Gelb v. DVA

• Court: Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
• Decided: May 17, 2023
• Docket: 23-1157
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

Case: 23-1157 Document: 21 Page: 1 Filed: 05/17/2023

NOTE: This disposition is nonprecedential.

United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ______________________

SUSAN L. GELB, Petitioner

v.

DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS, Respondent ______________________

2023-1157 ______________________

Petition for review of the Merit Systems Protection Board in No. SF-1221-21-0267-W-1. ______________________

Decided: May 17, 2023 ______________________

SUSAN L. GELB, Alameda, CA, pro se.

MARIANA TERESA ACEVEDO, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, United States Department of Jus- tice, Washington, DC, for respondent. Also represented by BRIAN M. BOYNTON, PATRICIA M. MCCARTHY, CORINNE ANNE NIOSI. ______________________

Before LOURIE, DYK, and STOLL, Circuit Judges. Case: 23-1157 Document: 21 Page: 2 Filed: 05/17/2023

PER CURIAM. Susan L. Gelb appeals the final decision of the Merit Systems Protection Board denying her request for correc- tive action under the Whistleblower Protection Act (WPA). Specifically, Ms. Gelb challenges the Administrative Judge’s decision finding that Ms. Gelb had not established good cause for her absence at the scheduled hearing and thus waived her right to a hearing. We hold that the ad- ministrative judge (AJ) abused his discretion in denying Ms. Gelb a hearing because, although she was absent, her representative was present at the hearing. However, be- cause Ms. Gelb has not met her burden of showing harmful error, we affirm the Board’s final decision. BACKGROUND Ms. Gelb filed a complaint with the Office of Special Counsel (OSC), alleging retaliation under the WPA. After the OSC closed its investigation, Ms. Gelb appealed to the Board seeking corrective action. An AJ determined that Ms. Gelb had exhausted her claims and made nonfrivolous allegations of Board jurisdiction such that the appeal could proceed. Subsequently, on April 22, 2021, the AJ held a tele- phonic status conference. He indicated that a hearing would take place using the Zoom for Government (ZfG) vid- eoconferencing platform. Ms. Gelb’s representative “ex- pressed concern[s] regarding the appellant’s ability to access the necessary electronic equipment and internet connection to participate using ZfG.” SAppx. 52. 1 Her rep- resentative asked whether an in-person appearance was possible, and the AJ explained that then-current COVID- 19 protocols precluded such appearances. The AJ ordered the “appellant . . . to determine whether she is able to

1 Citations to “SAppx.” refer to the appendix at- tached to the appellee’s brief. Case: 23-1157 Document: 21 Page: 3 Filed: 05/17/2023

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successfully utilize the ZfG platform with equipment cur- rently available to her.” Id. If Ms. Gelb was unable to uti- lize the ZfG platform, the AJ ordered that “she must notify the Board in writing by May 14, 2021, and set forth the specific reasons she [was] unable to use ZfG and any efforts she has made to overcome those issues.” Id. (emphasis in original). The AJ then issued an order setting a hearing for June 21, 2021 and stating that “[i]f the appellant fails to appear without good cause, the appeal will be decided without a hearing.” SAppx. 55. Ms. Gelb did not make a submission to the Board by the May 14, 2021 deadline. Instead, she asked—after the deadline, on four separate occasions—that the AJ allow her to appear via audio-only or in-person. See SAppx. 59 (May 24, 2021); ECF No. 9 at 49–52 2 (June 7, 2021); SAppx. 69, 72 (June 17, 2021); ECF No. 9 at 74–79 (June 19, 2021). Ms. Gelb explained that “she does not have the necessary personal hardware/equipment and wherewithal (to include a stable internet connection) to fa- cilitate a videoconference.” ECF No. 9 at 76; see also id. at 51–52. The AJ repeatedly denied Ms. Gelb’s requests. See SAppx. 59–60 (June 1, 2021); SAppx. 66–67 (June 8, 2021); SAppx. 69, 72 (June 17, 2021). He explained that appel- lant had failed to make the requested submission by the May 14, 2021 deadline and thus found that “appellant has not shown good cause to participate in the hearing in per- son or by audio only.” SAppx. 60. The AJ continued to order “appellant to appear by video” and warned that failure to do so may result in sanc- tions under 5 C.F.R. § 1201.43. Id. Under 5 C.F.R. § 1201.43(a), a judge may sanction a party for failure to

