Davis, C. J.
— Sections 3577-3583, C. G. L., 2244-2250, R. G. S., provide that a board of examiners and license commissioners composed of three members shall be appointed by the mayor in each city of this State having 6,000 inhabitants or more, for the purpose of examining and licensing persons who in said cities may engage or work at the business of operating or assisting in the. operation of any cinematograph or similar apparatus known as a moving picture machine. Under Section 7718, C. G. L., 5541, R. G. S., any person violating the licensing statutes above mentioned, either as an operator or manager, is subject to a fine not exceeding $100.00 for each and every violation with ninety days imprisonment as an alternative punishment for default in payment of any fine imposed.
The case now before us is one wherein plaintiff in error seeks to reverse a judgment rendered by the circuit court in
habeas corpus
releasing defendant in error from his custody while being held on a charge of violating the above mentioned statute by employing one W. F. Townsell, an unlicensed person, to operate certain moving picture machines at Bayview Park and Sanders Beach within the City of Pensacola, a city of more than 6,000 inhabitants. The re
lease ordered by the circuit judge was apparently on the theory that the statute under which petitioner was held was unconstitutional. The constitutional grounds alleged were that the statute is violative of the equal protection and due process clauses of the Federal Constitution as well as violative of Section 27 of Article III of the State Constitution requiring appointments of State officers to be made by the Governor.
The business or occupation of managing and operating moving picture machines with their attendant dangers' incident to the use of electricity in connection therewith, is one peculiarly within the scope of the police power of the State to regulate. Such regulation may be accomplished in any reasonable mantier and may be of such nature and extent as the Legislature may deem to be appropriate.
When a subject lies within the police power of the State, debatable questions' as to reasonableness of the exercise of the power-, are not for the courts but for the Legislature. The Legislature, by reason of the dangers incident to the use of electricity when employed in the operation of moving picture apparatus, is entitled to legislate not only for the protection and safety of the general public but for the welfare, protection and safety of the motion picture machine operators themselves, since in .the preservation of the lives and safety of its citizens, the State undoubtedly has such an interest as to enable it to prescribe the conditions upon which persons within its' jurisdiction may engage in occupations of hazardous character.
And. with respect to the regulation of those particular callings and occupations which require the handling and use of electricity by persons employed to operate machines by the use of such agency generally regarded as dangerous, the Legislature is entitled to form its own judgment as to
the necessity, character and scope of any regulations to be imposed. And the Legislature’s action within.the range of discretion, cannot be set aside because compliance is burdensome, or because the court may think there is no real necessity for the regulations prescribed. Sproles v. Binford, 286 U. S. 374, 52 Sup. Ct. Rep. 581, 76 L. Ed. 1167; Standard Oil Co. v. Maryville, 279 U. S. 582, 49 Sup Ct. Rep. 430, 73 L. Ed. 856;. Price v. Illinois, 238 U. S. 446, 35 Sup. Ct. Rep. 892, 59 L. Ed. 1400; Hadacheck v. Sebastian, 239 U. S. 394, 36 Sup. Ct. Rep. 143, 60 L. Ed. 348, Ann. Cas. 1917B 927; Euclid v. Ambler Co., 272 U. S. 365, 47 Sup. Ct. Rep. 114, 71 L. Ed. 303, 54 A. L. R. 1016; Zahn v. Board of Public Works, 274 U. S. 325, 47 Sup. Ct. Rep. 594, 71 L. Ed. 1074.
To provide a safeguard against the dangers of inefficiency and incompetency in the use of electricity in moving picture machines, the Legislature may provide that only persons who have been first examined and thereafter licensed by some agency designated by it for that purpose, shall undertake to engage in or work “at the business of” operating or assisting in the operation of such moving picture machines, and may make its regulations and prohibitions' in that regard applicable to all communities, or to such reasonably ascertained and designated classes of communities only, in this State, as the Legislature may deem essential for the safety and welfare of the public. State v. Loden, 117 Md. 373, 83 Atl. Rep. 564, Ann. Cas. 1913E 1300; State,
ex rel.
Davis, Atty. Gen. v. Rose, 97 Fla. 710, 122 Sou. Rep. 225.
The Legislature of a State may prescribe the qualifications of persons authorized to engage in any trade or occupation which affects the public and requires special knowledge or skill, subject however to the limitations that unreasonable regulations and conditions will be declared void as a denial
■of constitutional liberty and of the equal protection of the laws. Riley v. Sweat, 110 Fla. 362, 149 Sou. Rep. 48; 12 C. J. 1161.
