LAMM, J.
Suit brought in Pemiscot Circuit Court in 1907 under old section 650 (now sec. 2535, E. S. 1909) to determine title to the northeast quarter of section 36, township 20, range 12, Pemiscot county. Prom a decree for defendant, plaintiffs come up.
The common source of title, Alexander Barnes," died in 1869, a resident of Pemiscot, leaving Agnes his widow and no children, and seized in fee of many parcels of land situate here and there in that county— among them, that in dispute. Some of plaintiffs are the half-brothers and half-sisters of Alexander, others are the descendants of those dead. Defendant holds, if at all, under the will of John C. Parks, deceased, duly probated. Agnes, relict of Alexander, intermarried with one Cropper. John C. Parks held under a conveyance executed in 1902 by Agnes (now dead) and her said second spouse, and duly spread of record. Agnes, in turn, held an estate (that has fallen in) as common law dowress, or as owner in fee under the will of her first spouse.
The issue here is sharp and single. If Alexander died testate and his will devised the land to his widow, as asserted by defendant, then defendant’s title is good by devises and mesne conveyances. Contra, if he died intestate as to this land, or if his will did not operate to devise it to her, then, subject to her dower, the title by descent cast vested, eo instante, on Alexander’s [542]*542death, in his half-brothers and half-sisters and (Agnes’s dower having lapsed) now rests in them and the descendants of those dead, to-wit, plaintiffs. In that view of it, they hold a good title unless the thirty-year Statute of Limitation bars action and vests title in defendant, or unless there is laches in the way.
The petition alleges and the answer denies that the land is wild and uncultivated timber land, not in the possession of any one. The proof shows that it is fenced, partly cleared and cultivated, and has been in .defendant’s possession since the death of her husband in 1905. Prior to that it had been in possession of her husband since the date of his deed in 1902.
The petition alleges plaintiffs have a fee simple title and that defendant makes a claim (adverse and prejudicial to them) of some right, title, estate, or interest, the nature and character of which is unknown to plaintiffs. By answer defendant admits such adverse claim, alleges she is the owner in fee, denies plaintiffs’ ownership and avers that for “many years” by and through her tenants and grantors she is and has been in actual possession. The proof tends to show that Agnes at the time of her husband’s death and until she conveyed, claimed to own the land, that most of plaintiffs lived for a generation or so near the land, that plaintiffs knew of her claim of ownership and assertion of title under her husband’s will from the outset and never asserted any title or claim until a few months before the 3d day of October, 1907, when they had an abstract of title made (which, they claim, disclosed their ownership) and thereupon on said date brought this suit; that the title emanated from the general government in 1850, that the land was swamp land, that it was patented by Pemiscot county to Alexander Barnes in 1858, that during his lifetime he paid the taxes thereon, that since his death his widow and after her those claiming under her paid the taxes to this time, that plaintiffs paid no taxes and were never in [543]*543possession, and that at a certain unnamed time those records of Pemiscot county that did not go up in smoke and flame were reduced to ashes.
It is agreed that a certain set of abstract books known as “Carleton’s Abstracts” became by legislative enactment and orders of the circuit and county court evidence of land titles in that county.
The proof also shows, as said, that Alexander Barnes owned a great many scattered tracts of land in Pemiscot, that Carleton’s Abstracts show the following entry anent the will of Alexander, to-wit: “Alexander Barnes to Agnes Barnes, conveying all lands in Pemiscot county, headed consideration, love and affection. Instrument, last will, dated September 10, 1869, filed July 8-, 1871 recorded book D page 9.” That entry appears on those abstract books opposite every other tract of land of which Barnes died seized, but not opposite the tract in question.
Defendant to further sustain the issues on her side put in parol testimony from an old citizen, Mr. Wells, a witness to the will of Alexander Barnes. It is shown thereby that Carleton wrote the will, and that it was signed by Carleton, Key ser and Wells as witnesses. Mr. Wells remembered that the will left all of testa tor’s real estate, “his entire holding,” to Agnes his wife, that testator left a small sum to “his preacher” who lived in New Orleans, say, twenty-five dollars, and his land he willed to his wife. Mr. Wells did not remember appearing at the probating of the will.
On such record, the questions are: •
First. Is the absence of the entry showing the recording of a will, with a minute of its terms, opposite or in connection with the land in question, on Carleton’s Abstracts, fatal to defendant’s title?
Second. The entry being silent about a probate of Alexander’s will, is that silence a fatal flaw in defendant’s title?