2 Citations to “ECF No. 9” refer to the PDF page numbers on the appellant’s brief and attached appendix. Case: 23-1157 Document: 21 Page: 4 Filed: 05/17/2023

comply with an order. Under subsection (e), a judge may cancel a scheduled hearing “for contumacious conduct or conduct prejudicial to the administration of justice.” Here, the AJ specified in his order that “an appropriate sanction for the appellant’s failure to appear by video would be to bar her from testifying.” SAppx. 72. The morning of June 21, 2021—the day of the hear- ing—the AJ told Ms. Gelb’s representative that Ms. Gelb may use audio-only means to join the hearing. Hearing Au- dio Recording at 6:45–7:02 (“Now the administrative judge tells us [to] just have [Ms. Gelb] call in, when she’s already been advised she can’t do that. . . . That could have and should have actually been articulated by the administra- tive judge way before now.”). In other words, the AJ finally permitted Ms. Gelb to appear in the manner she had re- peatedly requested. Ms. Gelb did not appear at the hearing through video or audio. She had made other plans for the day; specifi- cally, Ms. Gelb’s representative noted that, believing she would be unable to attend the hearing, Ms. Gelb decided not to take the day off work. Hearing Audio Recording at 6:00–6:49. Importantly, Ms. Gelb’s representative said: I just want the record to just be really clear too that we are not waiving our right to a hearing and ask- ing for a decision on the written record whatsoever in any way, shape, or form. The appellant is pre- pared to move forward today . . . [and] we just wanted to be real clear that we are prepared to move forward. She has a right to a hearing. . . . She does not waive her right to a hearing, and she is not asking for a decision on the written record at all and is prepared today to move forward without her. Hearing Audio Recording at 16:09–17:01. Ms. Gelb’s rep- resentative also asked that the hearing be rescheduled. SAppx. 42 n.2; Hearing Audio Recording at 13:40–14:48. The AJ decided that Ms. Gelb failed to show good cause for Case: 23-1157 Document: 21 Page: 5 Filed: 05/17/2023

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her absence, canceled the hearing, and notified parties that the record would close on July 6, 2021. See Hearing Audio Recording at 18:48–18:53 (“We will not be proceeding with the hearing absent the appellant’s presence.”). On July 5, 2021, Ms. Gelb, through her representative, filed an Initial Response to AJ Close of Record. She argued that the AJ arbitrarily and capriciously canceled her hear- ing because she was present at the hearing through her representative. Separately, she stated that “there is not a genuine dispute as to any material fact in appellant’s re- ported disclosure(s) and contributing factor knowledge/timing test under WPA law.” ECF No. 9 at 85. Also, the response stated that since appellant was “denied her requested hearing, [her] representative will further elaborate on some evidence of current record, which would have only, essentially, required oral argument at [the] hearing, and [about] which appellant may not have called any witnesses.” ECF No. 9 at 87. Yet, Ms. Gelb also ar- gued that by cancelling the hearing, she “was improperly denied the ability to have [her former supervisor]’s credi- bility assessed by the AJ at [the] hearing, [which] was harmful error.” ECF No. 9 at 92 n.10. On September 24, 2021, the AJ issued his Initial Deci- sion denying Ms. Gelb’s request for relief. Gelb v. Dep’t of Veterans Affs., No. SF-1221-21-0267-W-1, 2021 WL 4439338 (M.S.P.B. Sept. 24, 2021) (Initial Decision), aff’d, 2022 WL 4241205, at *1 (M.S.P.B. Sept. 14, 2022) (Final Decision). The AJ stated that “appellant’s representative failed to show good cause for the appellant’s nonappear- ance.” Initial Decision, 2021 WL 4439338. He addressed Ms. Gelb’s arguments in her close of record submission as “unavailing and decline[d] to reconsider [his] prior rul- ings.” Id. n.3. Also, he noted that “appellant states in her closing submission that the record is complete, that a hear- ing would have only required oral argument, and that she submits no new evidence or argument with her close of rec- ord submission.” Id. Case: 23-1157 Document: 21 Page: 6 Filed: 05/17/2023

