Goodman v. Mead Johnson & Co.

534 F.2d 566, 21 Fed. R. Serv. 2d 871

• Court: Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
• Decided: April 2, 1976
• Docket: No. 75-1333
• Status: Published

Opinions

OPINION OF THE COURT

GIBBONS, Circuit Judge.

This is an appeal from an order in a diversity case granting defendant’s motion for summary judgment.¹ The original plaintiffs were Florence L. Goodman and her husband, Robert J. Goodman. While the action was pending Florence Goodman died, and Robert Goodman, as executor of her estate, was substituted as the real party in interest pursuant to Rule 17(a), Fed.R. Civ.P. The defendant is Mead Johnson & Company, the manufacturer of the estrogen compound Oracon, which Florence Goodman used from April 4 through June 19, 1967 and which plaintiff alleges caused the injuries at issue in this case. The complaint was filed on February 25, 1971, more than three years and eight months after the last use of Oracon. The district court held that the New Jersey two year statute of limitations applicable to personal injuries, N.J. S.A. 2A:14-2, barred the various claims asserted in this case, even taking into account that state’s “Discovery Rule” exception.² Because there are genuine issues of material fact as to the date of discovery of the several claims against Mead Johnson which could not be resolved on a motion for summary judgment, we reverse.

I. Plaintiff’s Claims

Originally the plaintiffs asserted claims for negligence and breach of implied warranty of fitness for intended use, claiming:

(1) on behalf of Florence Goodman that use of Oracon caused thrombophlebitis;

(2) on behalf of Florence Goodman that use of Oracon caused carcinoma of the right breast resulting in a mastectomy;

(3) on behalf of Robert Goodman, an action per quod consortium amisit.

After his wife’s death on May 22, 1973, Robert Goodman, with the court’s permission, filed an amended complaint in which he substituted himself, as executor of his wife’s estate, as a plaintiff. However, in the amended complaint he also included a wrongful death claim under N.J.S.A. 2A:31-1 et seq.

Thus, besides the decedent’s thrombophlebitis and cancer personal injury claims and Robert Goodman’s per quod claim there was before the court a statutory wrongful death claim. The court’s rulings on these claims are challenged on appeal.

II. The Wrongful Death Claim

The district court disposed of the wrongful death claim in a footnote as follows:

This action was undertaken without leave of court or written consent of the adverse party as required by Rule 15 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Florence Goodman died May 22, 1973. (Plaintiff’s Answer to Defendant’s Supplementary Interrogatory No. 1(a)). Plaintiff had over one year after the death of Florence Goodman to allege these new causes of action. Now, on the eve of trial of this three-year old case, after the completion of discovery, he attempts to inject new causes of action into this law suit through an improper use of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.

To permit plaintiff to amend its complaint will undoubtedly cause the defendant to suffer prejudice in its defense of this suit. Discovery, now completed, will have to be re-instituted and the trial date of this aged case will be delayed again. ... 388 F.Supp. at 1071-72 n.2.³

This reasoning for relegating the plaintiff to a separate lawsuit to assert his wrongful death claim is completely unsatisfactory. Since the liability issues in this survivor’s wrongful death action would be identical to those involved in the personal injury claims, the only possible “prejudice” to Mead Johnson if the amendment were permitted would be the necessity for further discovery regarding the separate items of damage recoverable under N.J.S.A. 2A:31-5⁴ and the persons entitled to such damages under N.J.S.A. 2A:31-4.⁵ The court undoubtedly has a substantial interest in disposing of old cases. But that interest is not so great as to require a litigant to initiate a separate lawsuit on a wrongful death claim growing out of the same transactions giving rise to the pending causes of action. Thus, Goodman urges that the refusal of the district court to permit the amendment in the circumstances of this case where there would be no substantial prejudice to the adverse party and there is no evidence that the recent assertion of the wrongful death claim is a dilatory trial maneuver was an abuse of discretion.⁶

A conclusion that the court should not have refused to permit the amendment, however, would not end the inquiry because a question would remain whether or not the wrongful death action is time-barred. The New Jersey wrongful death action has a separate statute of limitations, N.J.S.A. 2A:31-3, which provides that:

Every action brought under this chapter shall be commenced within 2 years after the death of the decedent, and not thereafter.

