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MEMORANDUM OPINION
No. 04-08-00189-CV
George PRAPPAS, Froseni Properties, Inc. and GMB Consulting, Inc., Appellants/Cross-Appellees
v.
Said ENTEZAMI, Appellee/Cross-Appellant
From the 224th Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas Trial Court No. 2005-CI-16917 Honorable Gloria Saldaña, Judge Presiding1
Opinion by: Phylis J. Speedlin, Justice
Sitting: Catherine Stone, Chief Justice Karen Angelini, Justice Phylis J. Speedlin, Justice
Delivered and Filed: February 11, 2009
AFFIRMED
George Prappas, Froseni Properties, Inc. and GMB Consulting, Inc. appeal the trial court’s
judgment ordering the conveyance of certain real property that a jury found Prappas agreed to convey
pursuant to a foreclosure sale. In their first issue, appellants contend the evidence is insufficient to
establish a valid foreclosure sale. In their second issue, appellants challenge the trial court’s
… The Honorable Martha Tanner presided over the hearing on appellee’s motion for 1
sanctions and signed the order granting the sanctions. The Honorable Gloria Saldaña presided over the trial and signed the judgment. 04-08-00189-CV
sanctions order. In his cross-appeal, appellee Said Entezami asserts the jury’s refusal to award him
damages is against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence. We affirm the trial court’s
judgment.
BACKGROUND
GMB granted a lien against certain real property to secure a debt to MetroBank, N.A.
MetroBank subsequently transferred the lien to Froseni Properties. On September 13, 2005, Prappas,
as substitute trustee, posted the property for foreclosure. Entezami was the highest bidder at the
foreclosure sale. Although Entezami testified that Prappas stated that he would wait at the
courthouse while Entezami obtained a cashier’s check, Prappas left the courthouse before Entezami
could return with the check. In a subsequent telephone conversation, Entezami testified that Prappas
initially told him that he could overnight the cashier’s check to Prappas’s office in Houston;
however, Prappas subsequently rejected the check as untimely tendered.
Entezami sued Prappas, Froseni Properties, and GMB asserting numerous causes of action.
In October of 2006, Entezami filed a motion to compel Prappas to respond to discovery by producing
the foreclosure file that Prappas testified existed during his deposition. Entezami dropped the
hearing on the motion to compel after discussions with Prappas’s attorney. In November of 2006,
Entezami filed an amended motion to compel Prappas to respond to discovery by producing the
foreclosure file. In February of 2007, the trial court entered an order dropping the setting on
Prappas’s motion for summary judgment and prohibiting the motion from being reset until Prappas
produced the foreclosure file.
At a hearing conducted after the parties announced ready but before any further trial
proceedings, the trial court considered Entezami’s motion for sanctions based on Prappas’s failure
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to produce the foreclosure file. Entezami argued that Prappas was then seeking to defend against
Entezami’s claims by asserting that he was not properly appointed as substitute trustee; however,
Prappas failed to produce the foreclosure file that would have contained evidence of such
appointment. Moreover, Prappas had filed a counterclaim admitting that he conducted the
foreclosure sale as substitute trustee. At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court granted the
sanctions, prohibiting the appellants from introducing any evidence that Prappas was not properly
appointed as substitute trustee. The order also permitted the jury to be provided a spoliation
instruction with regard to the foreclosure file.
At trial, Prappas and Froseni Properties sought to establish that Entezami’s tender of the
cashier’s check was untimely. Although GMB had filed an answer, it did not appear at trial.
Because Entezami non-suited several claims prior to trial, the only claim submitted to the jury was
his breach of contract claim. The jury found that Prappas, as trustee, agreed to convey the property
to Entezami but failed to comply with the agreement. The jury did not, however, find that Entezami
suffered any damages as a result of such failure to comply. The trial court signed a judgment
granting specific performance and ordering the property to be conveyed to Entezami.