Ms. Gelb appealed. She argued that she had not waived her right to a hearing because, in part, nothing in the statute or law requires an appellant to personally at- tend a hearing if represented. She also explained that she required a hearing, among other reasons, for the “oppor- tunity to develop testimonial evidence and record oral ar- gument, at the very least, of . . . conflicting material facts of her protected disclosures to agency official(s),” including to her supervisor. ECF No. 9 at 14–15. The Board denied Ms. Gelb’s petition for review and af- firmed the initial decision. Final Decision, 2022 WL 4241205, at *1. The panel explained that Ms. Gelb was not improperly deprived of her right to a hearing because an appellant may forfeit such right by inexcusably failing to attend. Id. (citing Callahan v. Dep’t of the Navy, 748 F.2d 1556, 1559 (Fed. Cir. 1984)). As for representation, the Board explained that Sparks v. United States Postal Ser- vice, 32 M.S.P.R. 422, 425 (1987), a case in which an appel- lant’s attorney proceeded without the client, was distinguishable because Ms. Gelb’s representative asked to reschedule the hearing. Id. at *2 n.2. Also, the Board rea- soned that the AJ gave specific instructions for the appel- lant herself to appear by video and advised that failure to do so could result in sanctions under 5 C.F.R. § 1201.[43]3, which “may include cancellation of a hearing.” Id. In the alternative, the Board decided that even if the AJ erred in canceling the hearing, that is of “no legal con- sequence unless it is shown to have adversely affected a party’s substantive rights.” Id. at *2 (citing Karapinka v. Dep’t of Energy, 6 M.S.P.R. 124, 127 (1981)). The Board explained that “appellant explicitly conceded that no

3 Although the Board cites to § 1201.54, we believe the Board meant to cite to § 1201.43. See, e.g., SAppx. 60 (the AJ referencing § 1201.43); Final Decision, 2022 WL 4241205, at *2, ¶ 4 (citing to § 1201.43). Case: 23-1157 Document: 21 Page: 7 Filed: 05/17/2023

GELB v. DVA 7

material facts were in dispute and that she would have pre- sented only oral argument had the hearing taken place. Hence, the appellant has not shown that the cancellation of the hearing affected her substantive rights.” Id. (citing ECF No. 9 at 87). Ms. Gelb appeals. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(9). DISCUSSION We may only set aside the Board’s decision if it is “(1) arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or other- wise not in accordance with law; (2) obtained without pro- cedures required by law, rule, or regulations having been followed; or (3) unsupported by substantial evidence.” 5 U.S.C. § 7703(c). We review the failure to provide a hear- ing for an abuse of discretion. Spezzaferro v. F.A.A., 807 F.2d 169, 174 (Fed. Cir. 1986). On appeal, Ms. Gelb argues that the AJ arbitrarily de- nied her statutory right to a hearing, representation, and a hearing transcript. See Appellant’s Br. 7–9. She argues that the AJ’s actions violated her due process rights. See id. at 9. We begin by addressing the issue of the right to a hear- ing, which in this case relates to the right to representa- tion. In essence, Ms. Gelb argues that because her representative was present at the hearing, the representa- tive should have been able to stand in her stead. Appel- lant’s Br. 6; Reply Br. 5–6. We agree. Under 5 U.S.C. § 7701(a), an appellant has the right to a hearing and the right to be represented. An appellant can forfeit these rights. For example, in Callahan v. De- partment of Navy, 748 F.2d 1556, 1556 (Fed. Cir. 1984), we held that “when an employee is absent from a Board hear- ing without justification, the proper procedure is for the Board to consider the case on the agency’s investigatory record alone.” But there, the employee was unrepresented. Case: 23-1157 Document: 21 Page: 8 Filed: 05/17/2023

See id. at 1556 n.1. In other words, the appellant indisput- ably failed to appear. That is not the case here. Instead, this case is like Atilano v. McDonough, 12 F.4th 1375 (Fed. Cir. 2021), where the appellant was present at a hearing before the Board of Veterans’ Appeals through his representative. In Atilano, the applicable stat- utory provision stated that an “appellant” is afforded “an opportunity for a hearing.” Id. at 1380 (quoting 38 U.S.C. § 7107(b)). Mr. Atilano failed to attend his hearing due to severe disabilities. Id. at 1377. His representative was present, but the Veterans Law Judge refused to hear ex- pert testimony because of Mr. Atilano’s absence. Id. We reversed and held that the statute did not require the vet- eran to be present at the hearing when represented. Id. at 1381–82. Relevant here, we explained that while the op- portunity for a hearing is “afforded to the appellant,” noth- ing in the statutory language requires the appellant’s presence when he is represented. Id. at 1380. Simply put, Atilano recognized that “appellant”—as understood in the relevant statute—could mean the appellant’s representa- tive. While we recognize that Atilano involves a different statute, we find its analysis instructive. Title 5 U.S.C. § 7701 similarly states that an “appel- lant shall have the right . . . to a hearing.” Although this is an opportunity afforded to the “employee,” nothing in the statute requires an appellant’s presence when she is repre- sented. As in Atilano, we understand “appellant” in this context to include an appellant’s representative, rather than constraining it to mean solely the employee herself, regardless of representation. MSPB caselaw supports such a reading. For example, in Sparks, the appellant’s representative was present at the hearing and the employee was not. 32 M.S.P.R. at 424. The AJ in Sparks informed the appellant’s representative that he could proceed with the hearing or request that a decision be made on the written record; the appellant’s Case: 23-1157 Document: 21 Page: 9 Filed: 05/17/2023

