2014 IL App (1st) 123681
SECOND DIVISION February 11, 2014
No. 1-12-3681
ELIZABETH (LIBBY) GIBBS, ) Appeal from ) the Circuit Court Plaintiff-Appellant, ) of Cook County ) v. ) No. 12 CH 3381 ) BLITT AND GAINES, P.C., ) The Honorable ) Neil Cohen, Defendant-Appellee. ) Judge Presiding.
PRESIDING JUSTICE HARRIS delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Justices Simon and Pierce concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Plaintiff Elizabeth (Libby) Gibbs appeals from the order of the circuit court dismissing her
amended complaint for violations of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA) (15 U.S.C.
§1692 et seq. (2006)) against defendant Blitt & Gaines, P.C. (Blitt & Gaines). On appeal, Gibbs
contends that the trial court erred in dismissing her claim because law firms may be held liable for
violations under the FDCPA even if the Illinois Collection Agency Act (Illinois Act) (225 ILCS
425/1 et seq., (West 2012)) expressly excludes attorneys from its requirements. For the following
reasons, we affirm.
¶2 JURISDICTION
¶3 The circuit court entered its order granting Blitt & Gaines' motion to dismiss on December
4, 2012. Petitioner filed a notice of appeal on December 11, 2012. Accordingly, this court has
jurisdiction pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rules 301 and 303, governing appeals from final
judgments entered below. Ill. S. Ct. R. 301 (eff. Feb. 1, 1994); R. 303 (eff. May 30, 2008). No. 1-12-3681
¶4 BACKGROUND
¶5 Gibbs resides in Mackinaw, Illinois, located in Tazwell County. On October 9, 2008, Blitt
& Gaines filed a suit against Gibbs on behalf of its client, CACH, LLC (CACH), a debt collection
firm, to collect an outstanding debt of $17,663.66 Gibbs allegedly owed for credit card purchases.
CACH was not an Illinois-licensed debt collection agency when it filed the suit. On May 12, 2009,
approximately seven months after filing the suit against Gibbs, CACH obtained its Illinois license.
Gibbs was served in this underlying debt collection case on September 13, 2011, more than two
years after CACH became licensed in Illinois and almost three years after its debt collection case
against Gibbs was filed.
¶6 Gibbs filed a motion to dismiss the suit based on this district's appellate opinion in LVNV
Funding, LLC v. Trice, 2011 IL App (1st) 092773. After Gibbs filed her motion to dismiss, she and
CACH entered into a settlement agreement and on March 1, 2012, the trial court entered an agreed
order wherein CACH voluntarily dismissed its case against Gibbs, with prejudice, and reimbursed
her $119 in fees. This dismissal, with prejudice, effectively erased Gibbs' credit card debt and barred
CACH from pursuing Gibbs' debt in court in the future.
¶7 Gibbs subsequently filed her own complaint in Cook County based on the underlying debt
collection suit, along with class action allegations, against Blitt & Gaines, which employed the
attorneys who filed the suit on behalf of CACH. Gibbs' individual and class action suits attempt to
hold the law firm liable for its attorneys' actions in filing suits against Gibbs and all other similarly
situated plaintiffs, on behalf of CACH and other collection agencies not licensed in Illinois. The
complaint alleged that the law firm's actions in filing suit on behalf of unlicensed debt collection
agencies made the firm a debt collector. Gibbs also alleged that by filing suit on behalf of unlicensed
collection agencies, the law firm violated the FDCPA and she sought statutory and actual damages,
2 No. 1-12-3681
attorney fees and costs and other relief on behalf of herself and all members of the class.
¶8 Blitt & Gaines filed its motion to dismiss pursuant to sections 2-615 and 2-619 of the Illinois
Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-615, 2-619 (West 2012)), raising numerous defenses to
Gibbs' individual and class action complaints. On December 4, 2012, the trial court granted the
motion to dismiss pursuant to section 2-615, holding that "it is clear Plaintiff's FDCPA claim is
based solely on Defendant's alleged violation of the [Illinois Act] by filing collection lawsuits on
behalf of an unlicensed debt collector. Defendant, however, is expressly exempt from the provisions
of the [Illinois Act]. Plaintiff cannot use an inapplicable Illinois statute to manufacture a claim under
the FDCPA." Gibbs filed her timely notice of appeal.