The amended complaint in this case was filed on June 25, 1974, within two years of Mrs. Goodman’s death. But this fact alone does not mean that the wrongful death claim is timely. While the New Jersey courts have recognized that the survivor’s claim under the Wrongful Death Act is an independent cause of action with its own limitations period and not a derivative of the decedent’s personal injury claim, they have placed a gloss on the literal language of N.J.S.A. 2A:31-1 and N.J.S.A. 2A:31-3 inextricably linking the two. According to this gloss a cause of action under the Wrongful Death Act does not vest in the survivor if the decedent died after the expiration of the two year statutory period for commencing a personal injury action without having done so.⁷ Thus, the viability of the wrongful death action in this case turns on whether or not Mrs. Goodman’s personal injury action was time-barred when it was filed. If it was, then the wrongful death action was also barred even though brought within the time permitted by N.J.S.A 2A:31-3. If it was not, the wrongful death claim was timely and should be heard. Re-dick v. Rohm & Haas Co., supra. We turn, then, to the New Jersey law on limitations of personal injury actions.

III. The New Jersey Personal Injury Statute of Limitations and the “Discovery Rule”

N.J.S.A. 2A:14-2 provides that:

Every action at law for an injury to the person caused by the wrongful act, neglect or default of any person within this state shall be commenced within 2 years next after the cause of any such action shall have accrued.

Whether the plaintiff asserts a legal theory of negligence or of breach of warranty, this statute covers all personal injury claims.⁸ The same statute applies to a husband’s per quod claim, which is only maintainable because of injury to his wife.⁹ But the statute is silent as to when “the cause of any such action shall have accrued.” In Fernandi v. Strully, 35 N.J. 434, 173 A.2d 277 (1961), the Supreme Court of New Jersey first announced that the two year statute of limitations on a medical malpractice action did not begin to run when the negligence occurred, but commenced instead when the plaintiff knew or had reason to know of the presence in his body of a postoperative foreign object. But the “discovery” rule soon evolved, extending both outside the malpractice field and to the point where the statute did not begin to run until the injured party knew, or reasonably should have known, not only of the injury but also of the basis for an actionable claim. This development is traced in Justice Mountain’s opinion in Lopez v. Swyer, 62 N.J. 267, 300 A.2d 563 (1973).¹⁰

In this case it is undisputed that Mrs. Goodman was aware she had thrombophlebitis in June of 1967 and was aware she had cancer after a biopsy on February 27, 1969. Thus, at least as to the thrombophlebitis claim, the critical inquiry in determining when “the cause of any . . . action shall have accrued” against Mead Johnson for Mrs. Goodman’s personal injuries is when she knew, or reasonably should have known, that she had a basis for such a claim. Even then the application of the “discovery” rule is not automatic. As Justice Mountain emphasized in Lopez v. Swyer:

The issue will be whether or not a party, either plaintiff or counterclaimant, is equitably entitled to the benefit of the discovery rule. All relevant facts and circumstances should be considered. The determinative factors may include but need not be limited to: the nature of the alleged injury, the availability of witnesses and written evidence, the length of time that has elapsed since the alleged wrongdoing, whether the delay has been to any extent deliberate or intentional, whether the delay may be said to have peculiarly or unusually prejudiced the defendant. The burden of proof will rest upon the party claiming the indulgence of the rule.

62 N.J. at 275-76; 300 A.2d at 567-68 (footnote omitted).

The district court did not reach any of these equitable considerations. Instead, it granted summary judgment on both personal injury claims and on Mr. Goodman’s per quod claim, because it found that Mrs. Goodman knew or should have known that she had a claim against Mead Johnson for the thrombophlebitis on or about June 19, 1967.

