Gonzalez v. Hoovestol Inc.

• Court: District Court, E.D. California
• Decided: April 19, 2024
• Docket: 1:23-cv-00202
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 PASCUAL GONZALEZ, Case No. 1:23-cv-00202-JLT-CDB 12 Plaintiff, 13 v. ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO COMPEL ARBITRATION AND STAYING CASE 14 HOOVESTOL, INC., a Delaware PENDING RESOLUTION OF Corporation; 10 ROADS EXPRESS, LLC, ARBITRATION 15 a Delaware Limited Liability Company, (Doc. 15) 16 Defendants. 17 18 Pascual Gonzalez brings this disability employment discrimination and wrongful 19 termination case against his former employers, Hoovestol, Inc. and 10 Roads Express, LLC, 20 asserting several claims under FEHA, the CFRA, and the FMLA. For the reasons set forth below, 21 the Court GRANTS Defendants’ Motion to Compel Arbitration (Doc. 15) and 22 ADMINISTRATIVELY STAYS this action pending resolution of arbitration. 23 I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY 24 Between August 2020 and February 2021, Plaintiff worked for Defendants as a 25 commercial truck driver. (Doc. 1 at ¶ 10.) Throughout his employment, Plaintiff suffered 26 allergic reactions, rashes, headaches, and asthma due to the “secondhand cigarette smoke 27 embedded in the cabins of trucks” that Defendants assigned him to drive. (Id. at ¶ 12.) Plaintiff 28 repeatedly complained about the conditions of his working environment to his manager, to no 1 avail, sought medical attention for his “ailments connected to a chronic, disabling health 2 condition,” and obtained a note from his physician, allowing him to take a leave of absence for 3 approximately three days. (Id. at ¶¶ 13–15.) During this time, Plaintiff’s manager ignored his 4 complaints and doctor’s note. (Id.) Plaintiff then submitted a request for five days of sick leave; 5 Defendants failed to respond. (Id. at ¶ 16.) Plaintiff again complained to his manager about 6 unsafe working conditions, but Defendants failed to address his concerns. (Id. at ¶ 18.) Plaintiff 7 complains also that Defendants failed to timely pay Plaintiff his legally owed wages and failed to 8 pay him during his five-day sick leave. (Id. at ¶ 19.) When Plaintiff notified his manager about 9 not receiving his sick pay, his manager threatened him with termination. (Id. at ¶ 20.) Plaintiff 10 timely filed a complaint with the Department of Fair Employment and Housing and received his 11 right-to-sue letter. (Id. at ¶ 25.) 12 II. LEGAL STANDARD 13 “The Federal Arbitration Act (‘FAA’) governs the enforceability of arbitration agreements 14 in contracts involving interstate commerce.” Knapke v. PeopleConnect, Inc., 38 F.4th 824, 830– 15 31 (9th Cir. 2022) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “Under the FAA, private 16 agreements to arbitrate are ‘valid, irrevocable, and enforceable, save upon such grounds as exist 17 at law or in equity for the revocation of any contract.’” Id. at 831 (quoting 9 U.S.C. § 2.) “The 18 question whether the parties have submitted a particular dispute to arbitration, i.e., the question of 19 arbitrability, is an issue for judicial determination unless the parties clearly and unmistakably 20 provide otherwise.” Id. (emphasis in original) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 21 Before compelling arbitration, the Court’s task is two-fold: it must determine “(1) whether there 22 is an agreement to arbitrate between the parties; and (2) whether the agreement covers the 23 dispute.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Both requirements look to state law 24 to determine whether the parties entered into an arbitration agreement, and whether that 25 agreement covers the dispute at issue. Id. at 831–32. 26 If the parties dispute whether they entered into an arbitration agreement, the Court must 27 rely on the summary judgment standard expounded in Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56 to 28 resolve that dispute. Id. “The summary judgment standard is appropriate because the district 1 court’s order compelling arbitration is in effect a summary disposition of the issue of whether or 2 not there had been a meeting of the minds on the agreement to arbitrate.” Hansen v. LMB Mortg. 3 Servs., Inc., 1 F.4th 667, 670 (9th Cir. 2021) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 4 Thus, “a court is not authorized to dispose of a motion to compel arbitration until after material 5 factual disputes have been resolved.” Knapke, 38 F.4th at 831 (cleaned up) (internal quotation 6 marks and citation omitted). 7 A. Rule 56: Summary Judgment 8 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56 governs the Court’s summary judgment standard. Fed. 9 R. Civ. P. 56. Under this Rule, “[a] party may move for summary judgment, identifying each 10 claim or defense – or the part of each claim or defense – on which summary judgment is sought.” 11 Id. § 56(a). “The court shall grant summary judgment if the movant shows that there is no 12 genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” 13 Id. “An issue of material fact is genuine if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return 14 a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Airlines for Am. v. City and Cnty. of San Francisco, 78 F.4th 15 1146, 1152 (9th Cir. 2023) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Thus, “[t]he moving 16 party initially bears the burden of proving the absence of a genuine issue of material fact.” In re 17 Oracle Corp. Sec. Litig., 627 F.3d 376, 387 (9th Cir. 2010) (citation omitted). Finally, “[w]here 18 the non-moving party bears the burden of proof at trial, the moving party need only prove that 19 there is an absence of evidence to support the non-moving party’s case.” Oracle Corp., 627 F.3d 20 at 387 (citation omitted). 