Case 2:20-cv-08011-JWH-PVC Document 92 Filed 02/10/22 Page 1 of 20 Page ID #:3717
1 O 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 HAROLD PICK, Case No. 2:20-cv-08011-JWH-PVCx
12 Plaintiff, MEMORANDUM OPINION AND 13 v. ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART 14 MOTOROLA SOLUTIONS, INC., a PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR Delaware Corporation; PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT 15 FEDERAL BUREAU OF [ECF No. 14] INVESTIGATION; 16 EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY’S 17 OFFICE; and, UNITED STATES ATTORNEY’S 18 OFFICE FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS, 19 Defendants. 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Case 2:20-cv-08011-JWH-PVC Document 92 Filed 02/10/22 Page 2 of 20 Page ID #:3718
1 At first blush, this case appears to involve an exasperated plaintiff who 2 seeks the production of federal agency documents to which he is apparently 3 entitled under the Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”). But on closer 4 inspection, this case actually concerns the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure; 5 specifically, whether the government’s customary approach to adjudicating 6 FOIA actions takes precedence over the Federal Rules. The Court now holds 7 that it does not. 8 For more than two years, Plaintiff Harold Pick sought documents from 9 the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the United States Attorney’s Office for 10 the Northern District of Illinois (the “USAO”). Pick initially submitted his 11 FOIA request to the government in December 2019. In September 2020, after 12 10 months of back-and-forth communications and negotiations with those two 13 agencies and with the Department of Justice’s Office of Information Policy (the 14 “OIP”), Pick filed this action in this Court.1 Two-and-a-half months after that, 15 Pick filed the instant motion for partial summary judgment, asking this Court to 16 compel the USAO to produce the documents that Pick seeks through his 17 underlying FOIA request.2 Defendants responded that Pick’s Motion is 18 premature.3 19 Pick’s Motion has now been pending before this Court for more than a 20 year. The Court has conducted multiple hearings, affording Defendants ample 21 time to meet their self-imposed deadlines to comply with Pick’s FOIA request. 22 And yet, during the most recent hearing held on December 10, 2021, the USAO 23 admitted that tens of thousands of pages still remain to be produced. Despite 24 that fact (or perhaps because of it), Defendants maintain that it is still too early 25 for the Court to render a decision on Pick’s Motion. 26 1 See generally Compl. (the “Complaint”) [ECF No. 1]. 27 2 Pl.’s Mot. for Partial Summ. J. (the “Motion”) [ECF No. 14]. 28 3 Defs.’ Opp’n to the Motion (the “Opposition”) [ECF No. 28] 1:3-5. -2- Case 2:20-cv-08011-JWH-PVC Document 92 Filed 02/10/22 Page 3 of 20 Page ID #:3719
1 After considering the papers filed in support and in opposition,4 as well as 2 the arguments of counsel during multiple hearings, the Court orders that the 3 Motion is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part, as explained herein. 4 I. BACKGROUND 5 A. History of Pick’s FOIA Request 6 1. The Events That Led to Pick’s FOIA Request 7 Harold Pick previously operated a radio-servicing shop, which was the 8 subject of an FBI raid in 2004.5 That raid was prompted by Pick’s (allegedly 9 unsuspecting) involvement with a convicted conman, Nicholas DeLuca. 10 DeLuca was ultimately charged with stealing radio parts from Defendant 11 Motorola Solutions, Inc.6 Although Pick was never charged with a crime, 12 Motorola subsequently sued him for copyright infringement.7 Pick suspects that 13 the FBI gave to Motorola the hard drives that the FBI confiscated from Pick 14 during the raid.8 Those hard drives formed the evidentiary basis for Motorola’s 15 civil lawsuit against Pick: Motorola v. Pick, Case No. 2:04-cv-2655 (C.D. Cal.) 16 17 18
19 4 The Court considered the following papers: (1) First Am. Compl. (the “Amended Complaint”) [ECF No. 13]; (2) the Motion (including its 20 attachments); (3) Suppl. Briefing by Pl. Regarding the USAO Defs.’ November 30, 2020, FOIA Response (“Pick’s November 2020 Supplemental 21 Brief”) [ECF No. 25] (4) the Opposition (including its attachments); (5) Pl.’s Reply in Supp. of the Motion (the “Reply”) [ECF No. 30]; (6) Government 22 Defs.’ Status Report (the “February 2021 Status Report”) [ECF No. 35]; (7) Suppl. Mem. in Supp. of the Motion (“Pick’s April 2021 Supplemental 23 Brief”) [ECF No. 39]; (8) Joint Report on the Motion (the “July 2021 Status Report”) [ECF No. 54]; (9) Government Defs.’ Unilateral Status Report (the 24 “September 2021 Status Report”) [ECF No. 71]; (10) Pl.’s Suppl. Mem. Regarding Issues Raised at Nov. 19, 2021, Hr’g [ECF No. 85-1]; and (11) Defs.’ 25 Response to Pl.’s Sur-Reply [ECF No. 87]. 26 5 Motion 1:3-7. 6 Id. at 7:13-27. 27 7 Id. at 1:7-2:6. 28 8 Amended Complaint ¶¶ 44-50. -3- Case 2:20-cv-08011-JWH-PVC Document 92 Filed 02/10/22 Page 4 of 20 Page ID #:3720