It is significant for our consideration of the propriety of that ruling that under New Jersey law the issue of when the discovery of an actionable claim occurred is a question of fact for the court and not for the jury. Again borrowing Justice Mountain’s expression in Lopez v. Swyer:

It is true that the time of discovery is a question of fact, and so could be left to the jury. But, as we have indicated, the matter does not rest there. It is not every belated discovery that will justify an application of the rule lifting the bar of the limitations statute. The interplay of the conflicting interests of the competing parties must be considered. The decision requires more than a simple factual determination; it should be made by a judge and by a judge conscious of the equitable nature of the issue before him.

The determination by the judge should ordinarily be made at a preliminary hearing and out of the presence of the jury, (footnotes omitted).

62 N.J. at 274-75, 300 A.2d at 567.

If the district court in this diversity case was required to make the factual determination with respect to the time of discovery, even on disputed facts, our scope of review would obviously be quite different than if we were merely reviewing the disposition of a summary judgment motion. Assuming the district court applied the correct law, we would review the court’s factual findings by the clearly erroneous standard of Rule 52(a), Fed.R.Civ.P., rather than the genuine issue as to any material fact standard of Rule 56(c), Fed.R.Civ.P. Thus, we must turn to the effect of Lopez v. Swyer, supra, in a diversity case.

IV. Lopez v. Swyer and Byrd v. Blue Ridge Rural Electric Cooperative, Inc.

In announcing the rule in Lopez v. Swyer, supra, that the time of discovery is a question of fact to be decided by the court rather than the jury, the New Jersey Supreme Court pointed to cases antedating the 1947 New Jersey Constitution in which the then separate Chancery Court entertained suits to enjoin the plea of the statute of limitations in actions at law where some conduct of the defendant in the legal action rendered it inequitable that he be allowed to avail himself of that defense.¹¹ These cases, while they provide a persuasive historical analogy for the Lopez discovery rule proceeding, do not suffice to decide the quite different issue of the respective roles of judge and jury in the federal courts bound by the strictures of the seventh amendment. In the first place, even if prior to 1938, the effective date of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure which abolished the procedural distinctions between actions at law or in equity, federal equity courts entertained actions to enjoin pleas of the statute of limitations at law based upon the inequitable conduct of the party asserting it, such cases would not control our disposition of this action, for the New Jersey discovery rule does not depend at all upon the conduct of the party asserting the defense, but rather upon the state of knowledge of the party asserting the claim. Moreover, the statute of limitations in the federal courts is a traditional legal defense. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 8(c). That this defense would be decided in New Jersey courts by the judge rather than by the jury is not dispositive of the manner in which it should be decided in a federal court.

In Byrd v. Blue Ridge Rural Electric Cooperative, Inc., 356 U.S. 525, 78 S.Ct. 893, 2 L.Ed.2d 953 (1958), a diversity negligence case, the defendant asserted that it was the plaintiff’s employer under South Carolina law, and consequently that the exclusive remedy provision of that state’s workmen’s compensation statute barred the suit. In the South Carolina courts the statutory employer issue was passed upon by the court, not by the jury. The Supreme Court held that despite the South Carolina rule the fact issue whether the defendant was a statutory employer must in the federal court be decided by the jury. Departing from what had theretofore been a somewhat mechanical application of state rules of decision under the rubric “outcome determinative”, the Court made the following interest analysis:

Thus the inquiry here is whether the federal policy favoring jury decisions of disputed fact questions should yield to the state rule in the interest of furthering the objective that the litigation should not come out one way in the federal court and another way in the state court. . . The trial judge in the federal system has powers denied the judges of many States to comment on the weight of evidence and credibility of witnesses, and discretion to grant a new trial if the verdict appears to him to be against the weight of the evidence. We do not think the likelihood of a different result is so strong as to require the federal practice of jury determination of disputed factual issues to yield to the state rule in the interest of uniformity of outcome, (footnote omitted). 356 U.S. at 538, 540, 78 S.Ct. at 901, 2 L.Ed.2d at 963.

