Gonzales v. Noonan

• Court: District Court, S.D. California
• Decided: March 30, 2022
• Docket: 3:22-cv-00106
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 JESUS PEDRITO GONZALES, Case No.: 22cv0106-DMS-MSB BOOKING #96408-298, 12 ORDER: Plaintiff, 13 vs. (1) GRANTING MOTION TO 14 PROCEED IN FORMA PAUPERIS; 15 and E. NOONAN, Warden; M. SMITH; 16 R. STEWERT; T. HARLEY; MR. CORVET; GEO WESTERN (2) DISMISSING COMPLAINT FOR 17 REGIONAL DETENTION FACILITY, FAILING TO STATE A CLAIM PURSUANT TO 28 U.S.C. 18 Defendants. § 1915(e)(2)(B) 19 20 21 22 23 Plaintiff Jesus Pedrito Gonzales, currently housed at the Metropolitan Correctional 24 Center (“MCC”) is proceeding pro se in this civil rights action. (ECF No. 1.) Plaintiff’s 25 claims arise from the time he was detained at the Western Region Detention Facility 26 (“WRDF”) in San Diego, California. Plaintiff claims he was subjected to cruel and 27 unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment and deprived of his right to 28 due process under the Fifth Amendment. He names as Defendants GEO Group, Inc.’s 1 WRDF, a private corporation operating the WRDF under a contract with the federal 2 government, and Correctional Officers employed there by GEO Group, Inc. (Id. at 1-3.) 3 In addition, Plaintiff has filed a motion to proceed in forma pauperis (“IFP”). (ECF No. 4 2). 5 I. Motion to Proceed IFP 6 All parties instituting any civil action, suit or proceeding in a district court of the 7 United States, except an application for writ of habeas corpus, must pay a filing fee of 8 $400.1 See 28 U.S.C. § 1914(a). The action may proceed despite a plaintiff’s failure to 9 prepay the entire fee only if he is granted leave to proceed IFP pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 10 § 1915(a). See Andrews v. Cervantes, 493 F.3d 1047, 1051 (9th Cir. 2007); Rodriguez v. 11 Cook, 169 F.3d 1176, 1177 (9th Cir. 1999). However, a prisoner who is granted leave to 12 proceed IFP remains obligated to pay the entire fee in “increments” or “installments,” 13 Bruce v. Samuels, 577 U.S. 82, 83–84 (2016); Williams v. Paramo, 775 F.3d 1182, 1185 14 (9th Cir. 2015), and regardless of whether his action is ultimately dismissed. See 28 15 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(1) & (2); Taylor v. Delatoore, 281 F.3d 844, 847 (9th Cir. 2002). 16 Section 1915(a)(2) requires prisoners seeking leave to proceed IFP to submit a 17 “certified copy of the trust fund account statement (or institutional equivalent) for . . . the 18 6-month period immediately preceding the filing of the complaint.” 28 U.S.C. 19 § 1915(a)(2); Andrews v. King, 398 F.3d 1113, 1119 (9th Cir. 2005). From the certified 20 trust account statement, the Court assesses an initial payment of 20% of (a) the average 21 monthly deposits in the account for the past six months, or (b) the average monthly 22 balance in the account for the past six months, whichever is greater, unless the prisoner 23 has no assets. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(1); 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(4). The institution having 24 25 26 1 In addition to the $350 statutory fee, civil litigants must pay an additional administrative 27 fee of $52. See 28 U.S.C. § 1914(a) (Judicial Conference Schedule of Fees, District Court Misc. Fee Schedule, § 14 (eff. Dec. 2020). The additional $52 administrative fee does not 28 1 custody of the prisoner then collects subsequent payments, assessed at 20% of the 2 preceding month’s income, in any month in which his account exceeds $10, and forwards 3 those payments to the Court until the entire filing fee is paid. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(2); 4 Bruce, 136 S. Ct. at 629. 5 In support of his IFP Motion, Plaintiff has submitted a copy of his prison trust 6 account statement. See ECF No. 2 at 10-20; 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(2); S.D. CAL. CIVLR 7 3.2; Andrews, 398 F.3d at 1119. This certificate shows that Plaintiff had an available 8 balance of only $0.04 at the time of filing. See ECF No. 2. Thus, the Court assesses no 9 initial partial filing fee at this time. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(4) (providing that “[i]n no 10 event shall a prisoner be prohibited from bringing a civil action or appealing a civil action 11 or criminal judgment for the reason that the prisoner has no assets and no means by 12 which to pay the initial partial filing fee.”); Bruce, 136 S. Ct. at 630; Taylor, 281 F.3d at 13 850 (finding that 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(4) acts as a “safety-valve” preventing dismissal of 14 a prisoner’s IFP case based solely on a “failure to pay . . . due to the lack of funds 15 available to him when payment is ordered.”). 