¶9 ANALYSIS
¶ 10 Blitt & Gaines filed its motion to dismiss under both section 2-615 and section 2-619. A
section 2-615 motion to dismiss challenges the sufficiency of the pleadings and the court determines
whether the allegations of the complaint, construed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving
party and taking all well-pleaded facts as true, are sufficient to state a cause of action upon which
relief may be granted. Dratewska-Zator v. Rutherford, 2013 IL App (1st) 122699, ¶ 14. A section
2-619 motion to dismiss, however, "admits the legal sufficiency of the complaint, but asserts
affirmative matter outside the complaint that defeats the cause of action." Kean v. Wal-Mart Stores,
Inc., 235 Ill. 2d 351, 361 (2009). The court construes the pleadings and any supporting documentary
evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Van Meter v. Darien Park District, 207
Ill. 2d 359, 367-68 (2003). Under either section 2-615 or section 2-619, our review of a motion to
dismiss is de novo. Kean, 235 Ill. 2d at 361.
¶ 11 Gibbs contends that Blitt & Gaines violated the FDCPA by filing suit on behalf of an
unlicensed debt collection agency in violation of the Illinois Act. In her amended complaint, Gibbs
3 No. 1-12-3681
alleged that Blitt & Gaines violated section 1692e of the FDCPA. Section 1692e provides, in part,
that "[a] debt collector may not use any false, deceptive, or misleading representation or means in
connection with the collection of any debt." 15 U.S.C. §1692e (2006). Gibbs relies on Trice to
support her argument that Blitt & Gaines engaged in false or unfair debt collection. In Trice, this
court found that "a complaint filed by an unregistered collection agency is *** a nullity, and any
judgment entered on such a complaint is void. The subsequent registration of the collection agency
does not absolve the agency of the crime of debt collection by an unregistered collection agency, and
it does not validate a judgment entered on the void complaint." Trice, 2011 IL App (1st) 092773,
¶ 19. Gibbs argues that Blitt & Gaines was aware of the appellate court's decision in Trice and
should have known that filing a complaint on behalf of an unregistered collection agency would
result in a void judgment. The firm, however, chose to pursue CACH's claim against Gibbs. She
concludes that such action violates the FDCPA, which "prohibits the use of false or unfair
representations in the course of debt collection."
¶ 12 However, when the appellate court rendered its decision in Trice, resolution of the claim was
far from conclusive. The court remanded the cause in Trice to the trial court and upon a petition for
rehearing, the appellate court modified its judgment to acknowledge that new constitutional
arguments had been raised which the trial court would address on remand.
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2014 IL App (1st) 123681
SECOND DIVISION February 11, 2014
No. 1-12-3681
ELIZABETH (LIBBY) GIBBS, ) Appeal from ) the Circuit Court Plaintiff-Appellant, ) of Cook County ) v. ) No. 12 CH 3381 ) BLITT AND GAINES, P.C., ) The Honorable ) Neil Cohen, Defendant-Appellee. ) Judge Presiding.
PRESIDING JUSTICE HARRIS delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Justices Simon and Pierce concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Plaintiff Elizabeth (Libby) Gibbs appeals from the order of the circuit court dismissing her
amended complaint for violations of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA) (15 U.S.C.
§1692 et seq. (2006)) against defendant Blitt & Gaines, P.C. (Blitt & Gaines). On appeal, Gibbs
contends that the trial court erred in dismissing her claim because law firms may be held liable for
violations under the FDCPA even if the Illinois Collection Agency Act (Illinois Act) (225 ILCS
425/1 et seq., (West 2012)) expressly excludes attorneys from its requirements. For the following
reasons, we affirm.
¶2 JURISDICTION
¶3 The circuit court entered its order granting Blitt & Gaines' motion to dismiss on December
4, 2012. Petitioner filed a notice of appeal on December 11, 2012. Accordingly, this court has
jurisdiction pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rules 301 and 303, governing appeals from final
judgments entered below. Ill. S. Ct. R. 301 (eff. Feb. 1, 1994); R. 303 (eff. May 30, 2008). No. 1-12-3681
¶4 BACKGROUND
¶5 Gibbs resides in Mackinaw, Illinois, located in Tazwell County. On October 9, 2008, Blitt
& Gaines filed a suit against Gibbs on behalf of its client, CACH, LLC (CACH), a debt collection
firm, to collect an outstanding debt of $17,663.66 Gibbs allegedly owed for credit card purchases.
CACH was not an Illinois-licensed debt collection agency when it filed the suit. On May 12, 2009,
approximately seven months after filing the suit against Gibbs, CACH obtained its Illinois license.
Gibbs was served in this underlying debt collection case on September 13, 2011, more than two
years after CACH became licensed in Illinois and almost three years after its debt collection case
against Gibbs was filed.