21 Once the movant satisfies its initial burden, the burden then shifts to the non-movant to 22 establish that a genuine issue as to any material fact does exist. Id. (citation omitted). “The 23 burden is not a light one. The non-moving party must show more than the mere existence of a 24 scintilla of evidence.” Id. (citation omitted). “The non-moving party must do more than show 25 there is some ‘metaphysical doubt’ as to the material facts at issue.” Id. (quoting Matsushita 26 Elec. Indus. Co., Ltd. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586 (1986)). 27 III. DISCUSSION 28 A. Validity of the Agreement 1 At issue in this case is the disputed Arbitration Agreement’s (“Agreement”) choice-of-law 2 provision, which requires: “All Claims must be resolved through binding arbitration, pursuant to 3 the arbitration laws of the State of Minnesota, according to the procedures in this Agreement, and 4 in no other manner.” (Agreement, Ex. A, Doc. 15-2 at 2.) Indeed, at the top of every single page 5 of the Agreement, there is a boldened, underlined warning stating: “NOTICE: THIS 6 AGREEMENT IS SUBJECT TO THE ARBITRATION LAWS OF THE STATE OF 7 Minnesota (Minn. Stat. Ann. Section 572.08 et seq.).” (See generally id.) The Agreement also 8 provides that it “shall be governed by, construed, and enforced pursuant to the procedural and 9 substantive provisions of the arbitration laws of the state of Minnesota, and not the [FAA].” (Id. 10 at 5, ¶ 15.)1 11 “[W]hether the choice of law provision applies depends on whether the parties agreed to 12 be bound by [the Agreement] in the first place.” Nguyen v. Barnes & Noble Inc., 763 F.3d 1171, 13 1175 (9th Cir. 2014); Karim v. Best Buy Co., Inc., No. 22-cv-04909-JST, 2023 WL 3801909, at 14 *2 (N.D. Cal. June 2, 2023). The parties dispute whether Minnesota or California law governs 15 the validity of the parties’ contract formation. (Compare Defs.’ Mot., Doc. 15 at 13 (applying 16 Minnesota law) with Pl.’s Opp’n, Doc. 18 at 4 (applying California law).) However, “[t]he Court 17 need not engage in this circular inquiry because both California and Minnesota law follow the 18 objective theory of contract formation.” Karim, 2023 WL 3801909, at *2 (cleaned up) (internal 19 quotation marks and citations omitted); see also Abidzadeh v. Best Buy, Co. Inc., No. 20-cv- 20 06257-JSW, 2021 WL 4440313, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 2, 2021) (“In California, the forum state, 21 and Minnesota, the state identified in the [Agreement’s] choice-of-law provision, courts follow 22 the objective theory of contract formation.”) (footnote omitted) (citing T.M. Cobb Co. v. Sup. Ct., 23 36 Cal. 3d 273, 282 (Cal. 1984) and Speckel by Speckel v. Perkins, 364 N.W.2d 890, 893 (Minn. 24 Ct. App. 1985)). “Under this theory, the parties must mutually manifest their assent to the terms 25

26 1 “While the FAA preempts any particular state law that may impede the FAA’s objectives, state law still generally governs whether the parties agreed to arbitrate and whether any defenses invalidate an agreement.” McLaurin v. 27 Russell Sigler, Inc., 155 F. Supp. 3d 1042, 1044–45 (C.D. Cal. 2016) (emphasis added) (citations omitted).

28 The Court therefore looks to state law to govern the formation of the parties’ Agreement, and Plaintiff’s asserted 1 of the agreement.” Karim, 2023 WL 3801909, at *2 (citing California and Minnesota Courts of 2 Appeals). 3 i. Mutual Assent 4 Defendant has attached a copy of the Agreement to its motion, the final page of which, 5 states in bold: “I understand this Agreement contains an agreement to arbitrate. After 6 signing this document, I understand I will not be able to bring a lawsuit concerning any 7 dispute that may arise, which is covered by this arbitration agreement, . . . Instead, I agree 8 to submit any such dispute to an impartial arbitrator.” (Ex. A, Doc. 15-2 at 6 (boldening in 9 original).) The final paragraph also states: “I agree that I have been given a reasonable 10 opportunity to read this Agreement carefully. I have read it, I understand it, and I am 11 signing it voluntarily. I have not been promised anything for signing it that is not described 12 in this Agreement. Company informed me of my right to discuss this Agreement with an 13 attorney of my choosing, prior to signing it.” (Id. (boldening in original).) Defendants contend 14 that Plaintiff electronically signed—in cursive and in print—his name and dated the document 15 directly below these final two paragraphs of the Agreement, alongside the signature of 16 Defendant’s representative. (Id.) The document indicates that Plaintiff electronically placed his 17 initials on the second page of the document, directly underneath the relevant binding arbitration 18 provision. (Id. at 3.) The evidence demonstrates that to be able to sign the Agreement, the signor 19 had to “have had access to plaintiff’s personal identifying information, including his social 20 security number, and signed the agreement on the same day it was sent to Plaintiff.” (Doc. 20 at 21 3) Thus, the circumstantial evidence supports that Plaintiff signed the Agreement. 