16 Therefore, the Court GRANTS Plaintiff’s Motion to Proceed IFP (ECF No. 2), 17 declines to exact the initial filing fee because his trust account statement indicates he may 18 have “no means to pay it,” Bruce, 136 S. Ct. at 629, and directs the Warden of MCC or 19 their designee, to instead collect the entire $350 balance of the filing fees required by 28 20 U.S.C. § 1914 and forward them to the Clerk of the Court pursuant to the installment 21 payment provisions set forth in 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(1). See id. 22 II. SCREENING PURSUANT TO 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B) 23 A. Standard of Review 24 Because Plaintiff is a prisoner, his Complaint requires a pre-answer screening 25 pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915(e)(2)(B). A complaint filed by any person proceeding 26 IFP is subject to sua sponte dismissal if it is “frivolous, malicious, fail[s] to state a claim 27 upon which relief may be granted, or seek[s] monetary relief from a defendant immune 28 from such relief.” 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B); Calhoun v. Stahl, 254 F.3d 845, 845 (9th 1 Cir. 2001) (per curiam) (holding that “the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B) are not 2 limited to prisoners.”); Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1127 (9th Cir. 2000) (en banc) 3 (“[S]ection 1915(e) not only permits but requires a district court to dismiss an in forma 4 pauperis complaint that fails to state a claim.”) 5 “The standard for determining whether a plaintiff has failed to state a claim upon 6 which relief can be granted under § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) is the same as the Federal Rule of 7 Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) standard for failure to state a claim.” Watison v. Carter, 668 8 F.3d 1108, 1112 (9th Cir. 2012). Rule 12(b)(6) requires a complaint to “contain 9 sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its 10 face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009), quoting Bell Atlantic Corp. v. 11 Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). 12 Detailed factual allegations are not required, but “[t]hreadbare recitals of the 13 elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.” 14 Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. “Determining whether a complaint states a plausible claim for 15 relief [is] . . . a context-specific task that requires the reviewing court to draw on its 16 judicial experience and common sense.” Id. The “mere possibility of misconduct” or 17 “unadorned, the defendant-unlawfully-harmed me accusation[s]” fall short of meeting 18 that standard. Id. 19 B. Plaintiff’s Allegations 20 On July 21, 2021, Plaintiff arrived at WDRF” run by the GEO Group, Inc., a 21 private corporation retained to operate the facility on “behalf of the U.S. Marshals 22 Service.” 2 (Compl. at 4.) Prior to arriving at WDRF, Plaintiff had been hospitalized at 23 Paradise Valley Hospital for four days due to complications from a “cardio condition” 24 causing high blood pressure and chest pains. Id. Upon his return, he was stripped 25 searched and placed in a “holding cell in front of the intake area.” Id. 26 27 28 1 Approximately ten minutes later, Officer Corvet came to the holding cell and told 2 Plaintiff he was going to “go with him to medical so [he] could be medically cleared and 3 housed.” Id. Corvet directed Plaintiff to walk to the shower area where Corvet told him 4 to “strip out and get naked that he was [going] to do a search before [he] headed to 5 medical.” Id. Plaintiff informed Corvet that he had already been strip searched but 6 Corvet told him to remove his clothes and he would be searched again. See id. Plaintiff 7 asked Corvet to “check video recordings of intake cameras” which would confirm that he 8 had already been strip searched. Id. However, Corvet purportedly told Plaintiff “get 9 naked and just [expletive] do it.” Id. at 5. Plaintiff informed him he did not feel safe 10 with him and asked to speak to his supervisor. See id. 11 Plaintiff felt Corvet was “getting angry” and he believed he “had no choice but to 12 strip out.” Id. Once Plaintiff was fully undressed, Corvet asked Plaintiff to “pull up [his] 13 testicles and [pull] penis skin back.” Id. Plaintiff began to “verbally confront[]” Corvet 14 and informed him that he had never been asked to do that before. Id. Corvet told 15 Plaintiff to “squat and cough” and Plaintiff complied. Id. 16 Plaintiff alleges he was “humiliated and embarrassed” by Corvet and he “started 17 be[ing] loud which caused Officer Moran to “walk in and ask [Plaintiff] to calm down 18 and control [himself].” Id. at 5-6. Plaintiff got dressed and asked to speak to a sergeant. 