¶6 Gibbs filed a motion to dismiss the suit based on this district's appellate opinion in LVNV
Funding, LLC v. Trice, 2011 IL App (1st) 092773. After Gibbs filed her motion to dismiss, she and
CACH entered into a settlement agreement and on March 1, 2012, the trial court entered an agreed
order wherein CACH voluntarily dismissed its case against Gibbs, with prejudice, and reimbursed
her $119 in fees. This dismissal, with prejudice, effectively erased Gibbs' credit card debt and barred
CACH from pursuing Gibbs' debt in court in the future.
¶7 Gibbs subsequently filed her own complaint in Cook County based on the underlying debt
collection suit, along with class action allegations, against Blitt & Gaines, which employed the
attorneys who filed the suit on behalf of CACH. Gibbs' individual and class action suits attempt to
hold the law firm liable for its attorneys' actions in filing suits against Gibbs and all other similarly
situated plaintiffs, on behalf of CACH and other collection agencies not licensed in Illinois. The
complaint alleged that the law firm's actions in filing suit on behalf of unlicensed debt collection
agencies made the firm a debt collector. Gibbs also alleged that by filing suit on behalf of unlicensed
collection agencies, the law firm violated the FDCPA and she sought statutory and actual damages,
2 No. 1-12-3681
attorney fees and costs and other relief on behalf of herself and all members of the class.
¶8 Blitt & Gaines filed its motion to dismiss pursuant to sections 2-615 and 2-619 of the Illinois
Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-615, 2-619 (West 2012)), raising numerous defenses to
Gibbs' individual and class action complaints. On December 4, 2012, the trial court granted the
motion to dismiss pursuant to section 2-615, holding that "it is clear Plaintiff's FDCPA claim is
based solely on Defendant's alleged violation of the [Illinois Act] by filing collection lawsuits on
behalf of an unlicensed debt collector. Defendant, however, is expressly exempt from the provisions
of the [Illinois Act]. Plaintiff cannot use an inapplicable Illinois statute to manufacture a claim under
the FDCPA." Gibbs filed her timely notice of appeal.
¶9 ANALYSIS
¶ 10 Blitt & Gaines filed its motion to dismiss under both section 2-615 and section 2-619. A
section 2-615 motion to dismiss challenges the sufficiency of the pleadings and the court determines
whether the allegations of the complaint, construed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving
party and taking all well-pleaded facts as true, are sufficient to state a cause of action upon which
relief may be granted. Dratewska-Zator v. Rutherford, 2013 IL App (1st) 122699, ¶ 14. A section
2-619 motion to dismiss, however, "admits the legal sufficiency of the complaint, but asserts
affirmative matter outside the complaint that defeats the cause of action." Kean v. Wal-Mart Stores,
Inc., 235 Ill. 2d 351, 361 (2009). The court construes the pleadings and any supporting documentary
evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Van Meter v. Darien Park District, 207
Ill. 2d 359, 367-68 (2003). Under either section 2-615 or section 2-619, our review of a motion to
dismiss is de novo. Kean, 235 Ill. 2d at 361.
¶ 11 Gibbs contends that Blitt & Gaines violated the FDCPA by filing suit on behalf of an
unlicensed debt collection agency in violation of the Illinois Act. In her amended complaint, Gibbs
3 No. 1-12-3681
alleged that Blitt & Gaines violated section 1692e of the FDCPA. Section 1692e provides, in part,
that "[a] debt collector may not use any false, deceptive, or misleading representation or means in
connection with the collection of any debt." 15 U.S.C. §1692e (2006). Gibbs relies on Trice to
support her argument that Blitt & Gaines engaged in false or unfair debt collection. In Trice, this
court found that "a complaint filed by an unregistered collection agency is *** a nullity, and any
judgment entered on such a complaint is void. The subsequent registration of the collection agency
does not absolve the agency of the crime of debt collection by an unregistered collection agency, and
it does not validate a judgment entered on the void complaint." Trice, 2011 IL App (1st) 092773,
¶ 19. Gibbs argues that Blitt & Gaines was aware of the appellate court's decision in Trice and
should have known that filing a complaint on behalf of an unregistered collection agency would
result in a void judgment. The firm, however, chose to pursue CACH's claim against Gibbs. She
concludes that such action violates the FDCPA, which "prohibits the use of false or unfair
representations in the course of debt collection."
¶ 12 However, when the appellate court rendered its decision in Trice, resolution of the claim was
far from conclusive. The court remanded the cause in Trice to the trial court and upon a petition for
rehearing, the appellate court modified its judgment to acknowledge that new constitutional
arguments had been raised which the trial court would address on remand. Trice, 2011 IL App (1st)
092773, ¶ 22. On remand, the trial court determined that the Illinois Act's provision criminalizing
the failure to register as a collection agency is unconstitutional, and that the underlying judgment
against the debtor "should have been voidable rather than void." LVNV Funding, LLC v. Trice, No.