[544]*544Third. The title having emanated from the Government in 1850' and Alexander having become patentee in-1858, and he and his widow and her grantees having paid all taxes since' 1858, and the present defendant being in actual possession for more than one year before the institution of this suit, and plaintiffs having paid no taxes for over thirty years and never having been in possession — on such premises, we say, does the thirty-year Statute of Limitation run in favor of defendant? (And herein of the question: Is it necessary to plead the thirty-year Statute of Limitation in a suit under old section 650?)
Fourth. In any event, is there ladies precluding recovery on the part of plaintiffs? (And herein of the question: Is laches a defense that must be pleaded to be effective?)
It is obvious that if the first two asking .propositions be ruled in favor of defendant, plaintiffs’ case breaks at that point, the land is hers and the judgment stands for affirmance. In that view of it, the last two will not be reached. We are of opinion they should be so ruled and that the trial court solved its problem in good form and according to rule. This, because:
(a) What we have to say on the concrete case may appropriately follow some general pertinent and controlling propositions. Thus: From the very necessity of things the strict rules of evidence must be relaxed in support of ancient and dim transactions. “There is a time when the rules of evidence must be relaxed. We-cannot summon ■ witnesses from the grave, rake memory from its ashes, or give freshness and vigor to the dull and torpid brain.” [per Ag-new, J., in Richards v. Elwell, 48 Pa. St. l. c. 367.] Experience, says the wise Latin, is mistress of things (Magistra rerum experientia.) We learn from the school of that mistress that when records of land titles are in ashes, witnesses to wills dead, scattered to the four winds of their memories are dull and dim with age and [545]
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LAMM, J.
Suit brought in Pemiscot Circuit Court in 1907 under old section 650 (now sec. 2535, E. S. 1909) to determine title to the northeast quarter of section 36, township 20, range 12, Pemiscot county. Prom a decree for defendant, plaintiffs come up.
The common source of title, Alexander Barnes," died in 1869, a resident of Pemiscot, leaving Agnes his widow and no children, and seized in fee of many parcels of land situate here and there in that county— among them, that in dispute. Some of plaintiffs are the half-brothers and half-sisters of Alexander, others are the descendants of those dead. Defendant holds, if at all, under the will of John C. Parks, deceased, duly probated. Agnes, relict of Alexander, intermarried with one Cropper. John C. Parks held under a conveyance executed in 1902 by Agnes (now dead) and her said second spouse, and duly spread of record. Agnes, in turn, held an estate (that has fallen in) as common law dowress, or as owner in fee under the will of her first spouse.
The issue here is sharp and single. If Alexander died testate and his will devised the land to his widow, as asserted by defendant, then defendant’s title is good by devises and mesne conveyances. Contra, if he died intestate as to this land, or if his will did not operate to devise it to her, then, subject to her dower, the title by descent cast vested, eo instante, on Alexander’s [542]*542death, in his half-brothers and half-sisters and (Agnes’s dower having lapsed) now rests in them and the descendants of those dead, to-wit, plaintiffs. In that view of it, they hold a good title unless the thirty-year Statute of Limitation bars action and vests title in defendant, or unless there is laches in the way.
The petition alleges and the answer denies that the land is wild and uncultivated timber land, not in the possession of any one. The proof shows that it is fenced, partly cleared and cultivated, and has been in .defendant’s possession since the death of her husband in 1905. Prior to that it had been in possession of her husband since the date of his deed in 1902.
The petition alleges plaintiffs have a fee simple title and that defendant makes a claim (adverse and prejudicial to them) of some right, title, estate, or interest, the nature and character of which is unknown to plaintiffs. By answer defendant admits such adverse claim, alleges she is the owner in fee, denies plaintiffs’ ownership and avers that for “many years” by and through her tenants and grantors she is and has been in actual possession. The proof tends to show that Agnes at the time of her husband’s death and until she conveyed, claimed to own the land, that most of plaintiffs lived for a generation or so near the land, that plaintiffs knew of her claim of ownership and assertion of title under her husband’s will from the outset and never asserted any title or claim until a few months before the 3d day of October, 1907, when they had an abstract of title made (which, they claim, disclosed their ownership) and thereupon on said date brought this suit; that the title emanated from the general government in 1850, that the land was swamp land, that it was patented by Pemiscot county to Alexander Barnes in 1858, that during his lifetime he paid the taxes thereon, that since his death his widow and after her those claiming under her paid the taxes to this time, that plaintiffs paid no taxes and were never in [543]*543possession, and that at a certain unnamed time those records of Pemiscot county that did not go up in smoke and flame were reduced to ashes.
It is agreed that a certain set of abstract books known as “Carleton’s Abstracts” became by legislative enactment and orders of the circuit and county court evidence of land titles in that county.