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representative chose to proceed with the hearing. Id. After the AJ’s initial decision, the employee petitioned for re- view, arguing that “the initial decision was unjust because he was hospitalized at the time of the hearing and could not be present.” Id. The Board disagreed, explaining that it is “well-established . . . that generally an appellant is re- sponsible for the actions, or inactions, of his designated representative.” Id. at 425 (quotation omitted). The record there showed that the representative “was authorized to act as the appellant’s representative and that [the repre- sentative], therefore, had the legal authority to act in the appellant’s behalf.” Id. So too here. At the June 21, 2021, hearing, Ms. Gelb’s representative explained that the “appellant is prepared to move forward today,” without Ms. Gelb’s presence. Hear- ing Audio Recording at 16:09–16:33. The representative was authorized to act on her behalf. See ECF No. 9 at 83. Thus, the “appellant” was present at the hearing through the presence of her representative. The Board’s rationale for concluding otherwise is unavailing. 4 First, the Board tried to distinguish Sparks because here, “the appellant’s representative requested that the hearing be rescheduled.” See Final Decision, 2022 WL 4241205, at *2 n.2. We are unpersuaded. The Board’s analysis is difficult to reconcile with the facts. An audio recording of the hearing shows that Ms. Gelb’s representa- tive repeatedly said that appellant was ready to proceed

4 The Government incorrectly contends that Ms. Gelb waived the issue of her right to representation by not raising it before the Board. Appellee’s Br. 18. But Ms. Gelb did raise the issue. See ECF No. 9 at 82–87 (rais- ing the issue before the AJ); ECF No. 9 at 14–17 (raising the issue before the Board); see also Final Decision, 2022 WL 4241205, at *2 n.2 (addressing Ms. Gelb’s argu- ment). Case: 23-1157 Document: 21 Page: 10 Filed: 05/17/2023

with the hearing. Hearing Audio Recording at 16:09– 16:33. That is what happened in Sparks. That Ms. Gelb’s representative was flexible and willing to alternatively re- schedule the hearing should not vitiate Ms. Gelb’s right to a hearing and to representation. Second, the Board argued that the AJ “had explicitly ordered appellant herself to appear by video and advised her that failure to comply with the order could result in sanctions under 5 C.F.R. § 1201.[43] (which may include cancellation of a hearing).” Final Decision, 2022 WL 4241205, at *2 n.2. Under 5 C.F.R. § 1201.43, a “judge may impose sanc- tions upon the parties as necessary to serve the ends of jus- tice.” For example, under subsection (a), a judge may impose sanctions on a party who fails to comply with an order. And under subsection (e), a judge “may cancel a scheduled hearing . . . for contumacious conduct or conduct prejudicial to the administration of justice.” See Jones v. Dep’t of Health & Hum. Servs., 703 F. App’x 977, 981 (Fed. Cir. 2017) (non-precedential) (affirming the Board’s determination that appellant’s “rude and disrespectful con- duct which regularly escalate[d] from advocacy to contuma- ciousness” warranted cancellation of a hearing). We have also recognized that a “right to a hearing should not be de- nied as a sanction absent extraordinary circumstances.” See Habtemariam v. Off. of Pers. Mgmt., 180 F. App’x. 968, 970–71 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (non-precedential) (citing various MSPB cases showing that a single failure to comply with an order, or the failure to participate in two teleconfer- ences, does not warrant the extreme sanction of a denial of a hearing). There are no extraordinary circumstances warranting a denial of a hearing here. Ms. Gelb missed one deadline before the hearing. And while the AJ specified that Ms. Gelb could face sanctions—specifically, that she would be unable to testify if she did not appear via ZfG Case: 23-1157 Document: 21 Page: 11 Filed: 05/17/2023

