Mr. Justice Hand
delivered the opinion of the court:
The important question presented in this case for our decision is, did the trial court err in instructing the jury to find for the appellee? That the appellant exchanged his farm to Day & Co. for said stock of merchandise in the utmost good faith, without notice of the chattel mortgage of appellee, and that he was in possession of the stock of merchandise at the time it was seized by appellee, cannot be questioned upon the evidence in this record. Neither can it be gainsaid that the chattel mortgage of appellee, as to appellant, was void at the time of the seizure of the stock of merchandise thereunder, as it had several weeks before such seizure expired, and was upon a changing stock of merchandise. The title of appellant, therefore, to said stock of merchandise at the time of its seizure by appellee was perfect, and he lawfully had the right to hold the same against Day & Co. or the appellee, as the mortgagee or attaching creditor of Day & Co. This is not denied by appellee, but it is insisted the appellant had two remedies when the stock of merchandise was seized by it, viz.: to confirm the sale and hold the stock of merchandise, or to repudiate the sale and recover the land from Day & Co.; that said remedies were inconsistent with each other, and that he must immediately elect which he would pursue; that he could not pursue them both at the same time, and that he had elected to rescind the sale and recover the land by commencing the proceeding in the circuit court of Jasper county, Indiana, and that having made his election of remedies he is bound thereby, and cannot recover in this case even though his suit necessarily failed in Indiana, and that the court therefore properly instructed the jury to find in favor of appellee. We do not agree with such contention for two reasons:
First—The evidence of appellant, taken alone, clearly shows that at the time the stock was seized the attorney of appellee represented to him that the appellee had a valid chattel mortgage upon the property for the sum of $9000, when in truth and in fact the mortgage which the appellee held upon the stock of merchandise had all been paid by Day & Co. but $1500, and had expired and was not a lien, as against appellant, upon said stock of merchandise at the time of its seizure by appellee, and that the appellant was induced to commence the proceeding in Indiana to annul the exchange and recover the farm by reason of the false representations of the representative of appellee, made with a view to induce him to abandon the sale and attempt to recover the land. An election of remedies obtained by misrepresentation and fraud is not binding, (Butler v. Hildreth, 5 Metc. 49,) and as the evidence was conflicting upon that issue it should have been submitted to the jury. Neither can it be said, as a matter of law, that the appellant had condoned the fraud, if any, practiced upon him, and that he had ratified his election of remedies after he had obtained a full knowledge of all the facts, as, so far as this record shows, the first notice he had that the mortgage was invalid, was only for $1500 and did not defeat his title, was when he received such notice from the answer of Day & Co., filed in the Indiana suit. After that answer was filed no steps were taken in the case by appellant which in any way affected the rights of appellee, and at the next term of court it was dismissed without prejudice. (Flower v. Brumbach, 131 Ill. 646; Johnson-Brinkman Commission Co. v. Missouri Pacific Railway Co. 126 Mo. 344; 47 Am. St. Rep. 675; Equitable Co-operative Foundry Co. v. Hersee, 33 Hun, 169.) In the latter case it was held that when the plaintiff had instituted a suit in affirmance of a contract but had dismissed the same before judgment and before having derived any benefit therefrom, and which had inflicted no injury upon the defendant, such action did not constitute an absolute election of inconsistent remedies, whereby plaintiff was afterwards precluded from prosecuting a new suit upon another and inconsistent remedy. In the Johnson-Brinkman Commission Go. case it was held an attachment suit brought by a vendor of personal property against his vendee, if dismissed before final judgment, does not estop him from subsequently maintaining an action of replevin to recover the chattels, in the absence of any intervening rights, injury or change of position by reason of the attachment; and in the Flower case it was said (p. 651): “The circumstance of a party having elected one of several remedies by action will not, in general, preclude him from abandoning such suit, and after having duly discontinued it he may adopt any other remedy.”
Secondly—The institution of a suit will not be held such a decisive act as to constitute a waiver of rights which would be inconsistent with the maintenance of such suit, (1) if the court in which the first action is brought has no jurisdiction to try the cause; (2) .if the cause of action is prematurely brought and is defeated for that reason; (3) if the suitor has in his first action mistaken his remedy and is defeated on that ground; or (4) if an action is commenced in ignorance of material facts which proffer an alternative remedy, the knowledge of which is essential to an intelligent choice of procedure. 7 Ency. of Pl. & Pr. p. 365; Enterprise Soap Works v. Sayers, 51 Mo. App. 310; New England Bank v. Lewis, 8 Pick. 113; Edgewood Distilling Co. v. Shannon, 60 Ark. 133; Bunch v. Grave, 111 Ind. 351; Smith v. Bricker, 86 Iowa, 285; Kingsbury v. Kettle, 90 Mich. 476; McLaughlin v. Austin, 104 id. 489; In re Van Norman, 41 Minn. 494; Gould v. Blodgett, 61 N. H. 115; White v. Whiting, 8 Daly, 23; Bowdish v. Page, 41 Hun, 170; Wells v. Robinson, 13 Cal. 133; King v. Lagrange, 50 id. 328; Mankin v. Mankin, 91 Iowa, 406; McNutt v. Hilkins, 80 Hun, 235.