1 (the “Motorola Lawsuit”).9 Pick lost the Motorola Lawsuit, and a judgment for 2 $1.2 million was entered against him.10 3 In December 2019, Pick filed a FOIA request with the USAO and with the 4 FBI,11 through which he seeks documents and records concerning the FBI’s 5 alleged assistance to Motorola in connection with the Motorola Lawsuit.12 6 2. The USAO’s Initial Response to Pick’s FOIA Request 7 Both agencies rejected Pick’s FOIA request. The USAO raised FOIA 8 Exemptions (b)(6) and (b)(7)(C), which concern invasions of personal privacy,13 9 and the FBI asserted that it had no records.14 Pick appealed those rejections to 10 the OIP.15 11 In April 2020, the OIP granted Pick’s appeal and remanded the matter to 12 Defendant the Executive Office of the USAO (the “EOUSA”) for further 13 handling.16 According to Pick, the OIP agreed that the invasions into Pick’s 14 constitutional rights outweighed any residual privacy associated with DeLuca’s 15 guilty plea that led to his conviction.17 However, the EOUSA claimed that it had 16 no record of receiving the OIP’s remand order concerning Pick’s FOIA request 17 18 9 Id. at ¶ 51. 19 10 Id. at ¶ 59. 20 11 Id. at ¶ 76. 21 12 Federal Defs.’ Statement of Genuine Disputes of Material Facts in Opp’n to the Motion (“Defendants’ SSUF”) [ECF No. 28-1] ¶ 23. 22 13 Id. at ¶ 8. FOIA’s mandate regarding disclosure does not apply to “matters that are . . . (6) personnel and medical files and similar files the 23 disclosure of which would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy; (7) records or information compiled for law enforcement purposes, but 24 only to the extent that the production of such law enforcement records or information . . . (C) could reasonably be expected to constitute an unwarranted 25 invasion of personal privacy.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(6) & (7)(C). 26 14 Amended Complaint ¶ 78. 15 Id. at ¶ 79. 27 16 Id. at ¶ 84. 28 17 Motion 20:11. -4- Case 2:20-cv-08011-JWH-PVC Document 92 Filed 02/10/22 Page 5 of 20 Page ID #:3721
1 at or about that time.18 As a result of that alleged mishap, Pick heard nothing 2 more from either the EOUSA or the USAO (at least, not until after he filed this 3 action).19 4 3. The FBI’s Initial Response to Pick’s FOIA Request 5 In August 2020, the OIP informed Pick that the FBI had no records and 6 therefore could not produce any documents on remand.20 In response, Pick 7 contacted an FBI field office in Detroit.21 Those efforts resulted in the FBI’s 8 immediate production of a relevant two-page document.22 In view of that 9 speedy document production, Pick deemed the OIP’s August 2020 10 communique “unreasonable.”23 Pick commenced this case the next day.24 11 4. Defendants’ Production Efforts to Date 12 Pick filed the instant Motion on November 16, 2020.25 Two weeks later, 13 the EOUSA issued a FOIA Response letter purporting to provide a full release 14 of all responsive records, although Pick contends that it was not a full release.26 15 This Court conducted its first hearing on the Motion on January 8, 2021.27 16 In accordance with this Court’s direction, the EOUSA filed a status report in 17
18 18 See July 2021 Status Report 4:13-17. 19 Amended Complaint ¶ 85. It is undisputed that the next communication 19 that Pick received from the EOUSA was a letter to Pick’s attorney, dated October 16, 2020, stating “[t]his request was opened upon notification that the 20 Office of Information Policy has remanded your prior request for processing.” Defendants’ SSUF ¶ 18. 21 20 Amended Complaint at ¶¶ 86-88; Defendants’ SSUF ¶ 31. 22 21 Defendants’ SSUF ¶ 36. 23 22 Amended Complaint ¶¶ 89-93. Defendants say that they dispute some of those allegations “in part,” but they fail to specify what is disputed or why. See 24 Defendants’ SSUF ¶¶ 36-38. Accordingly, the Court will treat those facts as undisputed. 25 23 Motion 10:24. 26 24 See generally Complaint. 25 See generally Motion. 27 26 See generally Pick’s November 2020 Supplemental Brief. 28 27 Unless otherwise indicated, all subsequent dates are in 2021. -5- Case 2:20-cv-08011-JWH-PVC Document 92 Filed 02/10/22 Page 6 of 20 Page ID #:3722
1 February stating that it had found even more responsive documents and that it 2 set a goal to process all of the relevant documents in 45 days.28 3 On March 19, the EOUSA furnished what Pick characterized as “a good- 4 faith, nonfrivolous First Interim Response.”29 Pick even offered to withdraw his 5 Motion if the EOUSA’s Final Response was sufficient.30 6 Despite that momentary glimpse of an amicable resolution of this action, 7 the situation soured by the summer. In July, Pick expressed frustration that “no 8 Illinois records have been released other than two search warrants” that the 9 EOUSA had provided back in March.31 After an August hearing in this Court, 10 the EOUSA filed a September status report, stating it needed at least 14 more 11 months to process and review documents potentially responsive to Pick’s FOIA 12 request.32 13 B. Procedural History 14 Pick’s operative Complaint asserts three claims for relief: (1) action to 15 vacate a judgment; (2) FOIA document injunction against the EOUSA and 16 USAO; and (3) a FOIA statement of compliance, document injunction, and 17 FOIA discovery against the FBI.33 18 Pick moved for partial summary judgment on November 16, 2020, with 19 respect to only his second and third claims for relief.34 Defendants opposed a 20 month later,35 and Pick replied nine days after that.36 The Court held its first 21