22 Plaintiff appears to contradict this showing by stating, “At no time do I ever recall 23 discussing an agreement to arbitrate claims I might have against Hoovestol. Nor was I ever told 24 [by] Hoovestol that any documents given to me contained a purported arbitration agreement. I do 25 not recall executing any sort of agreement by computer and [I] do not recognize the squiggly 26 computer line on the document attached to Ms. Ellis’[s] declaration as my signature.” (Gonzalez 27 Decl., Doc. 18-1 at ¶ 5.) 28 “The existence of mutual consent is determined by objective rather than subjective 1 criteria, the test being what the outward manifestations of consent would lead a reasonable person 2 to believe”—the “primary focus” of the inquiry “is upon the acts of the parties involved.” 3 Monster Energy Co v. Schechter, 7 Cal. 5th 781, 789 (Cal. 2019) (internal quotation marks and 4 citation omitted); Vermillion State Bank v. Tennis Sanitation, LLC, 969 N.W.2d 610, 628 (Minn. 5 2022) (“Whether mutual assent exists is judged objectively, not subjectively.”) (internal quotation 6 marks and citation omitted). Both California and Minnesota agree that “in the absence of fraud, 7 mistake, or another vitiating factor, a signature on a written contract is an objective manifestation 8 of assent to the terms set forth there.” Schechter, 7 Cal. 5th at 789; see Bess v. Bothman, 257 9 N.W.2d 791, 794 n.1 (Minn. 1977) (“We find no evidence indicating that defendant’s will was 10 not his own when he signed the contract.”) (citation omitted); see also Asbestos Prods, Inc. v. 11 Healy Mech. Contractors, Inc., 306 Minn. 74, 78 (Minn. 1975). In both states, a party may 12 indicate his assent via electronic signature. Park v. NMSI, Inc., 96 Cal. App. 5th 346, 355 (Cal. 13 Ct. App. 2023); Cal. Civ. Code §§ 1633.7(a)–(b); see also SN4, LLC v. Anchor Bank, fsb, 848 14 N.W.2d 559, 566 (Minn. Ct. App. 2014) (“‘A record or signature may not be denied legal effect 15 or enforceability solely because it is in electronic form.’”) (quoting Minn. Stat. § 325L.07(a)). 16 On this record, Plaintiff does not squarely dispute that he signed the Agreement, and does 17 not claim there was any fraud, mistake, or other “vitiating factor” to allow the Court to ignore his 18 signature as a manifestation of assent. Schechter, 7 Cal. 5th at 789; Bess, 257 N.W.2d at 794 n.1. 19 Plaintiff declares only that he does not recall signing the Agreement and does not recognize his 20 signature. (Doc. 18-1 at 2-3) This is an insufficient basis to conclude the parties did not enter into 21 the Agreement. Iyere v. Wise Auto Grp., 87 Cal. App. 5th 747, 758 (Cal. Ct. App. 2023) (“If a 22 party confronted with his or her handwritten signature on an arbitration agreement is unable to 23 allege that the signature is inauthentic or forged, the fact that that person does not recall signing 24 the agreement neither creates a factual dispute as to the signature’s authenticity nor affords an 25 independent basis to find that a contract was not formed.”); compare with Flores v. Point Pickup 26 Techs., Inc., No. 1:22-cv-00193-JLT-SKO, 2023 WL 8295943, at *6 (E.D. Cal. Dec. 1, 2023) 27 (Plaintiff provided thorough declaration detailing onboarding steps, declaring that she never 28 reviewed nor signed arbitration agreement, and that employer never provided her with agreement 1 prior to employment) . 2 Though Plaintiff declares that he never discussed the Agreement with anyone at 3 Hoovestol, he has cited no authority demonstrating that this was required for enforcement of the 4 Agreement. See Sanchez v. Valencia Holding Co., LLC, 61 Cal. 4th 899, 910 (Cal. 2015) 5 (“Valencia was under no obligation to highlight the arbitration clause of its contract, nor was it 6 required to specifically call that clause to Sanchez’s attention.”); B.D. v. Blizzard Ent., Inc., 76 7 Cal. App. 5th 931, 943 (Cal. Ct. App. 2022) (“If an offeree objectively manifests assent to an 8 agreement, the offeree cannot avoid a specific provision of that agreement on the ground the 9 offeree did not actually read it.”) (citation omitted); id. at 944 (offeror’s only obligation to offeree 10 is to present the contract to offeree). Ultimately, mutual assent is determined by the parties’ 11 “reasonable meaning of their words and acts, and not their unexpressed intentions or 12 understandings.” Blizzard Ent., 76 Cal. App. 5th at 943. Based upon the evidence presented, the 13 Court funds that the parties entered into a valid Agreement. 14 B. Defenses to Contract: Unconscionability 15 Plaintiff next argues that the Agreement is both procedurally and substantively 16 unconscionable because: (1) “[t]he contract is one of adhesion,” making it “per se procedurally 17 unconscionable,” (2) the Agreement’s arbitration venue/forum selection clause is both 18 procedurally and substantively unconscionable because it deprives Plaintiff of a federal forum to 19 litigate his claims and requires that he travel hundreds of miles; (3) the Agreement’s arbitration 20 clause is unilateral and therefore substantively unconscionable; and (4) the Agreement’s 21 limitations on discovery and “potential exposure to arbitration fees” are substantively 22 unconscionable. (Doc. 18 at 6–10 (emphases omitted).) 23 Both California and Minnesota recognize unconscionability as a defense to contracting. 