11 CH 11741 slip op. at 30 (Cir. Ct. Cook Co. Apr. 23, 2013). The trial court therefore upheld the
judgment originally obtained by LVNV Funding against Trice. Id. Trice is currently pending on
direct appeal to the Illinois Supreme Court. LVNV, LLC v. Trice, No. 116128.
4 No. 1-12-3681
¶ 13 While the constitutionality of the registration provision is pending before our supreme court,
we decline to speculate on whether a judgment obtained by a complaint filed by an unregistered
collection agency is void or voidable as a result. In any event, Trice as it currently stands does not
sufficiently support Gibbs' claim that Blitt & Gaines engaged in actionable debt collection by
pursuing a frivolous complaint against her.
¶ 14 Furthermore, the Blitt & Gaines attorneys did not violate the Illinois Act by filing CACH's
complaint against Gibbs. The purpose of the Illinois Act is to "protect consumers against debt
collection abuse." 225 ILCS 425/1a (West 2012). The Illinois Act defines a "collection agency" or
a "debt collector" as "any person who, in the ordinary course of business, regularly, on behalf of
himself or herself or others, engages in debt collection." 225 ILCS 425/2 (West 2012). The Illinois
Act, however, exempts certain persons from its requirements:
"This Act does not apply to persons whose collection activities are confined to and
are directly related to the operation of a business other than that of a collection agency, and
specifically does not include the following:
***
5. Licensed attorneys at law ***" 225 ILCS 425/2.03 (West 2012).
¶ 15 Blitt & Gaines is a law firm comprised of licensed attorneys who file suits on behalf of
collection agencies. As such, we find that it is exempt from the requirements of the Illinois Act
pursuant to the above provision. Since Blitt & Gaines committed no violation of the Illinois Act,
and therefore engaged in no misconduct by filing CACH's claim, Gibbs' contention that the firm
violated the FDCPA cannot stand.
¶ 16 Also, the issue of whether the filing of the complaint here violates the FDCPA is one of first
impression in Illinois. Therefore, Illinois courts may properly look to federal law for guidance.
5 No. 1-12-3681
People v. Childress, 338 Ill. App. 3d 540, 553-54 (2003). "The FDCPA was designed to provide
basic, overarching rules for debt collection activities; it was not meant to convert every violation of
a state debt collection law into a federal violation." Carlson v. First Revenue Assurance, 359 F.3d
1015, 1018 (8th Cir. 2004); Beler v. Blatt, Hasenmiller, Leibsker & Moore, LLC, 480 F.3d 470, 474
(7th Cir. 2007) (the FDCPA "creates its own rules" and "does not so much as hint at being an
enforcement mechanism for other rules of state and federal law"). The FDCPA was enacted "to
protect consumers from a host of unfair, harassing, and deceptive collection practices without
imposing unnecessary restrictions on ethical debt collectors. [Citation.]" (Internal quotation marks
omitted.) Federal Trade Comm'n v. Check Investors, Inc., 502 F.3d 159, 165 (3 Cir. 2007).
¶ 17 Fick v. American Acceptance Co., No. 3illCV299 2012 WL 1074288 (N.D. Ind. Mar. 28,
2012), is instructive here. In Fick, a debtor sued both the unlicensed debt collector and the law firm
representing the debt collector, alleging that in filing the underlying collection suit the law firm was
also a debt collector whose actions violated the FDCPA. Id. at *1. The federal district court
dismissed the debtor's section 1692e claim against the law firm, holding that the section applies "to
threats to take action that cannot legally be taken, but not illegal actions actually taken." Id. at *4.
Here, Gibbs' claim is based on the underlying suit actually filed by Blitt & Gaines. Pursuant to Fick,
her section 1692e claim cannot stand.
¶ 18 Finally, federal cases have held that the act of filing a debt collection suit under various
circumstances, without more, is not sufficient to state a claim under the FDCPA. See Williams v.
Zucker, Goldberg & Ackerman, LLC, No. 09-6177 (WJM) 2011 WL 843943 (D.N.J. Mar. 8, 2011);
Harvey v. Great Seneca Financial Corp., 453 F.3d 324, 330 (6th Cir. 2006) (filing a debt collection
suit without immediate means of proving the debt); Havens-Tobias v. Eagle, 127 F. Supp. 2d 889,
897-98 (S.D. Ohio 2001) (bringing a debt collection suit based on disputed charges not unfair).
6 No. 1-12-3681
¶ 19 Due to our disposition of this appeal, we need not consider other issues raised by the parties.
¶ 20 For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the circuit court is affirmed.
¶ 21 Affirmed.