VALIDITY OF FORECLOSURE
In their first issue, Prappas, Froseni Properties, and GMB contend the evidence is insufficient
to establish that the foreclosure sale was valid because Entezami failed to prove that GMB received
notice of the foreclosure sale by certified mail. At trial, however, Prappas and Froseni Properties
were the parties attacking the validity of the foreclosure. Accordingly, they had the burden to plead
and prove its invalidity. See Stevens v. Bowie Nat’l Bank of Bowie, 475 S.W.2d 314, 319 (Tex. Civ.
App.—Fort Worth 1971, writ ref’d n.r.e.); Kolbo v. Blair, 379 S.W.2d 125, 129 (Tex. Civ.
-3- 04-08-00189-CV
App.—Corpus Christi 1964, writ ref’d n.r.e.); Waters v. Brooks, 325 S.W.2d 853, 856 (Tex. Civ.
App.—El Paso 1959, no writ); Price v. Reeves, 91 S.W.2d 862, 865 (Tex. Civ. App.—Fort Worth
1936, writ dism’d). The record does not contain any pleadings asserting that the absence of notice
to GMB made the foreclosure invalid. In addition, no evidence was introduced at trial to prove that
GMB did not receive proper notice. Finally, GMB did not even appear at trial and cannot raise this
issue for the first time on appeal. Waters, 325 S.W.2d at 856. The appellants’ first issue is
overruled.
SANCTIONS
In their second, third and fourth issues, the appellants contend the trial court erred in granting
death penalty sanctions against them. A trial court’s ruling on a motion for sanctions is reviewed
under an abuse of discretion standard. Cire v. Cummings, 134 S.W.3d 835, 838 (Tex. 2004). (Tex.
2004). The test for an abuse of discretion is whether the trial court acted without reference to any
guiding rules and principles. Id. at 838-39. Rule 215.2 of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure
allows a trial court to sanction a party for failure to comply with a discovery request by refusing to
allow the disobedient party to support designated defenses or by prohibiting designated evidence
from being introduced into evidence. TEX . R. CIV . P. 215.2. A trial court may not, however, impose
a sanction that is more severe than necessary to satisfy its legitimate purpose. Cire, 134 S.W.3d at
838. Any sanctions imposed by a trial court must be “just” by: (1) bearing a direct relationship
between the offensive conduct and the sanction; i.e., the sanction must be directed against the abuse;
and (2) not being excessive, i.e., the trial court must consider the availability of less stringent
sanctions. Id.
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The appellants initially assert that the trial court abused its discretion in imposing sanctions
against Froseni Properties and GMB because they were innocent parties.
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i i i i i i
MEMORANDUM OPINION
No. 04-08-00189-CV
George PRAPPAS, Froseni Properties, Inc. and GMB Consulting, Inc., Appellants/Cross-Appellees
v.
Said ENTEZAMI, Appellee/Cross-Appellant
From the 224th Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas Trial Court No. 2005-CI-16917 Honorable Gloria Saldaña, Judge Presiding1
Opinion by: Phylis J. Speedlin, Justice
Sitting: Catherine Stone, Chief Justice Karen Angelini, Justice Phylis J. Speedlin, Justice
Delivered and Filed: February 11, 2009
AFFIRMED
George Prappas, Froseni Properties, Inc. and GMB Consulting, Inc. appeal the trial court’s
judgment ordering the conveyance of certain real property that a jury found Prappas agreed to convey
pursuant to a foreclosure sale. In their first issue, appellants contend the evidence is insufficient to
establish a valid foreclosure sale. In their second issue, appellants challenge the trial court’s
… The Honorable Martha Tanner presided over the hearing on appellee’s motion for 1
sanctions and signed the order granting the sanctions. The Honorable Gloria Saldaña presided over the trial and signed the judgment. 04-08-00189-CV
sanctions order. In his cross-appeal, appellee Said Entezami asserts the jury’s refusal to award him
damages is against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence. We affirm the trial court’s
judgment.
BACKGROUND
GMB granted a lien against certain real property to secure a debt to MetroBank, N.A.
