact No. 109. Even if the Court were to consider the contents 21 of this letter as quoted in the Special Master report, the Court cannot be assured that the 22 buildings in which Janis Friend taught arts and crafts to military personnel and their family 23 members (Doc. 17, exh. 4, pgs. 237-28), were located on the 48,177 acres of Fort Huachuca 24 over which the federal government accepted exclusive jurisdiction as opposed to either the 25 4 Plaintiff’s reference to 51,000 acres accounts for land over which the Government 26 acquired a proprietary interest in 1943, affiliated with “Huachuca Ft. Wilcox area,” and 640 acres, affiliated with “Huachuca Ft. Gila Bend.” (Doc. 12-5, pg. 39.) 27 5 In re the General Adjudication of All Rights to Use Water in the Gila River System 28 and Source, In re Fort Huachuca, Contested Case No. W1-11-605, Superior Court for the County of Maricopa (Apr. 4, 2008). 1 160 acres of school land, 960 acres of public domain land, or 23,666 later-ceded acres of || Fort Huachuca land, to which it did not. Grobet’s website submission from the U.S. Army || website confirms that Fort Huachuca is in large part a military base, but the fact that part 4|| of the Fort’s territory is unquestionably military controlled and under exclusive federal 5 || jurisdiction is not seriously contested by the parties. And, importantly, that fact does not 6 || answer the question of the location of the events at issue in this suit. Grobet, as the party || seeking removal, has the burden of establishing federal jurisdiction. Because Grobet has 8 || not established whether the acts at issue in this case occurred on a federal enclave subject 9|| to exclusive federal jurisdiction, the Court concludes that Grobet has not satisfied its 10 || burden. 11 CONCLUSION 12 Accordingly, 13 IT IS ORDERED that Plaintiff's Motion to Remand (Doc. 12) is GRANTED. The Clerk of Court shall provide Pima County Superior Court with electronic notification that 15 || the case has been remanded so that it may reconvene its proceedings; 16 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Clerk of Court is directed to close the file in 17 || this case. 18 Dated this 26th day of July, 2020. 19 20 □ 21 pote Soipe 99 Honoral le Jennife ve Zfpps United States District Judge 23 24 25 26 27 28

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