19 See id. at 6. Sergeant Ford came to speak to Plaintiff and told Plaintiff he would “look 20 into it.” Id. 21 Plaintiff was escorted to medical and “housed [] in Tank/Dorm #178.” Id. 22 Plaintiff filed a grievance about what occurred with Corvet. See id. After receiving the 23 grievance, “Supervisors Staff” came to speak with Plaintiff and “took pictures” of him. 24 Id. 25 On November 21, 2021, during “recreational yard movement,” there was an 26 “incident” between inmates that included inmates who are “validated gang members.” 27 Id. at 8. Plaintiff, along with the other inmates in his housing unit, are supposed to be 28 kept separate from the validated gang members because they are “gang dropouts.” Id. 1 However, staff alleges that another inmate and Plaintiff “were walking by [and] 2 committed a rule violation” when they allegedly “assaulted another inmate.” Id. As a 3 result, Plaintiff was placed in the “restrictive housing unit (“RHU”) pending a “hearing 4 for a violation of facility regulations rules” for “assaulting any person resulting in serious 5 injury.” Id. 6 However, Plaintiff claims that after he was placed in RHU, “no one came to see” 7 him and he was not provided an “incident report.” Id. at 9. Plaintiff was housed in the 8 RHU from November 21, 2021 to December 2, 2021. See id. Plaintiff claims these 9 events violated regulations because he was supposed to be notified within seven days of 10 the charges in writing, “description of the incident, specific rules violated,” and his 11 disciplinary hearing conducted. Id. 12 On December 1, 2021, Officer Smith came to see Plaintiff in the RHU and asked 13 him if he wanted to appear before the disciplinary committee. See id. Plaintiff agreed 14 and informed him that none of the procedures had been followed and that his hearing had 15 not been conducted in a timely manner. See Id. Smith told Plaintiff that he was correct 16 and his disciplinary hearing had to be conducted that same day. See id. However, no one 17 came to conduct his disciplinary hearing. See id. 18 The following day Plaintiff filed a grievance alleging that his due process rights 19 had been violated and the “disciplinary procedure guidelines and rules had not been met.” 20 Id. at 10. Sergeant Gibbs came and housed Plaintiff in intake. See id. Plaintiff claims 21 Smith arrived and attempted to speak to Plaintiff to “fix his mistakes.” Id. 22 Plaintiff appeared before a Committee hearing on December 2, 2021 where he 23 asked the Chief of Security Stewert why he was “kept in RHU housing.” Id. at 11. 24 Stewert responded “you know what you are here for, let’s not fool around and play 25 games.” Id. Plaintiff informed the Committee that the wrong charges were issued and 26 they failed to conduct his disciplinary hearing in the timeframe required by their own 27 regulations. See id. 28 1 Plaintiff alleges his Fifth and Eighth Amendment rights have been violated. He 2 seeks injunctive relief, declaratory relief, and unspecified compensatory and punitive 3 damages. See id. at 20. 4 C. Analysis 5 The Complaint indicates this action is brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. (See ECF 6 No. 1 at 1.) Title 42 U.S.C. § 1983 “creates a private right of action against individuals 7 who, acting under color of state law, violate federal constitutional or statutory rights.” 8 Devereaux v. Abbey, 263 F.3d 1070, 1074 (9th Cir. 2001). “Section 1983, however, 9 provides no right of action against federal (rather than state) officials.” Russell v. United 10 States Dept. of the Army, 191 F.3d 1016, 1019 (9th Cir. 1999). To the extent Plaintiff has 11 named federal rather than state actors as Defendants, his Complaint is properly construed 12 pursuant to Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 403 13 U.S. 388 (1971). See Van Strum v. Lawn, 940 F.2d 406, 409 (9th Cir. 1991) (“Actions 14 under § 1983 and those under Bivens are identical save for the replacement of a state 15 actor under § 1983 by a federal actor under Bivens.”) 16 The Defendants named in this action include GEO Group, Inc., a private 17 corporation operating the WRDF under a contract with the federal government, and 18 Correctional Officers employed there by GEO Group, Inc. (ECF No. 1 at 1-3.) Plaintiff 19 may not assert a Bivens claim against Defendant GEO Group, Inc. or WRDF. See 20 Correctional Services Corp. v. Malesko, 534 U.S. 61, 66-74 (2001) (Bivens liability does 21 not extend to a private corporation operating a facility under contract with the federal 22 government); Agyeman v. Corrections Corp. of America, 390 F.3d 1101, 1103 (9th Cir. 23 2004) (same). As for the remaining Defendants, individual Correctional Officers 24 employed by GEO Group, Inc., Plaintiff’s federal constitutional claims are required to be 25 brought, if at all, pursuant to Bivens. Agyeman, 390 F.3d at 1103. 