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videoconference—we decline to reach the conclusion that the AJ’s orders were directed to “Ms. Gelb” as opposed to “appellant.” Said otherwise, we do not read the AJ’s or- der—that “[i]f the appellant fails to appear without good cause, the appeal will be decided without a hearing,” SAppx. 55—as describing a narrower interpretation of “ap- pellant” that would exclude an appellant’s representative. Here, Ms. Gelb complied with the order to appear at the hearing because her representative was present. To find that her behavior rose to the level of “contumacious conduct or conduct prejudicial to the administration of justice” is an abuse of discretion. Similarly, a finding that justice is served by forbidding Ms. Gelb’s representative from repre- senting Ms. Gelb at a hearing is an abuse of discretion. In sum, we hold that the Board abused its discretion in denying Ms. Gelb a hearing. An appellant’s representative can attend a hearing on an appellant’s behalf. 5 Our analysis does not end here. We must decide whether the AJ’s denial of Ms. Gelb’s hearing was a due process violation—as Ms. Gelb argues, thus requiring an automatic remand—or a procedural error—as the Board’s analysis indicates, requiring a harmless error analysis. See Ward v. U.S. Postal Serv., 634 F.3d 1274, 1280–81 (Fed. Cir. 2011) (explaining how procedural due process vi- olations require constitutionally correct removal proce- dures, whereas procedural errors require a harmless error analysis for deciding whether to reverse a decision).

5 We do not address the issue of whether Ms. Gelb’s representative should have faced sanctions for attending the hearing using audio instead of videoconferencing. See Hearing Audio Recording at 0:45–0:50; ECF No. 9 at 17. This issue was not raised, and it was not the expressed rea- son for cancelling the hearing. Case: 23-1157 Document: 21 Page: 12 Filed: 05/17/2023

Due process requires notice and an opportunity to re- spond. Cleveland Bd. of Educ. v. Loudermill, 470 U.S. 532, 546 (1985). The Supreme Court has explained that the “op- portunity to present reasons, either in person or in writing, [for] why proposed action should not be taken is a funda- mental due process requirement.” Id. Under 5 C.F.R. § 1201.43(e), if a judge cancels a hearing, “the judge must set a reasonable time during which the record will be kept open for receipt of written submissions.” The AJ here set a reasonable time during which the record would remain open, and Ms. Gelb provided a written submission. In other words, there was notice and an opportunity to re- spond. The AJ’s denial of Ms. Gelb’s hearing is therefore a procedural error, not a due process violation. Consequently, we apply the rule of harmless error. See 28 U.S.C. § 2111. The party appealing an administrative decision bears the burden of establishing harmful error. See Shinseki v. Sanders, 556 U.S. 396, 409–10 (2009). The focus is whether the agency is likely to have reached a dif- ferent conclusion in the absence of the procedural error. Ward, 634 F.3d at 1282; see 5 C.F.R. § 1201.56(c)(1). Said otherwise, we must decide whether Ms. Gelb has estab- lished that the outcome of her case would likely have been different if the AJ had conducted the hearing. We hold that she has not met her burden. On appeal, Ms. Gelb argues that she was provided “NO opportunity, by hearing, to assess credibility of any wit- ness(es).” Appellant’s Br. 8. She expands in her reply brief that her representative “could have and would have proven all of the material facts presented in [her] Board Prehear- ing Submission.” Reply Br. 2–3. Additionally, she argues that the government “does not dispute or refute the factual circumstances of [the] court record . . . that it was my [Vet- erans Affairs] supervisor (Spangler) that prepared my res- ignation form letter, and I signed under duress, all of which could have and would have been proven at [the] hearing by Case: 23-1157 Document: 21 Page: 13 Filed: 05/17/2023