24 See Maslowski v. Prospect Funding Partners LLC, 994 N.W.2d 293, 301–02 (Minn. 2023); 25 Sanchez v. Valencia Holding Co., LLC, 61 Cal. 4th 899, 910 (Cal. 2015).2 “The doctrine of 26 2 It appears that the Minnesota Supreme Court may be inclined to adopt both procedural and substantive 27 unconscionability but has yet to do so in a majority opinion. Maslowski, 994 N.W.2d at 305 (Moore, III, J., concurring) (“Most courts considering the question [of unconscionability] require a showing of both procedural 28 unconscionability and substantive unconscionability.”). The Minnesota Supreme Court has expounded these specific 1 unconscionability has both a procedural and a substantive element, the former focusing on 2 oppression or surprise due to unequal bargaining power, the latter on overly harsh or one-sided 3 results.” Sanchez, 61 Cal. 4th at 910 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “The 4 prevailing view is that procedural and substantive unconscionability must both be present in order 5 for a court to exercise its discretion to refuse to enforce a contract or clause under the doctrine of 6 unconscionability.” Id. (cleaned up) (emphasis in original) (internal quotation marks and citation 7 omitted). “But they need not be present in the same degree. Essentially a sliding scale is invoked 8 which disregards the regularity of the procedural process of the contract formation, that creates 9 the terms, in proportion to the greater harshness or unreasonableness of the substantive terms 10 themselves.” Id. 11 Put another way, “the more substantively oppressive the contract term, the less evidence 12 of procedural unconscionability is required to come to the conclusion that the term is 13 unenforceable, and vice versa.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Ultimately, 14 the Court is not concerned with “a simple old-fashioned bad bargain . . ., but with terms that are 15 unreasonably favorable to the more powerful party.” Id. at 911 (internal quotation marks and 16 citation omitted). As such, “[a] party cannot avoid a contractual obligation merely by 17 complaining that the deal, in retrospect, was unfair or a bad bargain”—“[n]ot all one-sided 18 contract provisions are unconscionable; hence the various intensifiers in [the Supreme Court’s] 19 formulations: ‘overly harsh,’ ‘unduly oppressive,’ ‘unreasonably favorable.’” Id. (emphases in 20 original). 21 i. Procedural Unconscionability 22 “An adhesive contract is standardized, generally on a preprinted form, and offered by the 23 party with superior bargaining power on a take-it-or-leave-it basis.” OTO, L.L.C. v. Kho, 8 Cal. 24 5th 111, 126 (Cal. 2019). Defendants dispute that the Agreement was not one of adhesion yet fail 25 to offer proof showing otherwise. (Reply, Doc. 19 at 8 (“Plaintiff sets forth the baseless claim[] 26 that the Agreement was one of adhesion”).) Ultimately, “[t]he burden of proving 27 (Minn. 1989). Regardless, as the parties entered into the Agreement in California, the Court is satisfied addressing 28 these California-specific defenses to the instant Agreement, with the knowledge that Minnesota is not necessarily in 1 unconscionability rests upon the party asserting [the defense].” OTO, 8 Cal. 5th at 126 (citations 2 omitted). Defendants note that signing the Agreement was not a condition of employment. (Doc. 3 15-1 at2) Plaintiff does not dispute this but persists in claiming that it is a contract of adhesion. 4 (Gonzalez Decl., Doc. 18-1.) Plaintiff declares that he does not “recall discussing an agreement to 5 arbitrate claims I might have against Hoovestol.” (Id. at ¶ 5.) These assertions do not satisfy 6 Plaintiff’s burden to show that the Agreement is one of adhesion. 7 Regardless, even if the Court accepted Plaintiff’s failure to recall entering contract 8 discussions as implying the Agreement is adhesive, the Court would find there was no oppression 9 exercised in the formation of the contract. OTO, 8 Cal. 5th at 126–27 (internal quotation marks 10 and citation omitted). Plaintiff has not brought forth any competent summary judgment evidence 11 to assist the Court in evaluating whether these five factors exist and weigh in favor that there is no 12 genuine dispute the Agreement was unduly oppressive. Id.; Sanchez, 61 Cal. 4th at 910.3 13 Upon review of the instant Agreement, it is five pages long, mentions arbitration in bold 14 and underlined at the top of every page, explains the initiation and procedure of arbitration, and in 15 the final paragraph states: “I have read it, I understand it, and I am signing it voluntarily. I have 16 not been promised anything for signing it that is not described in this Agreement. Company 17 informed me of my right to discuss this Agreement with an attorney of my choosing, prior to 18 signing it.” (Ex. A, Doc. 15-2 at 6 (boldening omitted).) Plaintiff does not dispute signing this 19 document and has failed to proffer competent evidence suggesting this final paragraph is untrue. 20 Plaintiff has therefore failed to meet his burden to show the adhesive nature of the Agreement is 21 procedurally unconscionable. 22 Plaintiff’s second theory for procedural unconscionability is that the Agreement’s forum 23 selection clause constitutes “forum shop[ping],” and forces Plaintiff to travel to Oakland, 24 California, which is “several counties and hundreds of miles from Plaintiff’s home” in Kern 25 County. (Doc. 18 at 7.) Plaintiff argues that the forum selection clause “deprives [Plaintiff] of 26