In the present case it appears that the statute prescribes a reasonably certain standard of qualification in that under Section 3579, C. G. L., 2246, R. G. S., the scope of the examination is confined to a practical and elementary test of the applicant as to his knowledge of electricity, coupled with at least one year’s practical experience with moving picture machines if an operator, or one year’s service under an experienced operator if an assistant to an operator.
After prescribing a standard of qualification of its own, the Legislature may thereafter, as a matter of administration of its declared will, provide for officially approved agencies or officials to execute its statutory purposes concerning determination of the facts upon which the law is to operate, by conducting appropriate examinations of applicants to ascertain the factual experience of their qualifications under the law.
Examining boards, when provided for by statute to officially ascertain the qualifications of persons assumed to possess some special knowledge or skill, without which they would not be permitted under regulations prescribed by law, to engage in some business, profession or occupation requiring it, are simply legislative agencies set up to ascertain and declare the particular factual conditions upon which the statute itself takes effect.
Where a particular profession, business or occupation to be regulated is that engaged in only inside the limits of cities or towns' of a specified class, and the examination to be made is confined to an inquiry into the appellant’s qualifications to practice his trade or profession in some particular locality only, where the examination is to be
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Davis, C. J.
— Sections 3577-3583, C. G. L., 2244-2250, R. G. S., provide that a board of examiners and license commissioners composed of three members shall be appointed by the mayor in each city of this State having 6,000 inhabitants or more, for the purpose of examining and licensing persons who in said cities may engage or work at the business of operating or assisting in the. operation of any cinematograph or similar apparatus known as a moving picture machine. Under Section 7718, C. G. L., 5541, R. G. S., any person violating the licensing statutes above mentioned, either as an operator or manager, is subject to a fine not exceeding $100.00 for each and every violation with ninety days imprisonment as an alternative punishment for default in payment of any fine imposed.
The case now before us is one wherein plaintiff in error seeks to reverse a judgment rendered by the circuit court in
habeas corpus
releasing defendant in error from his custody while being held on a charge of violating the above mentioned statute by employing one W. F. Townsell, an unlicensed person, to operate certain moving picture machines at Bayview Park and Sanders Beach within the City of Pensacola, a city of more than 6,000 inhabitants. The re
lease ordered by the circuit judge was apparently on the theory that the statute under which petitioner was held was unconstitutional. The constitutional grounds alleged were that the statute is violative of the equal protection and due process clauses of the Federal Constitution as well as violative of Section 27 of Article III of the State Constitution requiring appointments of State officers to be made by the Governor.
The business or occupation of managing and operating moving picture machines with their attendant dangers' incident to the use of electricity in connection therewith, is one peculiarly within the scope of the police power of the State to regulate. Such regulation may be accomplished in any reasonable mantier and may be of such nature and extent as the Legislature may deem to be appropriate.
When a subject lies within the police power of the State, debatable questions' as to reasonableness of the exercise of the power-, are not for the courts but for the Legislature. The Legislature, by reason of the dangers incident to the use of electricity when employed in the operation of moving picture apparatus, is entitled to legislate not only for the protection and safety of the general public but for the welfare, protection and safety of the motion picture machine operators themselves, since in .the preservation of the lives and safety of its citizens, the State undoubtedly has such an interest as to enable it to prescribe the conditions upon which persons within its' jurisdiction may engage in occupations of hazardous character.
And. with respect to the regulation of those particular callings and occupations which require the handling and use of electricity by persons employed to operate machines by the use of such agency generally regarded as dangerous, the Legislature is entitled to form its own judgment as to
the necessity, character and scope of any regulations to be imposed. And the Legislature’s action within.the range of discretion, cannot be set aside because compliance is burdensome, or because the court may think there is no real necessity for the regulations prescribed. Sproles v. Binford, 286 U. S. 374, 52 Sup. Ct. Rep. 581, 76 L. Ed. 1167; Standard Oil Co. v. Maryville, 279 U. S. 582, 49 Sup Ct. Rep. 430, 73 L. Ed. 856;. Price v. Illinois, 238 U. S. 446, 35 Sup. Ct. Rep. 892, 59 L. Ed. 1400; Hadacheck v. Sebastian, 239 U. S. 394, 36 Sup. Ct. Rep. 143, 60 L. Ed. 348, Ann. Cas. 1917B 927; Euclid v. Ambler Co., 272 U. S. 365, 47 Sup. Ct. Rep. 114, 71 L. Ed. 303, 54 A. L. R. 1016; Zahn v. Board of Public Works, 274 U. S. 325, 47 Sup. Ct. Rep. 594, 71 L. Ed. 1074.