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my representative who appeared on my behalf.” Reply Br. 7 (emphasis added). We address each argument in turn. First, Ms. Gelb has not explained how any specific wit- ness testimony could have affected the outcome of her case. See Handy v. U.S. Postal Serv., 754 F.2d 335, 338 (Fed. Cir. 1985) (“Having failed to show that in some way an oral re- ply would have possibly affected the agency’s decision, pe- titioner is not entitled to prevail.”); Diaz v. Dep’t of Air Force, 63 F.3d 1107, 1109 (Fed. Cir. 1995) (no harmful er- ror where petitioner “did not argue or submit any evidence that showed that the agency’s procedural violation affected the outcome of the agency’s decision or was in any way harmful”). Also, Ms. Gelb previously stated that “appellant may not have called any witnesses” at the hearing. ECF No. 9 at 87. Second, and similarly, Ms. Gelb has not met her bur- den of explaining how proving “all of the material facts” would likely affect the outcome of her case. See Handy, 754 F.2d at 338; Diaz, 63 F.3d at 1109. Specifically, Ms. Gelb has not identified which “material facts” would likely have changed the outcome of her case and how a hearing would have brought these facts in. Third, whether Ms. Gelb signed a resignation form let- ter under duress goes to the issue of whether her resigna- tion was involuntary and thus constituted an adverse action. Initial Decision, 2021 WL 4439338. The Board ex- amines involuntary action using an objective test consider- ing the totality of circumstances. Id. In the Initial Response to the AJ’s order setting a date on which the rec- ord would be closed, Ms. Gelb explained that her belief that she had no choice but to resign or to be fired could be ob- served from her “exit interview e-mail of record . . . in which Spangler [her then-supervisor] went on to describe resignation circumstances that reasonably could be inter- preted by the fact-finder as under duress (i.e., Gelb was cry- ing and saying it was Spangler’s fault, etc., etc.).” ECF Case: 23-1157 Document: 21 Page: 14 Filed: 05/17/2023

No. 9 at 93. The AJ relied on the evidence of record (which included the “exit interview e-mail of record”) and Ms. Gelb’s deposition testimony and was unable to find that Ms. Gelb’s resignation stemmed from improper agency acts or that she had no realistic alternative but to resign. Id. In sum, Ms. Gelb has not identified arguments, evi- dence, or witnesses that would have been presented at the hearing and would likely have altered the outcome of her case. We thus find that Ms. Gelb has not carried her bur- den of showing harmful error. As a result, the AJ’s abuse of discretion is not a reversible procedural error. Lastly, we turn to Ms. Gelb’s argument that she was improperly denied an opportunity to access the hearing’s transcript and audio file. Appellant’s Br. 3 n.3, 6, 8–9. Ms. Gelb did not raise these arguments before the Board. Indeed, Ms. Gelb’s representative cited the hearing audio file in the appeal to the Board. ECF No. 9 at 14. “A party in an MSPB proceeding must raise an issue before the ad- ministrative judge if the issue is to be preserved for review in this court.” Bosley v. Merit Sys. Prot. Bd., 162 F.3d 665, 668 (Fed. Cir. 1998). Because Ms. Gelb has not previously raised this issue, she has therefore waived it on appeal. We have considered Ms. Gelb’s remaining arguments and find them unpersuasive. 6

6 For example, Ms. Gelb stated that “MSPB Factual Findings Were Incorrect,” but failed to specify which fac- tual findings by the Board were erroneous. Appellant’s Br. 4–8. Similarly, she raised an issue about the “proper relief and burdens of proof standard,” without explaining the allegedly erroneous relief or burden of proof used by the AJ or the Board. See Appellant’s Br. 9. For this court to reach the merits of an issue, the issue must be adequately Case: 23-1157 Document: 21 Page: 15 Filed: 05/17/2023

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CONCLUSION For the above reasons, we affirm the Board’s final de- cision denying Ms. Gelb’s request for corrective action un- der the WPA. AFFIRMED COSTS No costs.

developed. Monsanto Co. v. Scruggs, 459 F.3d 1328, 1341 (Fed. Cir. 2006). Undeveloped arguments are waived. Id. And while “pro se filings must be read liberally,” Harris v. Shinseki, 704 F.3d 946, 948 (Fed. Cir. 2013), such filings must still be clear enough to enable effective review, Groves v. Shinseki, 541 F. App’x 981, 985 (Fed. Cir. 2013) (non- precedential). Ms. Gelb’s arguments about factual errors and proper relief and burdens of proof are insufficiently de- veloped for our review and therefore waived. To the extent Ms. Gelb sought to incorporate argu- ments solely by reference to the appendix, those arguments are also waived. See Graphic Controls Corp. v. Utah Med. Prods., Inc., 149 F.3d 1382, 1385 (Fed. Cir. 1998) (“Under the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure, arguments may not be properly raised by incorporating them by reference from the appendix rather than discussing them in the brief.”); Monsanto, 459 F.3d at 1335 (explaining that such arguments are waived).