Accord, Magenau v. Aetna Freight Lines, 360 U.S. 273, 79 S.Ct. 1184, 3 L.Ed.2d 1224 (1959). Nor is the state court’s designation of its rule as “equitable” controlling in the federal court. Simler v. Conner, 372 U.S. 221, 222, 83 S.Ct. 609, 610, 9 L.Ed.2d 691, 692 (1963) (per curiam).

Under Lopez v. Swyer, supra, New Jersey places the burden of proof on the issue of time of discovery on the party claiming the benefit of the rule. Even if the factual determination is made by a federal jury rather than by the court, the allocation of burden of proof would follow the state practice. Palmer v. Hoffman, 318 U.S. 109, 117, 63 S.Ct. 477, 482, 87 L.Ed. 645, 651 (1943). 2A J. Moore, Federal Practice 18.27[2] at 1847 (2d ed. 1975). Thus, the area of conflict between state and federal policies is quite narrow.

When the New Jersey Supreme Court in Lopez v. Swyer, supra, gave content to the “shall have accrued” language of N.J.S.A. 2A:14-2, and relegated decision of the issue of discovery of the cause of action to the court rather than to the jury, it based its choice upon careful consideration of competing state policies.¹² One set of policies favored repose, while another favored a reasonable opportunity for an injured party to make an intelligent decision regarding suit. In concluding that these conflicting policies could in individual instances best be resolved by a court rather than a jury, however, the New Jersey Supreme Court did not suggest that this judgment was so intimately bound up with the merits of the discovery rule itself that the effect of the rule would be negated in any way if another method of fact finding were resorted to. Indeed, Justice Mountain’s opinion discloses that the court rather than the jury was chosen to make the necessary factual determination in a discovery rule proceeding primarily for reasons of convenience and efficiency.¹³ Relegating the Lopez v. Swyer determination to the court rather than the jury, of course, permits its early resolution, before the expenditure of legal and judicial resources in the discovery aspects of the merits of the case. It is true that the court spoke of equitable considerations which might influence the judge’s decision.¹⁴ But an adequate accommodation of any New Jersey interests in the judicial determination of those equitable considerations can be accomplished by submitting the concomitant fact issues to the jury on special interrogatories, while reserving to the court the decision with respect to the legal effect of those facts so determined.

We conclude that as with the “statutory employer” defense in Byrd v. Blue Ridge Electric Cooperative, Inc., supra, the federal policy favoring jury decisions of disputed fact questions must prevail over the state practice of allocating to the court the decision as to the time of discovery of the cause of action. Thus, if there are any disputed issues of fact, we cannot affirm their resolution by the court on the authority of Lopez v. Swyer, supra. We must review by the standard of Rule 56, Fed.R. Civ.P.

V. The Rule 56 Motion

Rule 56 allows the trial court to grant summary judgment if it determines from its examination of the allegations in the pleadings and any other evidential source available that no genuine issue as to a material fact remains for trial, and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. The purpose of the rule is to eliminate a trial in cases where it is unnecessary and would only cause delay and expense.¹⁵ On review the appellate court is required to apply the same test the district court should have utilized initially. Inferences to be drawn from the underlying facts contained in the evidential sources submitted to the trial court must be viewed in the light most favorable to the party opposing the motion. The non-movant’s allegations must be taken as true and, when these assertions conflict with those of the movant, the former must receive the benefit of the doubt.¹⁶

In support of its motion for summary judgment Mead Johnson claimed that Mrs. Goodman had knowledge or should have had knowledge of an actionable claim against it in June of 1967. At that time she was hospitalized for thrombophlebitis. Mrs. Goodman’s deposition discloses that while she was hospitalized Dr. Harold Schwartz, who had prescribed Oracon, apparently for its estrogen content, as a treatment for eczema, advised her to stop using it, and mentioned that “there had been cases of correlation between taking The Pill and Phlebitis.” (Florence Goodman deposition at 25). In addition, Mead Johnson had served requests for admission, including request No. 7:

The plaintiff knew in June 1967 that there might be a relationship between her thrombophlebitis and her taking Oracon. This request for admissions was not denied, and for purposes of the motion for summary judgment was properly deemed admitted under Rule 36(a).¹⁷ Finally, there was evidence in the form of a deposition of Goodman’s present attorney, suggesting that Mrs. Goodman had consulted another attorney about a suit against Mead Johnson as early as June 11, 1968 (Morris deposition at 26-28). The district court fixed the date of the thrombophlebitis discovery as June of 1967. The court then concluded that this date also fixed the time of discovery of the cancer claim and Mr. Goodman’s per quod claim. We address these conclusions in reverse order.

A. The Per Quod Claim

Plainly the present record will not support a summary judgment that Mr. Goodman discovered that he had a per quod claim against Mead Johnson for injury to his wife in June of 1967 or at any other time more than two years before the filing of the complaint. The district court did not suggest otherwise. The opinion simply does not deal with the husband’s separate per quod claim. Summary judgment could be sustained on this claim only if, assuming the wife’s claim were barred, the same bar applied, as a matter of law, to him. The precise issue of the application of the discovery rule to a per quod claim has not been discussed in any New Jersey case which has been called to our attention. As we pointed out above¹⁸ the two year personal injury statute of limitations applies to the husband’s per quod claim. But it does not follow that its application to him, and in particular the application of the discovery rule to him, depends on the date of his wife’s discovery rather than the date of his own. Although it is dependent upon an actionable wrong having been committed against his wife, a husband’s per quod claim is independent from and not a derivative of her personal injury claim. He is suing in his own right for an injury to his relational interest in his wife and for his out-of-pocket expenses.¹⁹ Since his action is independent, the courts of New Jersey would, we are convinced, require a separate determination of the date of his discovery of a claim against Mead Johnson. Thus, the summary judgment barring the per quod claim cannot stand.

B. The Cancer Claim

The district court held that the cancer claim was barred by virtue of the discovery in June of 1967 of the thrombophlebitis claim. The court’s theory was that by looking to separate dates of discovery it would be permitting the splitting of a cause of action for a single personal injury. The rule against the splitting of causes of action in New Jersey is well settled.²⁰ But it has no relevance to the cancer claim pleaded here unless we assume that the thrombophlebitis of the leg and the carcinoma of the breast are the results of exposure to an identical risk. There is no evidence whatsoever that the thrombophlebitis and the carcinoma were the product of the same chain of causality. Certainly plaintiff contends that the two separate injuries were caused independently by the same drug. At least at this stage of the proceedings, we cannot hold that Mead Johnson exposed Mrs. Goodman to a single risk resulting in separate manifestations of injury. The duty of a manufacturer to use care and to issue appropriate warnings is not identical with respect to the risk of circulatory ailments and with respect to the risk from carcinogenic substances. A warning about one risk probably would be irrelevant to the other. The testing required to detect one risk would be quite different from that required to detect the other.

On this record there is a fact issue as to whether Mrs. Goodman knew she might have a claim against Mead Johnson for her breast cancer until some time within two years of the filing of the complaint. Indeed the biopsy did not take place until February 27, 1969 and the complaint was filed within two years thereafter. Thus, the award of summary judgment barring the estate’s claim for Mrs. Goodman’s breast cancer cannot stand.