22 28 February 2021 Status Report 2:18-27 & 3:15-16. 23 29 Pick’s April 2021 Supplemental Brief 3:11-12. 30 Id. at 3:13-17. 24 31 See July 2021 Status Report 3:22-23 (emphasis added). 25 32 September 2021 Status Report 6:7-8. 26 33 See generally Amended Complaint. 34 See generally Motion. 27 35 See generally Opposition. 28 36 See generally Reply. -6- Case 2:20-cv-08011-JWH-PVC Document 92 Filed 02/10/22 Page 7 of 20 Page ID #:3723
1 hearing on the Motion on January 8, and it conducted subsequent proceedings 2 on August 25, November 19, and December 10. 3 Pick reached an informal resolution with the FBI and withdrew his claims 4 against that agency on June 28.37 Accordingly, only Pick’s second claim for 5 relief remains at issue in in this Motion.38 On November 3, the parties jointly 6 stipulated to dismiss Motorola without prejudice under Rule 41(a)(1) of the 7 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure,39 so that Pick could refile a separate, stand- 8 alone action against Motorola, which he did shortly thereafter. See Pick v. 9 Motorola Solutions, Inc., Case No. 21:2-cv-08702 (C.D. Cal.).40 Accordingly, the 10 only defendants remaining in this action are the EOUSA and the USAO. 11 II. LEGAL STANDARD 12 A. Summary Judgment 13 Summary judgment is appropriate when there is no genuine issue as to 14 any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. 15 Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986). When 16 deciding a motion for summary judgment, the court construes the evidence in 17 the light most favorable to the non-moving party. Barlow v. Ground, 943 F.2d 18 1132, 1135 (9th Cir. 1991). However, “the mere existence of some alleged factual 19 dispute between the parties will not defeat an otherwise properly supported 20 motion for summary judgment; the requirement is that there be no genuine issue 21 of material fact.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247–48 (1986) 22 (emphasis in original). The substantive law determines which facts are material. 23 24 37 Withdrawal Without Prejudice of the Motion as to Def. Federal Bureau of 25 Investigation Only [ECF No. 51]. 38 Thus, the Court DENIES as moot the Motion with respect to Pick’s 26 third claim for relief. 27 39 Joint Stipulation of Dismissal without Prejudice—FRCP 41(a)(1) [ECF No. 80]. 28 40 Notice of Related Cases [ECF No. 81]. -7- Case 2:20-cv-08011-JWH-PVC Document 92 Filed 02/10/22 Page 8 of 20 Page ID #:3724
1 Id. at 248. “Only disputes over facts that might affect the outcome of the suit 2 under the governing law will properly preclude the entry of summary 3 judgment.” Id. Factual disputes that are “irrelevant or unnecessary” are not 4 counted. Id. 5 It is generally recognized that summary judgment is a proper avenue for 6 resolving a FOIA claim. See, e.g., Am. C.L. Union v. Fed. Bureau of Investigation, 7 2013 WL 3346845, at *2 (N.D. Cal. July 1, 2013). The Court may award 8 summary judgment solely on the basis of information provided by the 9 department or agency in affidavits when the affidavits describe “the documents 10 and the justifications for nondisclosure with reasonably specific detail, 11 demonstrate that the information withheld logically falls within the claimed 12 exemption, and are not controverted by either contrary evidence in the record 13 nor by evidence of agency bad faith.” Military Audit Project v. Casey, 656 F.2d 14 724, 738 (D.C. Cir. 1981); see also Vaughn v. Rosen, 484 F.2d 820, 826-28 15 (D.C. Cir. 1973). 16 B. The Freedom of Information Act 17 The fundamental purpose of the FOIA is to assist citizens in discovering 18 “what their government is up to.” United States Department of Justice v. 19 Reporters Comm. for Freedom of the Press, 489 U.S. 749, 773 (1989). The FOIA 20 strongly favors openness; Congress recognized in enacting the FOIA that an 21 informed citizenry is “vital to the functioning of a democratic society, needed to 22 check against corruption and to hold the governors accountable to the 23 governed.” N.L.R.B. v. Robbins Tire & Rubber Co., 437 U.S. 214, 242 (1978). 24 Under the FOIA, an agency may withhold documents responsive to a 25 FOIA request if the documents fall within one of nine enumerated statutory 26 exemptions. See 5 U.S.C. § 552(b). However, those nine categories of 27 exemptions are “limited,” and they “must be narrowly construed.” Dep’t of 28 Air Force v. Rose, 425 U.S. 352, 361 (1976). The government agency ultimately -8- Case 2:20-cv-08011-JWH-PVC Document 92 Filed 02/10/22 Page 9 of 20 Page ID #:3725
