GOODE, J.
(after stating the facts). — The injured boy’s statement that when he was between the two parallel tracks and in a position of perfect safety, he saw the east bound car advancing on the south track only five or six feet away, and thinking he could cross before it reached him, endeavored to do so, - is corroborated by other testimony and contradicted by none. So it may be assumed that the accident happened in that way. If it did and the boy is to be held as strictly responsible for the consequences of his act as a grown person would be, we would have to defeat the plaintiff’s action on the ground that his son’s negligence wholly or partly caused the casualty. No inference can be deduced from the stated facts which would not embrace the negligence of the [332]*332boy as a concurring, if not the sole cause, of the accident, were his conduct to be regarded with no1 more indulgence than is shown to that of individuals whose maturity of discretion is beyond doubt. To go on a railway track in front of a near and swiftly advancing car is so rash an act that courts refuse redress for losses or injuries caused thereby, if the injured person was of full legal accountability. Peterson v. Railway, 156 Mo. 552, 57 S. W. 709. We are urged to enforce that rule in this case, notwithstanding the plaintiff’s son was only nine years old or less, when hurt, and perhaps precedents for such a ruling have been cited Avhich may be argued plausibly to be in point. The courts are in accord regarding the principles which should control in determining whether a child who was the victim of an accident, was guilty of conduct which should be charged against it as negligence that contributed to the accident. It is true that nonsuits have been entered on appeals in litigation over such occurrences on the ground that the evidence dispelled all doubts concerning the full capacity of the injured minors, when they were about the age of Walter Fry. But in cases where the evidence did not put the question of capacity beyond controversy either way, the doctrine generally, if not universally, held is that the defense of contributory negligence should be considered by the jury, and determined by the test of whether the child used as much care as is commonly shown by children of like years and discretion in like situations. The standard of conduct that is applied to individuals of full age and mature judgment and experience, might be misleading on the question of whether or not a youth’s conduct was careful or careless; for the reason that children, especially young ones, are, as every one knows, hasty and thoughtless and less likely to consider consequences before acting than are older persons, who have been taught caution by varied experiences. It is the unreflecting, impulsive character of children as well as their lack of judgment, that the law makes al[333]*333lowance for in prescribing the measure of tbeir responsibility. If he can be brought to think about it deliberately, a ch'ild may be able to appreciate; as well as a grown person, a threatening danger which the latter would shun and the former rush into heedlessly. It is obviously unreasonable and unjust to exact of boys in early youth as high a degree of care as we do of mature men; for boys have not been disciplined by experience to exercise judgment, deliberation and self-restraint as men have. But it is reasonable and just to require of a lad the degree of care usually observed by lads of his age and capacity; for this he can observe. As the law frames its rules of conduct according to the teaching of experience,' its test of a minor’s responsibility for conduct charged to have been negligent, is the caution usually displayed by ordinary children of his age and capacity. McCarthy v. Railway, 92 Mo. 506, 4 S. W. 516; Williams v. Railway, 96 Mo. 275, 9 S. W. 573; Eswin v. Railway, Id. 290, 9 S. W. 577; Burger v. Railway, 112 Mo. 238, 20 S. W. 439; Schmitz v. Railway, 119 Mo. 256, 24 S. W. 472. Exceptional cases, in which the inquiry of whether or not injured minors were culpably negligent was held to be for the court’s instead of the jury’s decision, do not impugn the general rule that the question is for the jury when different inferences are fairly deducible from the evidence; a rule which has been many times declared by the appellate courts of this State. Anderson v. Terminal Railway, 161 Mo. 411, 61 S. W. 874, 81 Mo. App. 116; Day v. Railway, 81 Mo. App. 471. The precise point for decision on this branch of the present case is whether, on the evidence before us, we can say Walter Fry was shown, beyond fair inference to the contrary, to have fallen short of the care