27 3 Defendants have attached the Supplemental Declaration of Caitlin Ellis, who states that “there is no time limit for an employee to complete” their onboarding documents. (Ellis Decl., Doc. 20 at ¶ 7.) 28 This is of no import, as it is Plaintiff’s burden to show why the Agreement is conclusively oppressive. Plaintiff failed 1 federal jurisdiction . . . making the agreement even more unconscionable.” (Id.) The Court is not 2 persuaded by either argument. 3 Plaintiff’s Opposition points the Court to paragraphs four and fifteen of the Agreement as 4 the relevant forum selection clauses. (Doc. 18 at 7.) Paragraph four states: “In the event either of 5 the parties brings an action in a court to compel arbitration under this Agreement, or to otherwise 6 challenge any provision of this Agreement, . . . I hereby consent to the exclusive jurisdiction and 7 venue of the state court specifically sitting in the city nearest my work reporting location, which 8 shall be either Oakland, California, . . .” (Ex. A, Doc. 15-2 at 3, ¶ 4 (underlining added).) 9 Similarly, paragraph fifteen states: “In the event either of the parties bring an action in a court to 10 compel arbitration under this Agreement, or to otherwise challenge any provision of this 11 Agreement, such actions shall be brought only in one of the following state courts, in the court 12 location nearest my work reporting location: California . . .” (Id. at 5, ¶ 15 (underlining added).) 13 Indeed, these appear to be the only forum selection clauses in the five-page Agreement, and the 14 only mention of Oakland, California. 15 Regardless, in Smith, Valentino & Smith, Inc. v. Superior Court, the California Supreme 16 Court flatly rejected Plaintiff’s two points of contention. 17 Cal. 3d 491 (Cal. 1976). The 17 Supreme Court stated: “The assertion that forum selection clauses are void per se as constituting 18 attempts to oust the courts of their jurisdiction has been challenged as hardly more than a vestigial 19 legal fiction which reflects something of a provincial attitude regarding the fairness of other 20 tribunals.” Id. at 495 (cleaned up) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Thus, “it is 21 readily apparent that courts possess discretion to [d]ecline to exercise jurisdiction in recognition 22 of the parties’ free and voluntary choice of a different forum.” Id. 23 Regarding Plaintiff’s argument related to distance and expense, the Court stated: “Mere 24 inconvenience or additional expense is not the test of unreasonableness since it may be assumed 25 that the plaintiff received under the contract consideration of these things.” Id. at 496 (internal 26 quotation marks and citation omitted); see also CQL Original Prods, Inc. v. Nat’l Hockey League 27 Players Ass’n, 39 Cal. App. 4th 1347, 1354 (Cal. Ct. App. 1995) (“[N]either inconvenience nor 28 additional expense in litigating in the selected forum is part of the test of unreasonability.”) 1 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Moreover, “courts have placed a substantial 2 burden on a plaintiff seeking to defeat such a clause, requiring it to demonstrate [that] 3 enforcement of the clause would be unreasonable,” such as “that the forum selected would be 4 unavailable or unable to accomplish substantial justice.” CQL, 39 Cal. App. 4th at 416. Thus, 5 Plaintiff has failed to show that the forum selection requires that the arbitration occur in Oakland 6 or that the clause is procedurally unconscionable, simply because it deprives the Court of 7 jurisdiction and requires that he expend time and money to travel to the arbitration location. 8 Plaintiff has also not demonstrated why the forum selected would deprive him of substantial 9 justice.4 10 Ultimately, Plaintiff has failed to demonstrate any procedural unconscionability. He has 11 failed to satisfy his burden regarding the adhesive nature of the contract and has offered only 12 skeletal arguments regarding the Agreement’s forum selection clause. Because Plaintiff must 13 demonstrate both procedural and substantive unconscionability to assert his defense, and the 14 Court has concluded that he definitively lacks the former, further analysis into the latter is 15 unnecessary. See OTO, 8 Cal. 5th at 126 (“Both procedural and substantive unconscionability 16 must be shown for the defense to be established”) (emphases added); Sanchez, 61 Cal. 4th at 910 17 (“The prevailing view is that procedural and substantive unconscionability must both be present 18 in order for a court to exercise its discretion to refuse to enforce a contract or clause under the 19 doctrine of unconscionability.”) (emphasis in original) (cleaned up) (internal quotation marks and 20 citation omitted). 21 C. Choice of Law Provision 22 Based upon the claims raised, the Court has federal question jurisdiction in this case—and 23 supplemental jurisdiction over Plaintiff’s state law claims. Tis requires the Court to apply choice- 24 of-law provisions of the forum. Paracor Fin., Inc. v. Gen. Elec. Cap. Corp., 96 F.3d 1151, 1164 25 (9th Cir. 1996) (collecting cases); see also Pokorny v. Quixtar, Inc., 601 F.3d 987, 994 (9th Cir. 26 2010) (applying choice-of-law rules of the forum state in federal question RICO case, with 27