1 bears the burden to prove that a redacted or withheld document falls within one 2 of those exemptions. See Dobronski v. FCC, 17 F.3d 275, 277 (9th Cir. 1994). 3 The government may submit affidavits to satisfy its burden, but “the 4 government ‘may not rely upon conclusory and generalized allegations of 5 exemptions.’” Kamman v. IRS, 56 F.3d 46, 48 (9th Cir. 1995) (quoting Church 6 of Scientology v. Dep’t of the Army, 611 F.2d 738, 742 (9th Cir. 1980)). The 7 government’s “affidavits must contain ‘reasonably detailed descriptions of the 8 documents and allege facts sufficient to establish an exemption.’” Id. (quoting 9 Lewis v. IRS, 823 F.2d 375, 378 (9th Cir. 1987)). 10 III. DISCUSSION 11 A. Partial Summary Judgment 12 Defendants raise three arguments for why partial summary judgment is 13 inappropriate. The Court evaluates and rejects each of Defendants’ arguments 14 in turn, and it grants Pick’s motion for partial summary judgment with respect 15 to his second claim for relief. 16 Defendants have already withheld some documents and will likely 17 withhold more, pursuant to statutory exemptions under the FOIA. See 5 U.S.C. 18 § 552(b). While the Court expects that some (or, perhaps, many) decisions to 19 withhold or redact documents may be meritorious, the onus now lies squarely on 20 Defendants to justify withholding any responsive documents from Pick. 21 1. Timing 22 For more than a year, Defendants have argued that the Motion is 23 premature.41 Defendants would prefer to finish their review of potentially 24 responsive documents—producing some and withholding some, presumably on 25 their self-imposed timetables—before filing their own motion for summary 26 judgment. See, e.g., Am. C.L. Union, 2013 WL 3346845, at *1 (parties filed cross 27
28 41 See Opposition 8:11-11:19. -9- Case 2:20-cv-08011-JWH-PVC Document 92 Filed 02/10/22 Page 10 of 20 Page ID #:3726
1 motions for summary judgment after the FBI produced some documents and 2 withheld others). As discussed at length during the hearings, Defendants view 3 Pick’s approach as atypical—a plaintiff’s early summary judgment motion 4 upsets Defendants’ expectations and desires regarding how FOIA disputes are 5 customarily litigated. 6 But as this Court signaled during those hearings and reiterates now, 7 Defendants’ view is neither persuasive nor dispositive.42 The Federal Rules of 8 Civil Procedure necessarily govern this case, notwithstanding that Defendants 9 may be used to handling FOIA requests in their own way. Those Rules clearly 10 provide that “a party may file a motion for summary judgment at any time until 11 30 days after the close of all discovery.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(b). 12 Notwithstanding the plain text of that Rule, Defendants offer three 13 reasons for their position. First, Defendants point to the Advisory Committee 14 Notes, which state that a motion for summary judgment is premature when the 15 responding defendant has not answered.43 But that argument is no longer 16 applicable here; Defendants answered nearly a year ago.44 17 Second, Defendants cite Hornbostel v. U.S. Dep’t of Interior, 305 18 F. Supp. 2d 21 (D.D.C. 2003), an out-of-circuit case in which a district court 19 noted that a “lack of timeliness does not preclude summary judgment for an 20 agency in a FOIA case.”45 Id. at 28. But that case is inapposite because it stands 21 for the proposition that a lack of timeliness does not preclude the agency from 22 obtaining summary judgment in its favor. Here, the FOIA plaintiff is the moving 23 party. Hornbostel is a sword for the government, not a shield. 24 25 42 See Tr. of Videoconference Proceedings via Zoom held on January 8, 2021 26 (“January 8 Hearing”) [ECF No. 78] 25:14-16. 43 Opposition 9:17-10:2. 27 44 See Answer to Am. Compl. [ECF No. 29]. 28 45 Opposition 7:25-8:4. -10- Case 2:20-cv-08011-JWH-PVC Document 92 Filed 02/10/22 Page 11 of 20 Page ID #:3727
1 Third, in supplemental briefing, Defendants cite Pinson v. U.S. Dep’t of 2 Just., 975 F. Supp. 2d 20, 32 (D.D.C. 2013), ostensibly for the proposition that 3 summary judgment is not ripe until the responding agency produces a Vaughan 4 index.46 However, that case does not support Defendants’ argument. The 5 procedural posture in Pinson was a motion for a preliminary injunction, wherein 6 a pro se plaintiff moved for a Vaughan index, among other unusual forms of relief. 7 The Pinson court held that a “Vaughn index is not typically required until the 8 Defendants must factually support a motion for summary judgment.” Id. In 9 contrast, here the procedural posture is appropriate for a Vaughan index, but 10 Defendants have not produced one.47 11 Additionally, during the hearings, Defendants insinuated that the agencies 12 can move only so quickly, with their limited staff and resources. While the 13 Court is deeply sensitive to those realities—and considers them in formulating 14 an appropriate remedy—the availability of USAO staff or resources is not 15 relevant to Pick’s ability to move for summary judgment under the Federal 16 Rules of Civil Procedure, let alone his statutory rights under the FOIA. See 17 generally 5 U.S.C. § 552(b) (making no exemption for lack of agency resources). 