C. The Thrombophlebitis Claim

The case for summary judgment on the thrombophlebitis claim is certainly stronger than on either the per quod claim or the cancer claim. Mrs. Goodman knew in June of 1967 that she had thrombophlebitis. The request for admissions establishes, as well, that she knew then there might be a relationship between the disease and her use of Oracon. But the knowledge that there might be a relationship is not identical with knowledge of an actionable claim against the manufacturer for negligent testing or compounding or for failure to warn of known hazards. The doctors’s advice in June, 1967 that she should stop using Oracon is equally equivocal. A person of ordinary diligence and intelligence receiving such advice might reasonably have concluded that although the manufacturer had adequately tested the drug and adequately warned against all known hazards, its continued use for her particular condition was nevertheless inadvisable. Finally, there is her consultation with an attorney. But even this evidence is equivocal, since both she and the attorney are dead and we do not know what he told her. At best there are inferences which can be drawn as to her state of knowledge. Admittedly they are strong inferences, but they are still inferences which can only be drawn by the finder of fact, in this case the jury. In summary, there is at least some doubt as to the facts on plaintiff’s thrombophlebitis claim which makes the award of summary judgment on this claim inappropriate.²¹

VI. Conclusion

There are on this record genuine issues of material fact with respect to the time when the decedent, Mrs. Goodman, and her husband discovered that they might have a claim against Mead Johnson for the thrombophlebitis, her cancer, his loss of consortium, and her death. The Order granting summary judgment is reversed. On remand the district court should permit the amendment of the complaint asserting the wrongful death action.

1 . The decision below is reported at 388 F.Supp. 1070 (D.N.J.1974).

2 . Id. at 1073-75.

3 . The district court also suggested an alternate ground for refusing to consider plaintiffs wrongful death claim. Quoting from Matlack, Inc. v. Hupp Corp., 57 F.R.D. 151, 163 (E.D.Pa. 1972), Judge Stern maintained that “a shift in theory should be denied, even in the absence of prejudice, where the party seeking to impose it has been guilty of flagrant abuse, bad faith, or truly inordinate and unexplained delay.” 388 F.Supp. at 1072 n.2. This analysis, however, is not applicable to the factual setting of this case. First, the addition of a wrongful death claim is not a shift in the theory of recovery but rather a substitution of the decedent’s beneficiary for the decedent as the party asserting the claim for pecuniary damages. See N.J.S.A. 2A:31-1. Second, there is no basis in the record of this case for finding that Robert Goodman has been “guilty of flagrant abuse” or “bad faith” or that the delay in asserting the wrongful death claim is “truly inordinate and unexplained.”

4 . N.J.S.A. 2A:31-5 provides:

In every action brought under the provisions of this chapter the jury may give such damages as they shall deem fair and just with reference to the pecuniary injuries resulting from such death, together with the hospital, medical and funeral expenses incurred for the deceased, to the persons entitled to any intestate personal property of the decedent.

5 . N.J.S.A. 2A:31-4 states:

The amount recovered in proceedings under this chapter shall be for the exclusive benefit of the persons entitled to take any intestate personal property of the decedent, and in the proportions in which they are entitled to take the same. If any of the persons so entitled were dependent on the decedent at his death, they shall take the same as though they were sole persons so entitled, in such proportions, as shall be determined by the court without a jury, and as will result in a fair and equitable apportionment of the amount recovered, among them, taking into account in such determination, but not limited necessarily thereby, the age of the dependents, their physical and mental condition, the necessity or desirability of providing them with educational facilities, their financial condition and the availability to them of other means of support, present and future, and any other relevant factors which will contribute to a fair and equitable apportionment of the amount recovered.

6 . See, e. g. Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 83 S.Ct. 227, 9 L.Ed.2d 222 (1962); United States v. Houghman, 364 U.S. 310, 81 S.Ct. 13, 5 L.Ed.2d 8 (1960); Howey v. United States, 481 F.2d 1187 (9th Cir. 1973); Middle Atlantic Utilities Co. v. S.M.W. Development Corp., 392 F.2d 380 (2d Cir. 1968).