28 4 In any event, the Court is unconvinced that the forum selection clause even requires that he travel to Oakland to 1 supplemental jurisdiction over state law California Business Professions Code claim). “California 2 applies the principles set forth in section 187 of the Restatement Second of Conflict of Law 3 (section 187) in determining the enforceability of contractual choice of law provisions.” Pitzer 4 Coll. v. Indian Harbor Ins. Co., 8 Cal. 5th 93, 100 (Cal. 2019) (citation omitted). Pursuant to the 5 section 187 of the Restatement, “the parties’ choice of law generally governs unless (1) it 6 conflicts with [California’s] fundamental public policy, and (2) [California] has a materially 7 greater interest in the determination of the issue than the contractually chosen state.” Id. (citation 8 omitted). The Court must first determine whether Minnesota “has a substantial relationship to the 9 parties or their transaction, or (2) whether there is any other reasonable basis for the parties’ 10 choice of law.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). After this first element is 11 satisfied, the Court next moves to the second inquiry: “whether [Minnesota] law is contrary to a 12 fundamental policy of California.” Id. (emphasis in original) (internal quotation marks and 13 citation omitted). “If there is no such conflict, the court shall enforce the parties’ choice of law.” 14 Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 15 i. Substantial Relationship Test 16 Attached to Defendants’ motion is the Declaration of Caitlin Ellis, the Human Resources 17 Director at DRT, LLC—the “shared service group that provides support . . . to Hoovestol, Inc. 18 and 10 Roads Express, LLC.” (Ellis Decl., Doc. 15-1 at ¶ 2.) One of Ellis’s responsibilities 19 “include[s] overseeing the execution of arbitration agreements by employees.” (Id. at ¶ 3.) In her 20 declaration, Ellis states that “[b]ased upon [her] review of Hoovestol’s founding documents, 21 Hoovestol, Inc. filed its Articles of Incorporation in the State of Minnesota on or about November 22 30, 1978” and “maintains its principal place of business in Eagan, Minnesota.” (Id. at ¶ 13.) 23 For the purposes of the “substantial relationship” element, it appears that Plaintiff contests 24 Ellis’s personal knowledge to make such a declaration. (Doc. 18 at 4); Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(4). 25 On this point, the Court is not persuaded, as it is well-established that personal knowledge may be 26 based on a review of documents. Garris v. Fed. Bureau of Investigation, 937 F.3d 1284, 1293 27 (9th Cir. 2019) (declaration based on personal knowledge where FBI agent “had reviewed the 28 relevant documents”) (citing Block v. City of L.A., 253 F.3d 410, 419 (9th Cir. 2001); see also 1 Mitchell v. Ecolab, Inc., No. 1:22-cv-01088-EPG, 2023 WL 2666391, at *4 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 28, 2 2023) (determining that Human Resources Representative made declaration based on personal 3 knowledge after she reviewed business records); Sweet People Apparel, Inc. v. Saza Jeans, Inc., 4 No. CV 14-1143 DMG (ASx), 2015 WL 12669884, at *1 (C.D. Cal. June 25, 2015) (“A witness’s 5 personal knowledge can be based on a review of documents.”) (collecting cases). The Court is 6 satisfied that Ellis had personal knowledge after reading Hoovestol’s Articles of Incorporation to 7 determine that the corporation is incorporated in Minnesota and maintains its principal place of 8 business there. 9 The fact that Hoovestol is incorporated and headquartered in Minnesota is sufficient to 10 satisfy California’s “substantial relationship” test. See Nedlloyd Lines B.V. v. Sup. Ct., 3 Cal. 4th 11 459, 467 (Cal. 1992) (“The incorporation of these parties in Hong Kong provides the required 12 ‘substantial relationship.’”); see also ABF Cap. Corp. v. Osley, 414 F.3d 1061, 1065 (9th Cir. 13 2005) (“A substantial relationship exists where one of the parties is domiciled or incorporated in 14 the chosen state.”) (citation omitted); BASF Corp. v. Cesare’s Collision Repair & Towing, Inc., 15 364 F. Supp. 3d 1115, 1119 (E.D. Cal. 2019) (“California courts have routinely found that the 16 required substantial relationship exists where one of the parties is incorporated or maintains a 17 principal place of business in the chosen state.”). Accordingly, the first element is satisfied. 18 ii. Contrary to Fundamental Policy 19 Next, the Court must consider “whether the chosen state’s law is contrary to a 20 fundamental policy of California.” Pitzer, 8 Cal. 5th at 100 (emphasis in original). “California 21 courts have recognized that there are no bright line rules for determining what is and what is not 22 contrary to a fundamental policy of California.” Gomez v. Great-West Life & Annuity Ins. Co., 23 638 F. Supp. 3d 1156, 1160 (S.D. Cal. 2022) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “To 24 be ‘fundamental’, the policy must be a substantial one.