18 Indeed, when an agency’s FOIA program fails to produce “efficient and 19 20 46 July 2021 Status Report 8:8-25. “A requester can move a federal district 21 court for a Vaughn index [from Vaughn v. Rosen, 484 F.2d 820 (D.C. Cir. 1973)] to compel the withholding agency to detail the redacted documents and to justify 22 the elements in the record that have been exempted from disclosure.” Pinson, 975 F. Supp. 2d at 32. 23 47 In their Opposition, Defendants also invoke Landis v. North Am. Co., 299 U.S. 248, 254 (1936), to support their argument that Pick’s request for a 24 Vaughan index should be denied. Opposition 9:9-16; see also Amended Complaint 19:17-20. Landis is broadly read to mean that the Court has inherent 25 power to stay a proceeding in the name of judicial economy. Landis, 299 U.S. at 254. But Defendants do not ask for a stay. Furthermore, if Defendants were to 26 request a stay of the proceedings, they would need to demonstrate that “exceptional circumstances” exist. 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(6)(C)(i); see generally 27 Edmond v. U.S. Atty., 959 F. Supp. 1 (D.D.C. 1997). Exceptional circumstances do not include “delay[s] that result[] from a predictable agency workload of 28 requests . . . .” 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(6)(C)(ii). -11- Case 2:20-cv-08011-JWH-PVC Document 92 Filed 02/10/22 Page 12 of 20 Page ID #:3728
1 appropriate” results, current policy holds that those programs “should be 2 reformed”—not that the FOIA requestor should be told to wait. See Exec. 3 Order No. 13392, 70 Fed. Reg. 75,373 § 1(c). 4 2. General Dispute of Material Fact 5 Defendants’ second contention is that a genuine dispute exists with 6 respect to material facts.48 The Court disagrees. The only material facts at this 7 point are (1) whether Defendants improperly withheld any documents; and 8 (2) whether any documents remain to be produced. The Court finds in the 9 affirmative on both: Defendants concede that Pick has standing,49 and they 10 concede that thousands of pages of responsive documents remain unproduced.50 11 Furthermore, it is no answer that Defendants have produced documents in the 12 interim. A recalcitrant federal agency cannot defeat a motion for summary 13 judgment simply by trickling out responsive documents. Indeed, that would 14 constitute the kind of “cat and mouse” delay tactics that the FOIA eschews and 15 judicial economy abhors. Cf. Senate of the Com. of Puerto Rico on Behalf of 16 Judiciary Comm. v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 823 F.2d 574, 580 (D.C. Cir. 1987) 17 (warning that the statutory goals of FOIA can be frustrated by agency actions 18 that operate to delay the ultimate resolution of the disclosure request). 19 3. Exemptions 20 Third, Defendants argue that they have not waived any FOIA 21 exemptions.51 In response, Pick argues that res judicata from the OIP appeal 22 essentially estops Defendants from raising new exemptions. While the Court 23 disagrees with Pick as a matter of law, that does not preclude the Court from 24 granting summary judgment in his favor. 25
26 48 Opposition 11:20-12:15. 49 See also id. at 7:19-8:10 (implicitly acknowledging that Pick has standing). 27 50 September 2021 Status Report 6:7-8. 28 51 Opposition 12:16-13:9. -12- Case 2:20-cv-08011-JWH-PVC Document 92 Filed 02/10/22 Page 13 of 20 Page ID #:3729
1 The FOIA makes clear that “[o]n complaint . . . the court shall determine 2 the matter de novo, and may examine the contents of such agency records in 3 camera to determine whether such records or any part thereof shall be withheld 4 under any of the exemptions.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B). Under Ninth Circuit 5 law, a district court is not required to defer “to the agency’s determination or 6 rationale regarding disclosures.” Louis v. U.S. Dep’t of Lab., 419 F.3d 970, 977 7 (9th Cir. 2005). Furthermore, the court in Louis looked to Young v. C.I.A., 972 8 F.2d 536, 538 (4th Cir. 1992), for the proposition that an agency does not waive 9 exemptions prior to litigation in the district court.52 Louis, 419 F.3d at 978. Pick 10 attempts to downplay the Ninth Circuit’s acceptance of Young, arguing that it is 11 dicta because Louis was based on one of FOIA’s self-executing exemptions.53 12 The Court disagrees in part; the Ninth Circuit’s endorsement of Young was not 13 couched on a specific exemption. And while Louis’s endorsement of Young did 14 occur in dicta, it is nonetheless persuasive authority for this Court. Importantly, 15 Pick cites no counter-authority for the proposition that agencies waive their 16 exemptions at the administrative level. His authorities support only the notion 17 that agencies may not raise untimely exemptions on appeal to a circuit court, 18 except in extraordinary circumstances.54 See Maydak v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 218 19 F.3d 760, 769 (D.C. Cir. 2000) (admonishing an agency for playing “cat and 20 mouse by withholding its most powerful cannon until after the District Court 21 has decided the case and then springing it on surprised opponents and the 22