To provide a safeguard against the dangers of inefficiency and incompetency in the use of electricity in moving picture machines, the Legislature may provide that only persons who have been first examined and thereafter licensed by some agency designated by it for that purpose, shall undertake to engage in or work “at the business of” operating or assisting in the operation of such moving picture machines, and may make its regulations and prohibitions' in that regard applicable to all communities, or to such reasonably ascertained and designated classes of communities only, in this State, as the Legislature may deem essential for the safety and welfare of the public. State v. Loden, 117 Md. 373, 83 Atl. Rep. 564, Ann. Cas. 1913E 1300; State,
ex rel.
Davis, Atty. Gen. v. Rose, 97 Fla. 710, 122 Sou. Rep. 225.
The Legislature of a State may prescribe the qualifications of persons authorized to engage in any trade or occupation which affects the public and requires special knowledge or skill, subject however to the limitations that unreasonable regulations and conditions will be declared void as a denial
■of constitutional liberty and of the equal protection of the laws. Riley v. Sweat, 110 Fla. 362, 149 Sou. Rep. 48; 12 C. J. 1161.
In the present case it appears that the statute prescribes a reasonably certain standard of qualification in that under Section 3579, C. G. L., 2246, R. G. S., the scope of the examination is confined to a practical and elementary test of the applicant as to his knowledge of electricity, coupled with at least one year’s practical experience with moving picture machines if an operator, or one year’s service under an experienced operator if an assistant to an operator.
After prescribing a standard of qualification of its own, the Legislature may thereafter, as a matter of administration of its declared will, provide for officially approved agencies or officials to execute its statutory purposes concerning determination of the facts upon which the law is to operate, by conducting appropriate examinations of applicants to ascertain the factual experience of their qualifications under the law.
Examining boards, when provided for by statute to officially ascertain the qualifications of persons assumed to possess some special knowledge or skill, without which they would not be permitted under regulations prescribed by law, to engage in some business, profession or occupation requiring it, are simply legislative agencies set up to ascertain and declare the particular factual conditions upon which the statute itself takes effect.
Where a particular profession, business or occupation to be regulated is that engaged in only inside the limits of cities or towns' of a specified class, and the examination to be made is confined to an inquiry into the appellant’s qualifications to practice his trade or profession in some particular locality only, where the examination is to be
made and the license is to be issued, there appears to be no constitutional objection susceptible of being asserted in derogation of the power of the Legislature to adopt as its own mechanism the instrumentality of a municipally appointed board'as its official agency for the purpose of making examinations, and ascertaining the qualifications of, persons assuming to practice some business, trade or profession solely in the city or town where the local board is authorized to act.
Members of a locally appointed examining board, named by the mayor of a city under authority of a statute, the jurisdiction and power of which board to conduct examinations and grant licenses,' is confined to the territorial jurisdiction of'the municipality within which the board acts, are not State officers, but are municipal officers, and as such are not required by Section 27 of . Article III of the Constitution to‘ be appointed by the Governor or elected by the people, although they may serve under State law the purposes of a legislative agency vested with statutory authority to grant licenses' to practice or engage in a business, profession or occupation in the locality, which the State statute prohibits one from engaging in or practicing without a certificate of qualifications conforming to the requirements of a general enactment applicable to all cities and towns in the State of a specified population.
The fact that the statute applies only in cities or towns-having 6,000 population or more does not
per se
render the statute obnoxious to the due process, or equal protection clauses of the United States Constitution, nor violative of our own constitutional provision which requires penal statutes to be of uniform operation throughout the State. Hiers v. Mitchell, 95 Fla. 345, 116 Sou. Rep. 81; Noble v. Carlton, 36 Fed. (2nd) 967; Sparkman v. County Budget
Commission, 103 Fla. 242, 137 Sou. Rep. 809; State,
ex rel.
Buford, Atty. Gen., v. Daniel, 87 Fla. 270, 99 Sou. Rep. 804; Beasley v. Cahoon, 109 Fla. 106, 147 Sou. Rep. 288.
Based on the foregoing considerations, we hold that Chapter 6955, Acts of 1915, now Sections 3577-3583, C. G. L„ 2244-2250, R. G. S„ and Section 7718, C. G. L„ 5541 R. G. S., is a valid exercise of the legislative power of the State and is constitutional. The Act is not arbitrary in the sense dealt with in Bessette v. People, 193 Ill. 334, 62 N. E. Rep. 215, 56 L. R. A. 558. Here there is conceivably a reasonable basis for the statute which undertakes to regulate the business of operating moving picture apparatus in the larger cities while omitting the smaller as a matter of legislative wisdom and policy. This makes regulation applicable where the dangers of incompetence are most likely to be disastrous.
Reversed for appropriate proceedings.
Whitfield and Terrell, J. J., concur.
Brown, J., concurs in conclusion.
Ellis and Buford, j. J., dissent.