MetroBank subsequently transferred the lien to Froseni Properties. On September 13, 2005, Prappas,
as substitute trustee, posted the property for foreclosure. Entezami was the highest bidder at the
foreclosure sale. Although Entezami testified that Prappas stated that he would wait at the
courthouse while Entezami obtained a cashier’s check, Prappas left the courthouse before Entezami
could return with the check. In a subsequent telephone conversation, Entezami testified that Prappas
initially told him that he could overnight the cashier’s check to Prappas’s office in Houston;
however, Prappas subsequently rejected the check as untimely tendered.
Entezami sued Prappas, Froseni Properties, and GMB asserting numerous causes of action.
In October of 2006, Entezami filed a motion to compel Prappas to respond to discovery by producing
the foreclosure file that Prappas testified existed during his deposition. Entezami dropped the
hearing on the motion to compel after discussions with Prappas’s attorney. In November of 2006,
Entezami filed an amended motion to compel Prappas to respond to discovery by producing the
foreclosure file. In February of 2007, the trial court entered an order dropping the setting on
Prappas’s motion for summary judgment and prohibiting the motion from being reset until Prappas
produced the foreclosure file.
At a hearing conducted after the parties announced ready but before any further trial
proceedings, the trial court considered Entezami’s motion for sanctions based on Prappas’s failure
-2- 04-08-00189-CV
to produce the foreclosure file. Entezami argued that Prappas was then seeking to defend against
Entezami’s claims by asserting that he was not properly appointed as substitute trustee; however,
Prappas failed to produce the foreclosure file that would have contained evidence of such
appointment. Moreover, Prappas had filed a counterclaim admitting that he conducted the
foreclosure sale as substitute trustee. At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court granted the
sanctions, prohibiting the appellants from introducing any evidence that Prappas was not properly
appointed as substitute trustee. The order also permitted the jury to be provided a spoliation
instruction with regard to the foreclosure file.
At trial, Prappas and Froseni Properties sought to establish that Entezami’s tender of the
cashier’s check was untimely. Although GMB had filed an answer, it did not appear at trial.
Because Entezami non-suited several claims prior to trial, the only claim submitted to the jury was
his breach of contract claim. The jury found that Prappas, as trustee, agreed to convey the property
to Entezami but failed to comply with the agreement. The jury did not, however, find that Entezami
suffered any damages as a result of such failure to comply. The trial court signed a judgment
granting specific performance and ordering the property to be conveyed to Entezami.
VALIDITY OF FORECLOSURE
In their first issue, Prappas, Froseni Properties, and GMB contend the evidence is insufficient
to establish that the foreclosure sale was valid because Entezami failed to prove that GMB received
notice of the foreclosure sale by certified mail. At trial, however, Prappas and Froseni Properties
were the parties attacking the validity of the foreclosure. Accordingly, they had the burden to plead
and prove its invalidity. See Stevens v. Bowie Nat’l Bank of Bowie, 475 S.W.2d 314, 319 (Tex. Civ.
App.—Fort Worth 1971, writ ref’d n.r.e.); Kolbo v. Blair, 379 S.W.2d 125, 129 (Tex. Civ.
-3- 04-08-00189-CV
App.—Corpus Christi 1964, writ ref’d n.r.e.); Waters v. Brooks, 325 S.W.2d 853, 856 (Tex. Civ.
App.—El Paso 1959, no writ); Price v. Reeves, 91 S.W.2d 862, 865 (Tex. Civ. App.—Fort Worth
1936, writ dism’d). The record does not contain any pleadings asserting that the absence of notice
to GMB made the foreclosure invalid. In addition, no evidence was introduced at trial to prove that
GMB did not receive proper notice. Finally, GMB did not even appear at trial and cannot raise this
issue for the first time on appeal. Waters, 325 S.W.2d at 856. The appellants’ first issue is
overruled.
SANCTIONS
In their second, third and fourth issues, the appellants contend the trial court erred in granting
death penalty sanctions against them. A trial court’s ruling on a motion for sanctions is reviewed
under an abuse of discretion standard. Cire v. Cummings, 134 S.W.3d 835, 838 (Tex. 2004). (Tex.