23 52 The Fourth Circuit reaffirmed Young in Seldowitz v. Off. of Inspector Gen., U.S. Dep’t of State, 238 F.3d 414, 2000 WL 1742098, *5 n.4 (4th Cir. 2000). 24 District courts in the D.C. Circuit have also endorsed Young. See, e.g., Sinito v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 2000 WL 36691372, at *16 (D.D.C. July 12, 2000), aff’d in 25 part sub nom. Sinito v. Dep’t of Just., 22 F. App’x 1 (D.C. Cir. 2001) (noting that “an agency is not barred from invoking a particular exemption in litigation 26 merely because that exemption was not cited in responding to the request at the administrative level”); Kay v. F.C.C., 867 F. Supp. 11, 22 (D.D.C. 1994). 27 53 Reply 8:10-19. 28 54 Id. at 9:19-23. -13- Case 2:20-cv-08011-JWH-PVC Document 92 Filed 02/10/22 Page 14 of 20 Page ID #:3730
1 judge”); see also August v. Fed. Bureau of Investigation, 328 F.3d 697, 701 2 (D.C. Cir. 2003) (“[n]othing in Maydak requires that we order disclosure solely 3 to deter the Government from playing cat and mouse games”) (internal 4 quotations omitted). 5 That said, the Court finds nothing in the statute that gives Defendants a 6 right to reserve their exemptions after they have already answered.55 Moreover, 7 nothing in the case law that Defendants cite affords such an entitlement. For 8 example, cases such as Farmworkers Legal Servs. of N. Carolina, Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t 9 of Lab., 639 F. Supp. 1368, 1371 (E.D.N.C. 1986), reiterate that the “relevant 10 cases universally hold that exemption defenses are not too late if initially raised 11 in the district court.”56 But again, that holding applies in the context of an 12 appeal. It says nothing about summary judgment. In the normal course of a 13 motion for summary judgment, the nonmoving party must oppose the moving 14 party’s arguments. Otherwise, the court considers that the nonmoving party has 15 acceded to them. See Jenkins v. County of Riverside, 398 F.3d 1093, 1095 n.4 (9th 16 Cir. 2005) (plaintiff abandoned claims by not raising them in opposition to 17 motion for summary judgment). 18 Defendants’ Opposition makes no mention of any exemption, nor do 19 Defendants maintain that the OIP erred.57 Even in their most recent papers, 20 Defendants make no argument for any exemption,58 despite the fact that they 21
22 55 But see Sciba v. Bd. of Governor of Fed. Rsrv. Sys., 2005 WL 758260, at *1 (D.D.C. Apr. 1, 2005) (summarizing relevant D.C. Circuit case law on FOIA 23 and finding that “[t]hese cases do not specify, as the plaintiff contends, that FOIA Exemptions must be made in the answer to the complaint”). 24 56 The general rule, as announced in Maydak v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 218 F.3d 760, 764 (D.C. Cir. 2000), is that the agency “must assert all exemptions at the 25 same time, in the original district court proceedings.” But Maydak is silent about when the time for asserting exemptions occurs. Therefore, it does not 26 follow that a defendant agency may unilaterally, at its leisure, choose when to raise exemptions. 27 57 See generally Opposition. 28 58 See generally September 2021 Status Report. -14- Case 2:20-cv-08011-JWH-PVC Document 92 Filed 02/10/22 Page 15 of 20 Page ID #:3731
1 have already withheld at least 259 pages, in full or in part, on the basis of 2 Exemptions 6 and 7(C).59 The Supreme Court has unequivocally stated that the 3 burden is “on the agency to justify the withholding of any requested 4 documents.” U.S. Dep’t of State v. Ray, 502 U.S. 164, 173 (1991). Thus, 5 Rule 56(d) is not a bar to ruling on summary judgment. Defendants could have 6 raised those exemptions with the most recent supplemental briefing—if not at 7 the outset. Defendants have had more than a year to ponder their Opposition to 8 Pick’s Motion. They had an ample opportunity to raise and to argue the merits 9 of any exemptions.60 Yet Defendants have not capitalized on those 10 opportunities; they have not made a single argument justifying any exemption, 11 despite actively withholding documents on the same grounds that the OIP 12 rejected.61 The government cannot simply drag its feet indefinitely. 13 The Court finds it appropriate to GRANT Pick’s Motion for Partial 14 Summary Judgment. This ruling, however, does not forever foreclose 15 Defendants from raising new exemptions, as Pick would have it.62 But 16 Defendants must file an appropriate motion and must justify any exemptions. 17 See, e.g., Rosenfeld v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 57 F.3d 803, 811 (9th Cir. 1995) (holding 18 that, in a FOIA case, the district court did not abuse its discretion for “declining 19 to consider an argument raised for the first time on reconsideration without a 20 good excuse” when it could have been heard on summary judgment); Jud. 21 Watch, Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of Energy, 319 F. Supp. 2d 32, 34 (D.D.C. 2004) 22 (affirming a district court’s denial of a motion for reconsideration where the 23 agency could have raised the issue of “presidential communications privilege in 24