26 With respect to Plaintiff’s Eighth Amendment cruel and unusual punishment claim, 27 he cannot maintain a Bivens cause of action against the individual Defendants. “Where, 28 as here, a federal prisoner seeks damages from privately employed personnel working at 1 a privately operated federal prison, where the conduct allegedly amounts to a violation of 2 the Eighth Amendment, and where that conduct is of a kind that typically falls within the 3 scope of traditional state tort law . . ., the prisoner must seek a remedy under state tort 4 law. We cannot simply imply a Bivens remedy in such a case.” Minneci v. Pollard, 565 5 U.S. 118, 131 (2012). The Ninth Circuit has applied Pollard to preclude Bivens remedies 6 for Eighth Amendment claims against employees of the GEO Group, Inc. in its capacity 7 of operating a federal immigration detention facility. See Karboau v. Clark, 577 8 Fed.Appx. 678, 679 (9th Cir. 2014) (affirming dismissal of Eighth Amendment claims 9 against individual employees of GEO Group, Inc., because the exclusive remedy is 10 pursuant to state tort law). 11 To the extent that Plaintiff claims he was denied “due process,” the Court liberally 12 construes Plaintiff’s claims as a Fifth Amendment due process claim. However, with 13 respect to Plaintiff’s Fifth Amendment due process claims arising from the disciplinary 14 proceedings, it is unclear whether Plaintiff can bring a Bivens cause of action against the 15 individual Defendants. See Vega v. United States, 881 F.3d 1146, 1153 (9th Cir. 2018). 16 Since Bivens was decided, the Supreme Court has “only expanded this ‘implied cause of 17 action’ twice.” Ziglar v. Abbasi, __ U.S. __, 137 S.Ct. 1843, 1854 (2017). The Supreme 18 Court did expand Bivens to include a claim brought under the Fifth Amendment due 19 process claim for gender discrimination. See Davis v. Passman, 442 U.S. 228 (1979). 20 However, the claim brought by Plaintiff before this Court does not include allegations of 21 gender discrimination. 22 In Abbasi, the Supreme Court held that when seeking to expand Bivens, the “first 23 question a court must ask in a case like this one is whether the claim arises in a new 24 Bivens context, i.e., whether the case is different in a meaningful way from previous 25 Bivens cases decided by the Court.” Vega, 881 F.3d at 1153 (citing Abbasi, 137 S.Ct. at 26 1864). In Vega, the Ninth Circuit held that a federal prisoner’s procedural due process 27 claims arising out of prison disciplinary charges presents a “new context” under Abbasi. 28 1 Vega, 881 F.3d at 1154. Therefore, Plaintiff’s claims present a “new context” under 2 Abbasi. 3 The Supreme Court has also created a “two-step analysis for determining 4 congressional intent as to the appropriateness of a Bivens remedy.” Western Radio 5 Services Co. v. U.S. Forest Service, 578 F.3d 1116, 1120 (9th Cir. 2009) (citing Wilkie v. 6 Robbins, 551 U.S. 537, 550 (2007)). First, a court must determine “whether any 7 alternative, existing process for protecting the interest amounts to a convincing reason for 8 the Judicial Branch to refrain from providing a new and freestanding remedy in 9 damages.” Wilkie, 551 U.S. at 550. “’Alternative remedial structures’ can take many 10 forms, including administrative, statutory, equitable, and state law remedies.” Vega, 881 11 F.3d at 1154. 12 In Vega, the Ninth Circuit found that federal inmates had adequate alternative 13 remedies to address alleged due process violations arising from prison disciplinary 14 charges by seeking “’formal review of an issue relating to any aspect of his . . . own 15 confinement’ under the Administrative Remedy Program (“ARP”), 28 C.F.R. 16 § 542.10(a),” or “assistance of counsel [under] § 542.16(a), appeal[ing] any adverse 17 findings to the Regional Director, § 542.15(a), and then to [Federal Bureau of Prisons]’s 18 General Counsel.” Id. (quoting Correctional Services Corp. v. Malesko, 534 U.S. 61, 74 19 (2001) (emphasis in original). 20 Here, throughout his Complaint, Plaintiff acknowledges that he was able to bring 21 grievances arising from the claims that he brings in this action. Plaintiff clearly 22 acknowledges that there was a grievance procedure available. Based on these facts, the 23 Court finds that Plaintiff has demonstrated that he has an “alternative remedial structure.” 24 Abbasi, 137 S.Ct. 1858. 