The bill filed in the State of Indiana was based upon the theory that Day & Co. had conveyed the stock of merchandise to the appellant and warranted it to be free and clear of all encumbrances, when, as they well knew, it was encumbered by a valid chattel mortgage given by them to the appellee; that by virtue of said chattel mortgage the stock of merchandise had been seized and taken from his possession by appellee, and that the consideration for the exchange of the farm had failed and he was entitled to a re-conveyance thereof. In order to maintain such bill it was necessary that the appellant show that said stock of merchandise was encumbered by said chattel mortgage and that it was a valid and subsisting lien upon the stock of merchandise as against him, and that the title thereto had failed by reason of a seizure thereof by the appellee under said chattel mortgage. This proof the appellant could not make, as the chattel mortgage, as against him, was not a lien upon the stock of merchandise. He must therefore necessarily fail in the Indiana suit brought to recover the land. He had in that suit, therefore, mistaken his remedy, and the bringing of such suit did not bar his right to file and maintain his interplea in the attachment suit.
In McLaughlin v. Austin, supra, it is said (p. 491): “No rule is better settled than the proposition that one having the choice of two inconsistent remedies is bound by an election, and that suit brought upon one precludes a subsequent resort to the other claim. Thus, one may waive a tort by bringing an action in assumpsit, or may lose his right to bring assumpsit by commencing an action for the wrong committed.
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Mr. Justice Hand
delivered the opinion of the court:
The important question presented in this case for our decision is, did the trial court err in instructing the jury to find for the appellee? That the appellant exchanged his farm to Day & Co. for said stock of merchandise in the utmost good faith, without notice of the chattel mortgage of appellee, and that he was in possession of the stock of merchandise at the time it was seized by appellee, cannot be questioned upon the evidence in this record. Neither can it be gainsaid that the chattel mortgage of appellee, as to appellant, was void at the time of the seizure of the stock of merchandise thereunder, as it had several weeks before such seizure expired, and was upon a changing stock of merchandise. The title of appellant, therefore, to said stock of merchandise at the time of its seizure by appellee was perfect, and he lawfully had the right to hold the same against Day & Co. or the appellee, as the mortgagee or attaching creditor of Day & Co. This is not denied by appellee, but it is insisted the appellant had two remedies when the stock of merchandise was seized by it, viz.: to confirm the sale and hold the stock of merchandise, or to repudiate the sale and recover the land from Day & Co.; that said remedies were inconsistent with each other, and that he must immediately elect which he would pursue; that he could not pursue them both at the same time, and that he had elected to rescind the sale and recover the land by commencing the proceeding in the circuit court of Jasper county, Indiana, and that having made his election of remedies he is bound thereby, and cannot recover in this case even though his suit necessarily failed in Indiana, and that the court therefore properly instructed the jury to find in favor of appellee. We do not agree with such contention for two reasons:
First—The evidence of appellant, taken alone, clearly shows that at the time the stock was seized the attorney of appellee represented to him that the appellee had a valid chattel mortgage upon the property for the sum of $9000, when in truth and in fact the mortgage which the appellee held upon the stock of merchandise had all been paid by Day & Co. but $1500, and had expired and was not a lien, as against appellant, upon said stock of merchandise at the time of its seizure by appellee, and that the appellant was induced to commence the proceeding in Indiana to annul the exchange and recover the farm by reason of the false representations of the representative of appellee, made with a view to induce him to abandon the sale and attempt to recover the land. An election of remedies obtained by misrepresentation and fraud is not binding, (Butler v. Hildreth, 5 Metc. 49,) and as the evidence was conflicting upon that issue it should have been submitted to the jury. Neither can it be said, as a matter of law, that the appellant had condoned the fraud, if any, practiced upon him, and that he had ratified his election of remedies after he had obtained a full knowledge of all the facts, as, so far as this record shows, the first notice he had that the mortgage was invalid, was only for $1500 and did not defeat his title, was when he received such notice from the answer of Day & Co., filed in the Indiana suit. After that answer was filed no steps were taken in the case by appellant which in any way affected the rights of appellee, and at the next term of court it was dismissed without prejudice. (Flower v. Brumbach, 131 Ill. 646; Johnson-Brinkman Commission Co. v. Missouri Pacific Railway Co. 126 Mo. 344; 47 Am. St. Rep. 675; Equitable Co-operative Foundry Co. v. Hersee, 33 Hun, 169.) In the latter case it was held that when the plaintiff had instituted a suit in affirmance of a contract but had dismissed the same before judgment and before having derived any benefit therefrom, and which had inflicted no injury upon the defendant, such action did not constitute an absolute election of inconsistent remedies, whereby plaintiff was afterwards precluded from prosecuting a new suit upon another and inconsistent remedy. In the Johnson-Brinkman Commission Go. case it was held an attachment suit brought by a vendor of personal property against his vendee, if dismissed before final judgment, does not estop him from subsequently maintaining an action of replevin to recover the chattels, in the absence of any intervening rights, injury or change of position by reason of the attachment; and in the Flower case it was said (p. 651): “The circumstance of a party having elected one of several remedies by action will not, in general, preclude him from abandoning such suit, and after having duly discontinued it he may adopt any other remedy.”