25 59 See id. at 5:3-14. 60 See January 8 Hearing 16:4-5 (warning Defendants that the Court has 26 limited patience). 27 61 Namely, Exemptions 6 and 7(C). See Third Decl. of Justin P. Wilkinson [ECF No. 71-1] ¶¶ 30 & 31. 28 62 See Reply 7:24-8:2. -15- Case 2:20-cv-08011-JWH-PVC Document 92 Filed 02/10/22 Page 16 of 20 Page ID #:3732
1 their motions for summary judgment, but chose not to”). The threshold for the 2 Court to sustain a challenged exemption appears to be high. See, e.g., Shapiro v. 3 U.S. Dep’t of Just., 2016 WL 3023980, at *4 (D.D.C. May 25, 2016) (holding 4 that government would have to show its failure to raise a FOIA exemption 5 earlier was due to an inadvertent error, some intervening change in law or fact, 6 or that the consequences of not permitting an untimely assertion would be dire). 7 But the Court need not decide those issues now; it will await an appropriate 8 motion from Defendants. 9 B. Balance of the Equities 10 Courts are afforded broad discretion in fashioning equitable relief. 11 “[T]he scope of a district court’s equitable powers to remedy past wrongs is 12 broad, for breadth and flexibility are inherent in equitable remedies.” Swann v. 13 Charlotte-Mecklenburg Bd. of Ed., 402 U.S. 1, 15 (1971). “‘The essence of equity 14 jurisdiction has been the power of the Chancellor to do equity and to mould each 15 decree to the necessities of the particular case. Flexibility rather than rigidity 16 has distinguished it.’” Id. (quoting Hecht Co. v. Bowles, 321 U.S. 321, 329 17 (1944)). 18 The Court makes several observations here. Previously, the EOUSA 19 represented to this Court that it had “set a goal of processing all of the records 20 within 45 days of this filing,” which means that the processing should have 21 concluded by last April.63 The EOUSA first made that estimation during the 22 hearing on January 8,64 and then again in February.65 By May, that deadline had 23 passed, but the requisite processing was not complete. Accordingly, the parties 24 jointly stipulated to a “final” continuance so that Defendants could complete 25 26 63 February 2021 Status Report 3:15-16. 27 64 January 8 Hearing 16:1-3. 28 65 February 2021 Status Report 3:15-16. -16- Case 2:20-cv-08011-JWH-PVC Document 92 Filed 02/10/22 Page 17 of 20 Page ID #:3733
1 their review and document production.66 In August, the Court conducted yet 2 another hearing, expressing deep concern “about the status and the government 3 not meeting milestones it has set for itself.”67 The Court requested a joint 4 report that set forth each party’s proposed milestones and benchmarks to 5 dispose of Pick’s FOIA request.68 6 In September, Defendants filed a unilateral report instead of a joint 7 report, and the report itself was devoid of any milestones or benchmarks.69 8 Defendants also asked for at least 14 more months.70 Back in January 2021, the 9 Court warned Defendants that the Court’s patience would not extend as far as 10 April.71 It is now more than a year later. That said, the Court is mindful of the 11 limited availability of governmental resources. Accordingly, the Court finds it 12 appropriate to order that any and all responsive material must be released to Pick 13 by Friday, December 16, 2022.72 For any material in Defendants’ possession, 14 custody, or control that is responsive to Pick’s FOIA request, Defendants must 15 release it to Pick on an on-going basis as it is reviewed, with production due on 16 the first Friday of every month. If any responsive documents remain redacted or 17 withheld after Defendants finish production on or before December 16, 2022, 18 Defendants must file a motion for reconsideration explaining why any withheld 19 material should be exempted from disclosure, per this Order.73 20 66 Joint Final Stipulation to Continue Hr’g on the Motion [ECF No. 44]. 21 67 Tr. of Videoconference Proceedings via Zoom held on Aug. 25, 2021 22 [ECF No. 68] 33:20-23. 68 Id. at 34:8-13. 23 69 See generally September 2021 Status Report. 24 70 Id. at 6:7-8. 25 71 January 8 Hearing 16:4-5. 72 The Court reached this date by taking into account Defendants’ 26 declarations regarding the feasibility of production. Accordingly, this production period assumes a rate of approximately 1,500 pages per month. 27 73 Defendants may avoid the necessity of a motion for reconsideration only 28 if (1) Defendants do not withhold or redact any documents; or (2) Defendants withhold or redact some documents under a FOIA exemption and Pick accedes -17- Case 2:20-cv-08011-JWH-PVC Document 92 Filed 02/10/22 Page 18 of 20 Page ID #:3734