The proof also shows, as said, that Alexander Barnes owned a great many scattered tracts of land in Pemiscot, that Carleton’s Abstracts show the following entry anent the will of Alexander, to-wit: “Alexander Barnes to Agnes Barnes, conveying all lands in Pemiscot county, headed consideration, love and affection. Instrument, last will, dated September 10, 1869, filed July 8-, 1871 recorded book D page 9.” That entry appears on those abstract books opposite every other tract of land of which Barnes died seized, but not opposite the tract in question.
Defendant to further sustain the issues on her side put in parol testimony from an old citizen, Mr. Wells, a witness to the will of Alexander Barnes. It is shown thereby that Carleton wrote the will, and that it was signed by Carleton, Key ser and Wells as witnesses. Mr. Wells remembered that the will left all of testa tor’s real estate, “his entire holding,” to Agnes his wife, that testator left a small sum to “his preacher” who lived in New Orleans, say, twenty-five dollars, and his land he willed to his wife. Mr. Wells did not remember appearing at the probating of the will.
On such record, the questions are: •
First. Is the absence of the entry showing the recording of a will, with a minute of its terms, opposite or in connection with the land in question, on Carleton’s Abstracts, fatal to defendant’s title?
Second. The entry being silent about a probate of Alexander’s will, is that silence a fatal flaw in defendant’s title?
[544]*544Third. The title having emanated from the Government in 1850' and Alexander having become patentee in-1858, and he and his widow and her grantees having paid all taxes since' 1858, and the present defendant being in actual possession for more than one year before the institution of this suit, and plaintiffs having paid no taxes for over thirty years and never having been in possession — on such premises, we say, does the thirty-year Statute of Limitation run in favor of defendant? (And herein of the question: Is it necessary to plead the thirty-year Statute of Limitation in a suit under old section 650?)
Fourth. In any event, is there ladies precluding recovery on the part of plaintiffs? (And herein of the question: Is laches a defense that must be pleaded to be effective?)
It is obvious that if the first two asking .propositions be ruled in favor of defendant, plaintiffs’ case breaks at that point, the land is hers and the judgment stands for affirmance. In that view of it, the last two will not be reached. We are of opinion they should be so ruled and that the trial court solved its problem in good form and according to rule. This, because:
(a) What we have to say on the concrete case may appropriately follow some general pertinent and controlling propositions. Thus: From the very necessity of things the strict rules of evidence must be relaxed in support of ancient and dim transactions. “There is a time when the rules of evidence must be relaxed. We-cannot summon ■ witnesses from the grave, rake memory from its ashes, or give freshness and vigor to the dull and torpid brain.” [per Ag-new, J., in Richards v. Elwell, 48 Pa. St. l. c. 367.] Experience, says the wise Latin, is mistress of things (Magistra rerum experientia.) We learn from the school of that mistress that when records of land titles are in ashes, witnesses to wills dead, scattered to the four winds of their memories are dull and dim with age and [545]*545the transactions in judgment are ancient, the affairs of mankind would fall into an inextricable confusion leading to dismay and evil if the rules of evidence were not relaxed and if the law did not delight in applying certain kindly and convenient presumptions based on common experience and observation. IJnder such circumstances as said by Chief Justice Fuller, in Hammond v. Hopkins, 143 U. S. l. c. 274, “the hour glass must supply the ravages of the scythe. ’ ’ One of the precepts of the law is: What ought to be done is easily presumed. Another is: Presumptions arise from what generally happens'. [Post v. Pearsall, 22 Wend. l. c. 475, et seq.] We may borrow a little with profit from that case, viz.:
“The presumption of a fact is the conclusion drawn in the silence of all positive proof, from such existing circumstances as common experience shows ordinarily to accompany or follow the fact presumed. One of the greatest of modern civilians has condensed the whole philosophy of presumptive evidence into a definition of six words: ‘ Preswnptio, ex eo quod plerumque fit.’ Giojas as quoted by Pothier. Every well grounded presumption, then, is but an inference of the understanding from the common observation of life and the usual motives and conduct of mankind. . . . And again (quoting from Chancellor Erskinu in Hillary v. Waller, 12 Ves. 265): ‘Mankind, from the infirmity and necessity of their situation, must, for the preservation of their property and rights, have recourse to some general principle to take the place of individual and specific belief, which can hold only as to matters within our own time; upon which a conclusion can be formed from particular and individual knowledge.’ ”
Again: Experience teaches us that things are generally rightly done. That to do things wrongly is the exception, not the rule. Therefrom certain convenient and lenient legal presumptions arise and are [546]*546universally indulged by courts when called for in administering' justice, to-wit: All things are presumed to be lawfully done, until proof be made to the contrary. [2 Co. Litt. (1 Am. Ed.), 232b.] All things are presumed to. have been rightly and duly performed until it is proved to the contrary. [Co. Lift. 232, Ibid.] Agreeably to those presumptions run the trite ones that innocence is presumed, that due care is presumed, that negligence is not presumed, and many more of the family of friendly inferences. Says Sergeant, J., in Foulk v. Brown, 2 Watts, 215: “The rule of-presumption, when traced to its foundation,- is a rule of -convenience and policy, the result of a necessary regard to the peace and security of society.” [Quoted with approval by this, court in Williams v. Mitchell, 112 Mo. l. c. 313.]