2004). The test for an abuse of discretion is whether the trial court acted without reference to any
guiding rules and principles. Id. at 838-39. Rule 215.2 of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure
allows a trial court to sanction a party for failure to comply with a discovery request by refusing to
allow the disobedient party to support designated defenses or by prohibiting designated evidence
from being introduced into evidence. TEX . R. CIV . P. 215.2. A trial court may not, however, impose
a sanction that is more severe than necessary to satisfy its legitimate purpose. Cire, 134 S.W.3d at
838. Any sanctions imposed by a trial court must be “just” by: (1) bearing a direct relationship
between the offensive conduct and the sanction; i.e., the sanction must be directed against the abuse;
and (2) not being excessive, i.e., the trial court must consider the availability of less stringent
sanctions. Id.
-4- 04-08-00189-CV
The appellants initially assert that the trial court abused its discretion in imposing sanctions
against Froseni Properties and GMB because they were innocent parties. This assertion ignores that
until Entezami had Prappas disqualified, he also served as the attorney for Froseni Properties. In
addition, the assertion ignores that the trial court was directing the sanctions at the abuse, i.e., the
failure to produce the foreclosure file. In conducting the foreclosure, Prappas acted as a special agent
for both GMB and Froseni Properties. Peterson v. Black, 980 S.W.2d 818, 822 (Tex. App.—San
Antonio 1998, no pet.); Bonilla v. Roberson, 918 S.W.2d 17, 21 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1996,
no writ). Accordingly, the sanctions imposed by the trial court did bear a direct relationship to the
offensive conduct. In addition, the record reveals that the trial court had considered a lesser sanction
in prohibiting Prappas’s summary judgment motion to be heard or re-set until the foreclosure file
was produced. Because Prappas testified at his deposition that the foreclosure file existed but failed
to produce the file, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in prohibiting any evidence to be
introduced that would support a defense that Prappas was not properly appointed as substitute
trustee.
The appellants finally contend that the trial court abused its discretion because Entezami’s
delay in seeking sanctions precluded the relief. In this case, however, Entezami did obtain a pre-trial
ruling on the discovery misconduct in obtaining the order dropping Prappas’s summary judgment
setting and refusing to re-set the motion until the foreclosure file was produced. Meyer v. Cathey,
167 S.W.3d 327, 333 (Tex. 2005) (noting general rule that failure to obtain a pretrial ruling on a
discovery dispute waives a claim for discovery abuse sanctions). In addition, Entezami sought
further pre-trial relief in his motion for sanctions in opposition to the appellants’ efforts to raise
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defensive allegations relating to the invalidity of the foreclosure sale. Accordingly, the trial court
did not abuse its discretion in determining that Entezami had not waived his right to seek sanctions.
CONTRACTUAL DAMAGES
In his cross-appeal, Entezami asserts that the jury’s refusal to award him damages was against
the great weight and preponderance of the evidence. During trial, Entezami testified in global terms
about the repairs he would have made to the property and his ability to sell the property at a profit.
Apart from his general testimony based on his estimates and belief, Entezami offered no other
evidence to support an award of damages. On cross-examination, Entezami was questioned about
his estimation that he would be able to make a 25 to 30 percent return on his investment in less than
a year.
“There can be no recovery for damages which are speculative or conjectural.” Lefton v.
Griffith, 136 S.W.3d 271, 277 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2004, no pet.). Whether evidence is
speculative or reasonably certain is a factual issue within the exclusive province of the jury to
determine. Carter v. Steverson & Co., 106 S.W.3d 161, 166 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2003,
pet. denied). The jury is the sole judge of the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given
their testimony. VingCard A.S. v. Merrimac Hospitality Sys., Inc., 59 S.W.3d 847, 864 (Tex.
App.—Fort Worth 2001, pet. denied). The trier of fact may resolve conflicts and inconsistencies in
the testimony of any one witness as well as the testimony of different witnesses. Id. Because the
jury could have found that Entezami’s testimony was not sufficiently specific to support an award
of damages, Entezami’s issue on cross-appeal is overruled.
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CONCLUSION
The trial court’s judgment is affirmed.
Phylis J. Speedlin, Justice
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