1 Furthermore, as Defendants release materials to Pick, Defendants shall 2 provide contemporaneous Status Reports to the Court and to Pick that explain 3 why documents, if any, have been withheld, redacted, or deemed non- 4 responsive.74 Each Status Report will essentially be a preliminary Vaughn index 5 or a privilege log, the latter of which commonly accompanies document 6 production in discovery. See, e.g., Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. U.S. Dist. 7 Ct. for Dist. of Mont., 408 F.3d 1142, 1146 (9th Cir. 2005). While Defendants 8 might object that a Vaughn index is “not typically required” prior to a FOIA 9 defendant moving for summary judgment,75 that objection is no barrier in view 10 of the Court’s equitable discretion. 11 To be “crystal clear,” the congressional objective of the FOIA is “to 12 pierce the veil of administrative secrecy and to open agency action to the light of 13 public scrutiny,” such that “nothing in the Act should be read to authorize 14 withholding of information or limit the availability of records to the public, 15 except as specifically stated . . . .” Rose, 425 U.S. at 361 (internal quotations 16 omitted). Defendants should heed that message. 17 IV. CONCLUSION 18 For the foregoing reasons, the Court hereby ORDERS as follows: 19 1. The Motion with respect to Pick’s second claim for relief is 20 GRANTED. 21 2. The Motion with respect to Pick’s third claim for relief is 22 DENIED as moot. 23
24 to Defendants’ decision to withhold or redact those documents. Defendants’ anticipated motion for reconsideration may include a request to lodge with the 25 Court the withheld or redacted documents for review in camera. See 5 U.S.C. § 522(a)(4)(B). 26 74 As discussed in the hearing on December 10, 2021, those reasons will be 27 treated as non-binding and preliminary. 75 Opposition 11:10-14 (citing Pinson v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 975 F. Supp. 2d 28 20, 32 (D.D.C. 2013)). -18- Case 2:20-cv-08011-JWH-PVC Document 92 Filed 02/10/22 Page 19 of 20 Page ID #:3735
1 3. Defendants the Executive Office of the United States Attorney’s 2 Office and the United States Attorney’s Office for the Northern District of 3 Illinois are DIRECTED to produce to Pick on or before December 16, 2022, the 4 following: 5 a. All documents relating to Harold Pick that appear in 6 Defendants’ respective files for USA v. Nicholas DeLuca, Case 7 No. 07-cr-771 (N.D. Ill.); 8 b. All documents relating to USA v. 10916 La Cienega, Case 9 No. 2:04-mj-00303-UA (C.D. Cal.) and Case No. 2:04-mj-00303 (C.D. 10 Cal.); 11 c. All documents evidencing the disposition, storage location, 12 or destruction of the computers, radios, files, papers, and other tangible 13 objects seized in the execution of the warrant in USA v. 10916 La Cienega, 14 Case No. 2:04-mj-00303-UA (C.D. Cal.) and Case No. 2:04-mj-00303 15 (C.D. Cal.). 16 4. Defendants are DIRECTED to make their periodic, on-going, 17 monthly production of documents to Pick no later than 12:00 noon on the first 18 Friday of each calendar month, starting with March 4, 2022. Additionally, two 19 weeks after each monthly production, Defendants shall file a Status Report with 20 the Court (and make available a copy to Pick) detailing, on a preliminary and 21 non-binding basis, the reasons why certain pages or materials were withheld, 22 redacted, or deemed non-responsive. The first of these Status Reports is due no 23 later than 12:00 noon on March 18, 2022. That first Status Report shall cover all 24 documents that Defendants have reviewed to date. Subsequent monthly Status 25 Reports need address only those documents that Defendants have reviewed 26 since the previous production. Defendants are DIRECTED to file monthly 27 Status Reports until all production is complete. 28 -19- Case 2:2()-cv-08011-JWH-PVC Document 92 Filed 02/10/22 Page 20 of 20 Page ID #:3736
1 5. The parties are DIRECTED to appear at a Status Conference on 2|| the fourth Friday of every month, starting with a video Status Conference on 3) Friday, March 25, 2022, at 11:00 a.m. The purpose of these Status Conferences 4|| is to assess Defendants’ progress. 5 6. The parties’ counsel are DIRECTED to meet and confer no later 6 || than January 6, 2023, to discuss in detail Defendants’ basis for withholding or 7 || redacting any responsive documents. After that conference of counsel, if 8 || Defendants desire to withhold or redact any responsive documents without 9|| Pick’s consent, then Defendants must file a motion for reconsideration seeking 10 || the Court’s authorization for them to continue to do so. Defendants’ 11 || anticipated motion for reconsideration is due no later than February 3, 2023. Pick’s Opposition to that motion is due no later than February 17, 2023, and 13 || Defendants’ optional reply in support of that motion is due no later than 14|| March 3, 2023. Defendants are DIRECTED to set their anticipated motion for 15|| reconsideration for hearing at 9:00 a.m. on March 24, 2023. 16 7. The video Status Conference set for February 25, 2022, at 17|| 11:00 a.m. is VACATED. 18 IT IS SO ORDERED. WVHA 20 || Dated: February 10, 2022 .
21 GRITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 -20-