So, “The subject of the favorable presumptions which-are indulged in behalf of- persons acting in an official capacity, especially after a long lapse of time has intervened, has been quite extensively discussed in Long v. Joplin M. & S. Co., 68 Mo. 422. In similar circumstances ■ the like lenient presumptions are indulged in favor of persons who occupy no official station. Every one is presumed to govern himself by the rules of right reason, and consequently that he acquits himself of his engagements and his duty. [1 Phil. Ev., Oowen & Hill’s notes, pp. 604-605, sec. 10.] ” [Per Sherwood, J., in Lenox v. Harrison, 88 Mo. l. c. 496.]
Again: When things are done which are concomitant with other things, and which could not be rightfully done unless those other things which usually precede them, or which must legally precede them, are also done, then when the case requires it the law supplies the presumption that such antecedent things were also done (Chlanda v. Transit Co., 213 Mo. l. c. 260, et seq. and authorities and cases cited) — the maxim being: “Extremes being proved the medium things [547]*547are presumed” (Probatis extremis, praesumuntur media) .
The foregoing maxims, precepts and presumptions are applied in innumerable cases to work out justice. And as no general rule applying them can be given, examples will best show the trend of the judicial mind in that behalf, viz.: ' ’
In State ex rel. v. Kupferle, it was ruled that where the directors of a private corporation were acting as such in fact, it will be presumed they were really elected until the contrary be shown. [44 Mo. l. c. 158.]
In Long v. Smelting Company where the question was over the delivery of an administrator’s deed it was ruled that where the purchase money was shown to be paid the presumption was that the deed was delivered —delivery being a usual concomitant in the ordinary course of business. [68 Mo. l. c. 430 et seg.]
In Wooldridge v. Quinn it was claimed the judgment entered was not the judgment rendered by the court. On proof that the clerk’s minutes supported the judgment it was ruled that presumptively the judgment was right. [70 Mo. l. c. 371-2.]
In American Insurance Company v. Smith, where the question was whether a note was void because the plaintiff company had no right to do business in the State, it was ruled that the possession of the note by plaintiff company was presumptive evidence that it had complied with our laws relating to admission to . the State to do an insurance business — in other words.its transaction of business was presumed to be lawful.' and not unlawful. [73- Mo. l. c. 370.]
In Fitzgerald v. Barker it was ruled that the possession of a note payable to another was sufficient to raise a presumption of a proper transfer to plaintiff. [85 Mo. l. c. 20-1.]
In Bush v. White it was ruled that the narration ■ of an officer in a deed that the sale was made at the courthouse raises a presumption that the sale was con[548]*548ducted at the lawful and customary place for execution sales, to-wit, at the courthouse door. [Ibid. l. c. 357.]
In Breckenridge v. Insurance Company, where the question was whether the assignment of a policy of insurance had been communicated by a regular agent to the company, it was ruled that presumptively it was communicated and was approved by the company, this being the orderly and usual course of business. [87 Mo. l. c. 71.]
In Hammond v. Gordon it was ruled that the court would presume that the officer taking an acknowledgment of a deed stamped his seal thereon. [93 Mo. l. c. 225.]
In McCoy v. Cassidy it was ruled that where the record copy of a sheriff: ’s deed did not show a seal, the presumption would be indulged that the original was sealed where the copy so stated. [96 Mo. 429.]
In Blodgett v. Perry, in aid of a sheriff’s deed it was ruled that it would be presumed that the clerk who issued and the sheriff who sold under the execution, obeyed the dictates of duty and complied with the law. [97 Mo. l. c. 271-2.]
In Williams v. Mitchell, 112 Mo. 300, it was held that the payment of a note for the purchase money of land and 'the delivery of a deed for the land might be presumed from facts stated.
In State ex rel. v. Ross, 118 Mo. l. c. 63, it was ruled that the filing of a provisional order appointing a receiver presupposes the filing of a petition prior to that order and that a presumption arises such petition was filed first.