Secondly—The institution of a suit will not be held such a decisive act as to constitute a waiver of rights which would be inconsistent with the maintenance of such suit, (1) if the court in which the first action is brought has no jurisdiction to try the cause; (2) .if the cause of action is prematurely brought and is defeated for that reason; (3) if the suitor has in his first action mistaken his remedy and is defeated on that ground; or (4) if an action is commenced in ignorance of material facts which proffer an alternative remedy, the knowledge of which is essential to an intelligent choice of procedure. 7 Ency. of Pl. & Pr. p. 365; Enterprise Soap Works v. Sayers, 51 Mo. App. 310; New England Bank v. Lewis, 8 Pick. 113; Edgewood Distilling Co. v. Shannon, 60 Ark. 133; Bunch v. Grave, 111 Ind. 351; Smith v. Bricker, 86 Iowa, 285; Kingsbury v. Kettle, 90 Mich. 476; McLaughlin v. Austin, 104 id. 489; In re Van Norman, 41 Minn. 494; Gould v. Blodgett, 61 N. H. 115; White v. Whiting, 8 Daly, 23; Bowdish v. Page, 41 Hun, 170; Wells v. Robinson, 13 Cal. 133; King v. Lagrange, 50 id. 328; Mankin v. Mankin, 91 Iowa, 406; McNutt v. Hilkins, 80 Hun, 235.
The bill filed in the State of Indiana was based upon the theory that Day & Co. had conveyed the stock of merchandise to the appellant and warranted it to be free and clear of all encumbrances, when, as they well knew, it was encumbered by a valid chattel mortgage given by them to the appellee; that by virtue of said chattel mortgage the stock of merchandise had been seized and taken from his possession by appellee, and that the consideration for the exchange of the farm had failed and he was entitled to a re-conveyance thereof. In order to maintain such bill it was necessary that the appellant show that said stock of merchandise was encumbered by said chattel mortgage and that it was a valid and subsisting lien upon the stock of merchandise as against him, and that the title thereto had failed by reason of a seizure thereof by the appellee under said chattel mortgage. This proof the appellant could not make, as the chattel mortgage, as against him, was not a lien upon the stock of merchandise. He must therefore necessarily fail in the Indiana suit brought to recover the land. He had in that suit, therefore, mistaken his remedy, and the bringing of such suit did not bar his right to file and maintain his interplea in the attachment suit.
In McLaughlin v. Austin, supra, it is said (p. 491): “No rule is better settled than the proposition that one having the choice of two inconsistent remedies is bound by an election, and that suit brought upon one precludes a subsequent resort to the other claim. Thus, one may waive a tort by bringing an action in assumpsit, or may lose his right to bring assumpsit by commencing an action for the wrong committed. One may sometimes rescind a contract and assert title to property that he has parted with, or he may affirm the contract, but he cannot do both. Having elected by bringing an action upon one theory, he has no right afterwards to sue upon the other. (Thompson v. Howard, 31 Mich. 312, and cases cited; Brown v. Littlefield, 11 Wend. 467; 1 id. 398; Morris v. Rexford, 18 N. Y. 557; McElroy v. Mancius, 13 Johns. 121; Sanger v. Wood, 3 Johns. Ch. 416.) This rule is not inconsistent with the practice of bringing a second and different action where it appears that the plaintiff never had a right of action as first brought, and therefore could not have elected. There is a difference between an election of remedies and a mistake of remedy, and the law has not gone so far as to deprive parties of meritorious claims merely because of attempts to collect them by inappropriate actions, upon which recovery could not be had.”
In Bunch v. Grave, supra, it is held: “She (the plaintiff) is not in the situation of a party who, having two inconsistent remedies, resorts to one, and is thereby concluded by her election. She had but one effectual legal or equitable remedy, and that was to have it adjudged that the decrees held by Grave were satisfied.”
In McNutt v. Hilkins, 80 Hun, 235, the plaintiff brought her action to recover for the purchase price of certain horses sold to the defendants. To this action the defendants pleaded that the plaintiff had theretofore brought an action for the conversion of such horses, alleging that the defendants, having obtained possession of the horses, had converted the same to their own use, and that upon the trial of such action a judgment had been rendered in favor of the defendants, and therefore the plaintiff was not entitled to another action. The court said: “Under such condition of facts I do not think it can be said that the plaintiff has made an election of remedies; she simply made a mistake as to what her remedy was. There being an absolute sale and passage of the title to the defendants, she, of course, could not maintain an action against them for conversion. The mere bringing of a former action upon the same state of facts does not necessarily preclude a party from bringing the second. The institution by a party of a fruitless action, which he has not the right to maintain, will not preclude him from asserting the right he really possesses.”
We are of the opinion the court erred in peremptorily instructing the jury to find for the appellee. The judgments of the Appellate and circuit courts will therefore be reversed and the cause remanded to the circuit court for a new trial.
Reversed and remanded.