25 In addition, there are no factual allegations with respect to Defendant Noonan who 26 is alleged to be the Warden for WRDF. A defendant is liable when he or she “personally 27 participated” in the alleged constitutional deprivation. Fayle v. Stapley, 607 F.2d 858, 28 862 (9th Cir. 1979); Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 676 (“[A] plaintiff must plead that each 1 Government-official defendant, through the official’s own individual actions, has 2 violated the Constitution.”) To the extent Plaintiff is attempting to contend that 3 Defendant Noonan is liable as a supervisor of the other Defendants, supervisory officials 4 may only be held liable if the Complaint alleges their “personal involvement in the 5 constitutional deprivation, or . . . a sufficient causal connection between the supervisor’s 6 wrongful conduct and the constitutional violation.” Keates v. Koile, 883 F.3d 1228, 7 1242-43 (9th Cir. 2018); Leer v. Murphy, 844 F.2d 628, 633 (9th Cir. 1988) (“The 8 inquiry into causation must be individualized and focus on the duties and responsibilities 9 of each individual defendant whose acts or omissions are alleged to have caused a 10 constitutional deprivation.”); Abassi, 137 S.Ct. at 1860 (“Bivens is not designed to hold 11 officers responsible for acts of their subordinates.”) 12 Accordingly, the Court sua sponte dismisses all claims in the Complaint against all 13 Defendants because as currently drafted the Complaint fails to state a claim upon which 14 relief may be granted. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii); Watison, 668 F.3d at 1112. 15 D. Leave to Amend 16 In light of Plaintiff’s pro se status, the Court grants him leave to amend to attempt 17 to sufficiently allege a claim against the dismissed Defendants if he can. See Rosati v. 18 Igbinoso, 791 F.3d 1037, 1039 (9th Cir. 2015) (“A district court should not dismiss a pro 19 se complaint without leave to amend [pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii)] unless ‘it 20 is absolutely clear that the deficiencies of the complaint could not be cured by 21 amendment.’”), quoting Akhtar v. Mesa, 698 F.3d 1202, 1212 (9th Cir. 2012). 22 III. Conclusion and Orders 23 Good cause appearing, the Court: 24 1. GRANTS Plaintiff’s Motion to Proceed IFP pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a) 25 (ECF No. 2). 26 / / / 27 / / / 28 / / / 1 2. DIRECTS the Warden of the MCC, or their designee, to collect from 2 Plaintiff’s trust account the $350 filing fee owed in this case by garnishing monthly 3 payments from his account in an amount equal to twenty percent (20%) of the preceding 4 month’s income and forwarding those payments to the Clerk of the Court each time the 5 amount in Plaintiff’s account exceeds $10 pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(2). ALL 6 PAYMENTS SHALL BE CLEARLY IDENTIFIED BY THE NAME AND NUMBER 7 ASSIGNED TO THIS ACTION. 8 3. DIRECTS the Clerk of the Court to serve a copy of this Order on Warden, 9 Metropolitan Correctional Center, 808 Union Street, San Diego, California 92101. 10 4. DISMISSES Plaintiff’s Complaint for failing to state a claim upon which 11 relief may be granted pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2) and GRANTS him 45 days 12 leave from the date of this Order in which to file an Amended Complaint which cures the 13 deficiencies of pleading noted. Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint must be complete by itself 14 without reference to his original pleading. Defendants not named and any claim not re- 15 alleged in his Amended Complaint will be considered waived. See S.D. Cal. CivLR 15.1; 16 Hal Roach Studios, Inc. v. Richard Feiner & Co., Inc., 896 F.2d 1542, 1546 (9th Cir. 17 1989) (“[A]n amended pleading supersedes the original.”); Lacey v. Maricopa Cnty., 693 18 F.3d 896, 928 (9th Cir. 2012) (noting that claims dismissed with leave to amend which 19 are not re-alleged in an amended pleading may be “considered waived if not repled.”). 20 5. If Plaintiff fails to file an Amended Complaint within 45 days, the Court will 21 enter a final Order dismissing this civil action based both on his failure to state a claim 22 upon which relief can be granted pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915(e)(2)(B) and his failure 23 to prosecute in compliance with a court order requiring amendment. See Lira v. Herrera, 24 427 F.3d 1164, 1169 (9th Cir. 2005) (“If a plaintiff does not take advantage of the 25 opportunity to fix his complaint, a district court may convert the dismissal of the 26 complaint into dismissal of the entire action.”). 27 / / / 28 / / / 1 6. DIRECTS the Clerk of the Court to provide Plaintiff with a blank copy of 2 form Bivens Complaint for use in amending should he choose to do so. 3 IT IS SO ORDERED. 4 Dated: March 30, 2022 5 yn yn. L4\ Hon. Dana M. Sabraw 6 United States District Judge 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 12 _