In Chouteau v. Railroad, 122 Mo. l. c. 384, it was ruled that where the charter of a railroad company did not authorize it to receive a conveyance of land except for railroad purposes, it would be presumed that a given conveyance was received for such purposes.
In Ivy v. Tancey, 129 Mo. l. c. 509, it was ruled [549]*549that the making of a trust, deed on land presupposed a prior deed to grantor by which she acquired title.
In Roe v. Bank, 167 Mo. l. c. 424, where bank books showed a loan was made the presumption was indulged that the nature, character and the essential features of the loan were known to the bank and were approved by it in all points and particulars.
Such examples, showing the application of presumptions arising from the course of ordinary business, in. the absence of countervailing testimony, might be indefinitely extended, and we close with two more, closer to the point.
In Creasy v. Alverson, 43 Mo. l. c. 19-20, in the case of a domestic will, it was held that the record of the will which had upon it the proof of its execution, presupposed its proper admission to probate — a probate being necessary to entitle the will to record.
In Rothwell v. Jamison, 147 Mo. 601, the Creasy casé was cited with approval and it was ruled that the recording of a will, with the evidence taken when the will was exhibited for proof, created a presumption that there had been an order confirming the probate of the will when a long time had elapsed, because otherwise the recording of the will was in violation of the law. That is, the action of the recording officer would be presumed proper, absent countervailing proof.
(b) We come now to apply the maxims, precepts and presumptions, together with the principles to be educed from the cases cited in their broad philosophy, to the case at bar. At the time of the death, of Alexander Barnes the statute required the recording of a will by the clerk of the county court in a book kept for that purpose, “within thirty days after probate,” and that the original should be carefully filed in his office. Where lands were situate in different counties a copy of a will devising the same was required to be recorded in the recorder’s office of each county, “with[550]*550in six months after probate.” [R. S. 1865, secs. 25 and 28, p. 530.]
The validity and consequent operative force of a will as a muniment of title to real estate, hinges on its probate in common or solemn form. A probate of a will is the crucial test, experimenhm crucis, of its vitality and validity in vesting title to real estate in a devisee. Without such probate there is a writing, a mere scroll, but no will. Accordingly the statute contemplates a probate of a will as a condition precedent to its record — the theory being no probate, no will; no probate, no record. The will of Alexander Barnes, as shown by Carleton’s Abstracts, was recorded nearly ■forty years gone. It was not entitled to such record without a probate and an officer who recorded it without a probate would have violated his statutory duty. At the times in hand wills were probated in county courts and the very clerk whose duty it was to record the will after probating, was clerk of that court and had custody of its records. His duty was to inform himself of the fact of probate and not to record the will without one. The presumption is he did his duty.
The premises in mind, in aid of this ancient document on which the parties have rested with tranquility and security for more than the average life of a man, we think the presumptions and doctrines considered in paragraph “a” of this opinion may be invoked. We rule, then, that the presumption is that the will was probated — that its very record presupposes a probate.
If probated, as we shall presume, then its terms are to be reckoned with. Those terms are that it willed all testator’s lands in Pemiscot county to Agnes Barnes. Given that Barnes owned the land in dispute, as here, that will devised it to his widow, and we so hold.
We are cited to Penderson v. Timber Co., 104 Mo. App. l. c. 296-7, as holding a contrary doctrine. The [551]*551will dealt with, there was a Pennsylvania will. It was recorded here with no certificate of probate and it was held inadmissible as a mnniment of title, absent proof of probate. It was held that its mere record here was no evidence it had been proved and probated in Pennsylvania in accordance with onr laws as onr statutes require. The Penderson case is not our case.
(c) Something is made of the fact that a minute of the terms of the will do not appear on the abstract books in connection with the tract. We do not consider that omission fatal. If these plaintiffs were purchasers for value without having knowledge or information of the existence of a will, and if they had bought the land from an apparent owner relying on the history of the title of the specific tract as it appears on Carleton’s Abstract books, we might have a different case here. But it substantially appearing from the entries on those abstract books that the will covered all the land of Barnes, it should therefore have been noted in connection with the tract in dispute. That it was not is a mere oversight. It injured no one. That mistake did not leave the title in plaintiffs. If the will had been noted on those abstract books disconnected from any specific tract, would it not take the place of a record of the will as a muniment of title? That would be precisely the situation if the record had not been burned, and it had been read into the case. The point is without substance.
The views expressed settle the case without determining the two last propositions argued by counsel. Accordingly they are reserved.
The judgment is affirmed.
All concur.