Fulton Dental, LLC v. Bisco, Incorporated

CourtCourt of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
DecidedJune 20, 2017
Docket16-3574
StatusPublished

This text of Fulton Dental, LLC v. Bisco, Incorporated (Fulton Dental, LLC v. Bisco, Incorporated) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
Fulton Dental, LLC v. Bisco, Incorporated, (7th Cir. 2017).

Opinion

In the

United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit ____________________ No. 16‐3574 FULTON DENTAL, LLC, Plaintiff‐Appellant,

v.

BISCO, INC., Defendant‐Appellee. ____________________

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. No. 15 C 11038 — Edmond E. Chang, Judge. ____________________

ARGUED FEBRUARY 21, 2017 — DECIDED JUNE 20, 2017 ____________________

Before WOOD, Chief Judge, and FLAUM and ROVNER, Circuit Judges. WOOD, Chief Judge. In recent years, the Supreme Court has twice addressed the question whether an unaccepted offer to a person seeking to represent a class is capable of mooting ei‐ ther the putative representative’s claim or the claims of the class as a whole. See Campbell‐Ewald Co. v. Gomez, 136 S. Ct. 663 (2016); Genesis Healthcare Corp. v. Symczyk, 133 S. Ct. 1523 (2013). The case now before us presents yet another variation 2 No. 16‐3574

on that theme. Our putative class representative, Fulton Den‐ tal, LLC, received an unsolicited fax from Bisco, Inc., and it has sued for damages under the Telephone Consumer Protec‐ tion Act (TCPA), 47 U.S.C. § 227 et seq. Before Fulton moved for class certification, Bisco tried to moot its claim by tender‐ ing an offer that (Bisco says) gives Fulton all of the individual relief it could possibly expect. This offer, however, was not submitted pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 68, as were the offers in Genesis and Campbell‐Ewald. Instead, Bisco tried to use Rule 67, which allows a party to deposit a pay‐ ment with the court. The district court concluded that Bisco’s maneuver was enough to moot Fulton’s individual claim and to disqualify it from serving as a class representative, and so it dismissed the entire action. We conclude, however, that this step was premature, and so we return the case to the district court for further proceedings. I Fulton’s case against Bisco arose after Bisco faxed to Fulton a generic, unsolicited advertisement for its dental products. The TCPA prohibits such contacts, unless one of several ex‐ ceptions applies, such as a previous business relationship or use of certain approved ways to obtain the fax number. In ad‐ dition, the sender must include an opt‐out notice in clear and conspicuous language. Violations of the TCPA can be re‐ dressed with statutory damages of $500 per negligent viola‐ tion, or $1,500 per willful violation. Fulton filed a complaint against Bisco on December 8, 2015. In it, Fulton sought statu‐ tory damages for two alleged violations (lack of consent and omission of the opt‐out notice), injunctive relief banning fu‐ ture violations, and certification of a class (to be represented No. 16‐3574 3

by Fulton) of all those who had similarly received faxes from Bisco. On January 18, 2016, before Fulton had filed a motion for class certification, Bisco made Fulton an offer of judgment pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 68. The offer was for $3,005 plus accrued costs, and it included an agreement to have the requested injunction entered against it. Two days af‐ ter Bisco’s offer was filed, the Supreme Court decided Camp‐ bell‐Ewald, in which it held that “an unaccepted settlement of‐ fer or offer of judgment does not moot a plaintiff’s case.” 136 S. Ct. at 672. Taking its cue from that language, Fulton re‐ jected Bisco’s offer on January 24, because the offer provided no relief to the rest of the class. Bisco then tried another tack: it moved for leave to deposit $3,600 with the district court un‐ der Rule 67. This sum represented what Bisco regarded as the maximum possible damages Fulton could receive, plus $595 for fees and costs. In light of that fact, along with its renewed acquiescence to the injunction, Bisco argued that the deposit had made Fulton’s claim moot, and that the district court should thus enter judgment in Fulton’s favor on the moot claims for $3,600 plus the injunction. Fulton opposed the lat‐ ter motion, on the ground that this was not a proper use of Rule 67 and that the simple deposit of funds could not moot the case. The district court granted Bisco’s motion. It treated the Rule 67 deposit of funds as the equivalent of giving the money directly to Fulton, and it treated Bisco’s offer to submit to the injunction as the equivalent of a commitment that it already had stopped sending the offending faxes. The language of mootness appears throughout the order, but the court para‐ doxically ordered relief on the merits. Fulton has appealed. 4 No. 16‐3574

II If Bisco’s deposit of money into the court’s registry had the effect of mooting this appeal, we would be in a strange situa‐ tion: there would no longer be a case or controversy between the parties, and we would need to dismiss the action on that basis. In essence, Bisco is arguing that it has forced a settle‐ ment that moots the case, along the same lines as the Supreme Court faced in U.S. Bancorp Mortg. Co. v. Bonner Mall P’ship, 513 U.S. 18 (1994). There the Court held that the power to or‐ der vacatur of the lower court’s decision remains, even if the case has become moot. Id. at 21. In the normal case, Bonner Mall continued, “mootness by reason of settlement does not justify vacatur of a judgment under review.” Id. at 29. But the Court did not hold that the district court could take steps on the merits, as opposed to steps designed to wrap up a case such as an award of costs or a decision on vacatur. To the con‐ trary, it said “[o]f course, no statute could authorize a federal court to decide the merits of a legal question not posed in an Article III case or controversy.” Id. at 21. A decision that a certain amount of damages should be paid and that an injunction should be entered is quintessen‐ tially a ruling on the merits of a case. The logic of Bisco’s po‐ sition is that all it had to do was deposit the estimated dam‐ ages with the court in order to moot the case. It overlooks the fact that once the case is moot, the court lacks power to enter any judgment on the merits. Logically, money paid into the court’s registry would either stay there for five years, after which it would escheat to the United States, see No. 16‐3574 5

28 U.S.C. § 2042, or perhaps Bisco could ask the court to re‐ turn it. Neither of those outcomes would be very satisfactory to Fulton, nor to Bisco if escheat were the result. Mootness, plainly, is not the correct legal concept for the course of events that took place here. See Chapman v. First In‐ dex, Inc., 796 F.3d 783, 786 (7th Cir. 2015) (circulated to the full court under 7th Circuit Local Rule 40(e)). Bisco is instead talk‐ ing about something more like accord and satisfaction or pay‐ ment, both affirmative defenses recognized by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(c)(1). Bisco insists that its Rule 67 pay‐ ment somehow erased any claim that Fulton may have had against it. In order to decide whether that is true, we find it helpful to take a closer look at Campbell‐Ewald, which inti‐ mated that such a payment might have legal effects.

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Fulton Dental, LLC v. Bisco, Incorporated, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/fulton-dental-llc-v-bisco-incorporated-ca7-2017.