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation 25 omitted). “The forum will not refrain from applying the chosen law merely because this would 26 lead to a different result than would be obtained under the local law of the state of the otherwise 27 applicable law.” Restatement (Second) of Conflicts § 187 cmt. g (2024). Logically then, “[t]he 28 mere fact that the chosen law provides lesser protection than California law, or that in a particular 1 application the chosen law would not provide protection while California law would, are not 2 reasons for applying California law.” S&J Rentals, Inc. v. Hilti, Inc., 294 F. Supp. 3d 978, 987 3 (E.D. Cal. 2018) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 4 Plaintiff’s Opposition fails to directly address this element, though it appears that Plaintiff 5 makes two arguments: (1) it is unconscionable to confer authority to an arbitrator the ability to 6 deny Plaintiff “of any and all discovery”; and (2) it is unconscionable to confer an arbitrator the 7 authority to assign arbitration fees as they wish. (Doc. 18 at 10–12.) Though these are defenses 8 do not necessarily pertain to whether Minnesota law is contrary to California fundamental policy, 9 the Court will address each argument below. 10 1. Arbitrator’s Control of Discovery 11 Minnesota Statute § 572B.17(c) provides: “An arbitrator may permit such discovery as the 12 arbitrator decides is appropriate in the circumstances, taking into account the needs of the parties 13 to the arbitration proceeding and other affected persons and the desirability of making the 14 proceeding fair, expeditious, and cost-effective.” Minn. Stat. § 572B.17(c). On page three of the 15 parties’ Agreement, paragraph 8.4 states: “Each party may conduct discovery to the full extent as 16 would be allowed in civil litigation in court in accordance with the Federal Rules of Civil 17 Procedure, subject only to limitation by the arbitrator upon motion of the other party on the 18 ground that limitation of such discovery is necessary to protect the party from waiver of privilege, 19 unwarranted annoyance, embarrassment, oppression, or undue burden or expense.” (Ex. A, Doc. 20 15-2 at 4, ¶ 8.4.) In essence, under the plain terms of the Agreement, the parties will be permitted 21 to conduct discovery exactly as they would if they remained in federal court. 22 Regardless, in Armendariz, the Supreme Court held that “it is undisputed that some 23 discovery is often necessary for vindicating a FEHA claim. Accordingly, whether or not the 24 employees in this case are entitled to the full range of discovery provided in Code of Civil 25 Procedure section 1283.05, they are at least entitled to discovery sufficient to adequately arbitrate 26 their statutory claim, . . . as determined by the arbitrator(s).” Armendariz v. Found. Health 27 Psychare Servs., Inc., 24 Cal. 4th 83, 106 (Cal. 2000) (emphasis added). For this reason, the 28 California courts have determined that arbitrators are permitted to oversee discovery efforts. See, 1 e.g., Roman v. Sup. Ct., 172 Cal. App. 4th 1462, 1476 (Cal. Ct. App. 2009) (allowing for express 2 authorization of arbitrator “to order ‘such discovery . . . as the arbitrator considers necessary to a 3 full and fair exploration of the issues in dispute, consistent with the expedited nature of 4 arbitration.’”); see also Dotson v. Amgen, Inc., 181 Cal. App. 4th 975, 984 (Cal. Ct. App. 2010) 5 (“Although the Amgen agreement purports to limit discovery to one deposition of a natural 6 person, the agreement gives the arbitrator broad discretion contemplated by the AAA rules to 7 order the discovery needed to sufficiently litigate the parties’ claims.”) (emphasis added). 8 As in Dotson, the Court cannot assume an arbitrator will be unfair in controlling 9 discovery: “This assumption is not a consideration when determining the validity of a discovery 10 provision. Indeed, it is quite the opposite. We assume that the arbitrator will operate in a 11 reasonable manner in conformity with the law.” Dotson, 181 Cal. App. 4th at 984. The Court 12 therefore concludes that Minnesota law’s grant of authority to the arbitrator to control discovery 13 is neither unconscionable, nor contrary to a fundamental policy of California. 14 2. Arbitrator Fees 15 Under Minnesota law, “an arbitrator may order such remedies as the arbitrator considers 16 just and appropriate under the circumstances of the arbitration proceeding.” Minn. Stat. 17 § 572B.21(c). “An arbitrator’s expenses and fees, together with other expenses, must be paid as 18 provided in the award.” Id. § (d). Plaintiff now complains that California courts have “made 19 extraordinarily clear that this kind of forced, adhesionary arbitration must never, ever result in a 20 situation where the employee being forced to arbitrate could be made liable for any fees and costs 21 unique to arbitration.” (Doc. 18 at 11 (citing Armendariz, 24 Cal. 4th at 107, 113).) However, 22 California Code of Civil Procedure § 1284.2 provides: “Unless the arbitration agreement 23 otherwise provides or the parties to the arbitration otherwise agree, each party to the arbitration 24 shall pay his pro rata share of the expenses and fees of the neutral arbitrator, together with other 25 expenses of the arbitration incurred or approved by the neutral arbitrator[.]” Cal. Civ. Pro. 26 § 1284.2 (underlining added). Though Plaintiff cites to Armendariz, the California Supreme 27 Court’s ultimate holding was “that when an employer imposes mandatory arbitration as a 28 condition of employment, the arbitration agreement or arbitration process cannot generally require 1 the employee to bear any type of expense that the employee would not be required to bear if he or 2 she were free to bring the action in court.” Armendariz, 24 Cal. 4th at 110–111 (first emphasis 3 added, second emphasis in original). Furthermore, Plaintiff has not proffered any competent 4 evidence to suggest that the Agreement was “a condition of employment.” Thus, the Court 5 therefore concludes that Minnesota’s arbitration fee arrangement is not contrary to “fundamental” 6 California policy. 