7 . E. g., Knabe v. Hudson Bus Transportation Co., 111 N.J.L. 333, 168 A. 418 (E. & A. 1933); Redick v. Rohm & Haas Co., 97 N.J.Super. 58, 234 A.2d 252 (Law Div. 1967); Kotkin v. Caprio, 65 N.J.Super. 453, 168 A.2d 69 (App. Div.), certif. denied, 34 N.J. 470, 169 A.2d 745 (1961); Biglioli v. Durotest Corp., 44 N.J.Super. 93, 129 A.2d 727 (App.Div.1957); aff’d 26 N.J. 33, 138 A.2d 529 (1958). But see Lawlor v. Cloverleaf Memorial Park, Inc., 56 N.J. 326, 266 A.2d 569 (1970), which suggests in dicta that the gloss heretofore placed by the courts on N.J.S.A 2A:31-1 and N.J.S.A. 2A:31-3 is not supported by the statutory language. Justice Jacobs questions whether the language of N.J. S.A. 2A:31-1, “such as would, if death had not ensued, have entitled the person injured to maintain an action for damages,” refers only to the character of the injury and not to the time of suit or death. 56 N.J. at 344-45, 266 A.2d at 578-79.

8 . E. g., Oroz v. American President Lines, Ltd., 259 F.2d 636 (2d Cir. 1958), cert. denied, 359 U.S. 908, 79 S.Ct. 584, 3 L.Ed.2d 572 (1959); Heavner v. Uniroyal, Inc., 118 N.J.Super. 116, 286 A.2d 718 (App.Div.1972), aff’d 63 N.J. 130, 305 A.2d 412 (1973); Tackling v. Chrysler Corp., 77 N.J.Super. 12, 185 A.2d 238 (Law Div.1962).

9 . E. g., Rex v. Hutner, 26 N.J. 489, 140 A.2d 753 (1958).

10 . After Lopez v. Swyer, the rule was extended to contractual time limitations, Jones v. Continental Cas. Co., 123 N.J.Super. 353, 303 A.2d 91 (Chan.Div.1973), and later to plaintiffs aware of the basis of their claim but unaware of the proper identity of a potential defendant, Aruta v. Keller, 134 N.J.Super. 522, 342 A.2d 231 (App.Div.1975); Lawrence R. McCoy Co., Inc. v. S.S. Theomitor III, 133 N.J.Super. 308, 336 A.2d 80 (Law Div. 1975).

11 . 62 N.J. at 275 n.2, 300 A.2d at 567 n.2.

12 . 62 N.J. at 274, 300 A.2d at 566-67.

13 . 62 N.J. at 275, 300 A.2d at 567.

14 . 62 N.J. at 274-75, 300 A.2d at 567.

15 . E. g., Tomalewski v. State Farm Life Insurance Co., 494 F.2d 882 (3d Cir. 1974); Mintz v. Mathers Fund, Inc., 463 F.2d 495, 498 (7th Cir. 1972).

16 . E. g., United States v. Diebold, Inc., 369 U.S. 654, 82 S.Ct. 993, 8 L.Ed.2d 176 (1963) (per curiam); Smith v. Pittsburgh Gage & Supply Co., 464 F.2d 870 (3d Cir. 1972).

17 . E. g., Fed.R. 56(c); O’Campo v. Hardisty, 262 F.2d 621 (9th Cir. 1968); Jackson v. Riley Stoker Corp., 57 F.R.D. 120 (E.D.Pa.1972).

18 . See note 9 supra.

19 . E. g., Patusco v. Prince Macaroni, Inc., 50 N.J. 365, 235 A.2d 465 (1967); Kimpel v. Moon, 113 N.J.L. 220, 174 A. 209 (Sup.Ct.1934).

20 . E. g., Tortorello v. Reinfeld, 6 N.J. 58, 77 A.2d 240 (1950); Smith v. Red Top Taxicab Co., 111 N.J.L. 439, 168 A. 796 (E. & A.1933); Rankin v. Sowinski, 119 N.J.Super. 393, 291 A.2d 849 (App.Div.1972).

21 . E. g., Tomalewski v. State Farm Insurance Co., supra at 884.