7 D. Coverage of Dispute 8 Defendants apply Minnesota law to argue that “Plaintiff’s claims fall within the scope of 9 the Agreement.” (See generally Doc. 15 at 14.) Plaintiff evidently disagrees, stating that he is 10 exempted under the FAA under the “transportation worker” exception. (Doc. 18 at 2–3.) 11 “Whether a party has agreed to arbitrate a particular dispute is a matter of contract 12 interpretation.” Glacier Park Iron Ore Props., LLC v. U.S. Steel Corp., 948 N.W.2d 686, 694 13 (Minn. Ct. App. 2020) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “To determine the scope 14 of an arbitration clause, a court examines the language of the agreement.” Id. (internal quotation 15 marks and citation omitted). “In making that determination, courts generally apply state law 16 principles that govern contract formation, to ascertain the parties’ intent.” Id. (internal quotation 17 marks and citation omitted). “Generally, contracting parties are free to determine the scope and 18 extent of their arbitration agreement, . . [and] [a]rbitration provisions are generally considered 19 binding, and a significant body of authority exists supporting their enforcement.” Cmty. Partners 20 Designs, Inc. v. City of Lonsdale, 697 N.W.2d 629, 632 (Minn. Ct. App. 2005) (internal citations 21 omitted); Glacier Park, 948 N.W.2d at 694 (“Minnesota appellate courts have often construed 22 arbitration agreements broadly.”) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “Any doubt 23 with respect to the intent of the parties regarding the scope of arbitration should be resolved in 24 favor of arbitration.” Glacier Park, 948 N.W.2d at 694 (internal quotation marks and citation 25 omitted). 26 Paragraph 15 of the parties’ Agreement states: “Governing Law. This Agreement shall 27 be governed by, construed, and enforced pursuant to the procedural and substantive provisions of 28 the arbitration laws of the state of Minnesota, and not the Federal Arbitration Act, 9 U.S.C. §1 et 1 seq.” (Ex. A, Doc. 15-2 at 5, ¶ 15 (boldening in original) (emphasis added).) Under the plain 2 language of the Agreement then, the transportation worker exemption is therefore inapplicable, 3 because the parties contracted around the FAA. Glacier Park, 948 N.W.2d at 694. 4 Paragraph 2 of the Agreement delineates which claims the contract “covers.” (Ex. A, 5 Doc. 15-2 at 1, ¶ 2.) It states, in relevant part, “this Agreement applies to all disputes between 6 Company and me, . . . all claims I may have against Company, or any of its officers, directors, 7 employees, or agents, arising out of my employment with Company[.]” (Id.) “Claims covered by 8 this Agreement include, but are not limited to, . . . Claims for any violation of any federal, state or 9 local law, ordinance, regulation, or rule; Claims for wages, benefits or other compensation due; 10 Claims for wrongful termination . . . and Claims of discrimination or harassment for any reason.” 11 (Id.) 12 Plaintiff’s Complaint raises claims that sound in both federal and state law, and all arise 13 out of his employment with Defendants, and he seeks “back pay, front pay, lost employment 14 benefits and other compensation.” (Doc. 1 at 17.) It is difficult, if not impossible, for the Court to 15 conclude that the Agreement does not cover Plaintiff’s disputes. Plaintiff’s legal claims clearly 16 fall within the purview of the Agreement. Similarly, Plaintiff’s monetary damage requests also 17 fall within the Agreement’s coverage. Thus, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ Motion to Compel 18 Arbitration and STAYS the action pending the results of arbitration. See Woischke v. Stursberg 19 & Fine, Inc., 920 N.W.2d 419, 422 (Minn. 2018) (“[U]nder the Minnesota Uniform Arbitration 20 Act, when a district court determines that an agreement to arbitrate exists and a dispute is 21 arbitrable, the district court must stay, rather than dismiss, the judicial proceedings when granting 22 a motion to compel arbitration.”) (emphasis added) (citation omitted); Delgadillo v. James 23 McKaone Enters., Inc., No. 1:12-cv-1149 AWI MJS, 2012 WL 4027019, at *3 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 24 12, 2012) (court has discretion to stay case pending arbitration).5 25 /// 26

27 5 The Court’s decision to stay this case is further supported by the Supreme Court’s most recent decision to grant certiorari in Smith v. Spizziri, No. 22-1218, on the question of whether the Court must stay or dismiss an action after 28 concluding the parties have agreed to arbitrate an issue. Regardless, now that the Court has concluded the parties 1 CONCLUSION 2 Based upon the foregoing, the Court ORDERS: 3 (1) Defendants’ Motion to Compel Arbitration and Stay Proceedings (Doc. 15) is 4 GRANTED. 5 (2) This case is ADMINISTRATIVELY STAYED pending the final resolution 6 of arbitration of Plaintiffs claims against Defendants. The parties SHALL file 7 a joint status report within 120 days and every 120 days thereafter, and they 8 SHALL file a joint notice within 14 days of the date arbitration is completed. 9 10 IT IS SO ORDERED. Dated: _ April 19, 2024 Cerin | Tower TED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 18