ordinarily shown by boys of his age and capacity, when he darted on the track in front of the approaching car; or whether that matter was properly left to the jury. Walter was between eight and nine years old when hurt, appears to have been of average intelligence and was in [334]*334the babit of riding on street cars. If be bad stopped to tbinlr, maybe be would have realized that it was dangerous to try to cross tbe track when be did. But instead of baiting at sight of tbe car, be continued to trot forward, assuming that be could get across the track in safety. When we observe tbe temerity with which city boys move in and out among street cars, we cannot declare this boy’s conduct so manifestly fell below tbe care usually taken by other boys of bis age that tbe issue should have been withdrawn from tbe jury. We bold that tbe defense of contributory negligence was rightly submitted to tbe jury and that tbe triaheourt’s ruling in that regard was according to tbe pronounced weight of authority in this State. Boland v. Railway, 36 Mo. 484; Mescheck v. Id., 71 Mo. 276; Winters v. Id., 99 Mo. 512, 12 S. W. 652; Van Natta v. Id., 133 Ma 13, 34 S. W. 505; Jett v. Id., 178 Mo. 738, 77 S. W. Rep. 739; Dunn v. Id., 21 Mo. App. 188; Kennedy v. Id., 43 Mo. App. 1; Riley v. Id., 68 Mo. App. 653.
But it was not enough to warrant a verdict against the’defendant for tbe jury to find plaintiff’s son was not negligent in view of bis age and discretion; it was necessary for them to find besides, that defendant’s servants, operating tbe car, were guilty of some negligence which caused tbe casualty. Neither was it sufficient to constitute a case for tbe jury that tbe court could not say tbe inference was irresistible that plaintiff’s son was guilty of contributory negligence. There must have been evidence to' show tbe defendant’s servants were guilty of some neglect that wholly, or in part, led to tbe accident. However young or immature the boy may have been, no cause of action was made out unless tbe carmen were shown to have omitted a duty they owed him, with a dire result. In several of tbe cases last cited tbe facts were quite analogous to, if not identical with, those before us, and tbe railroad companies were exonerated from liability, not on tbe score of the injured person’s contributory negligence, which, as said above, [335]*335was held, in view of bis minority, to be a matter for tbe jury, but on tbe ground that no negligence on tbe part of tbe car operatives was proved. Therefore we will examine tbe evidence in connection with tbe several assignments of error, to see if any of them rests on substantial proof.
Tbe fact that tbe car on wbicb Walter Fry rode to bis alighting place was not stopped for him to get oft, bad nothing to do with bis subsequent collision with another car and afforded no basis for a verdict against the railroad company, as tbe court below properly charged. He got off tbe car be was riding on safely and tbe neglect to stop it did no barm.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
GOODE, J.
(after stating the facts). — The injured boy’s statement that when he was between the two parallel tracks and in a position of perfect safety, he saw the east bound car advancing on the south track only five or six feet away, and thinking he could cross before it reached him, endeavored to do so, - is corroborated by other testimony and contradicted by none. So it may be assumed that the accident happened in that way. If it did and the boy is to be held as strictly responsible for the consequences of his act as a grown person would be, we would have to defeat the plaintiff’s action on the ground that his son’s negligence wholly or partly caused the casualty. No inference can be deduced from the stated facts which would not embrace the negligence of the [332]*332boy as a concurring, if not the sole cause, of the accident, were his conduct to be regarded with no1 more indulgence than is shown to that of individuals whose maturity of discretion is beyond doubt. To go on a railway track in front of a near and swiftly advancing car is so rash an act that courts refuse redress for losses or injuries caused thereby, if the injured person was of full legal accountability. Peterson v. Railway, 156 Mo. 552, 57 S. W. 709. We are urged to enforce that rule in this case, notwithstanding the plaintiff’s son was only nine years old or less, when hurt, and perhaps precedents for such a ruling have been cited Avhich may be argued plausibly to be in point. The courts are in accord regarding the principles which should control in determining whether a child who was the victim of an accident, was guilty of conduct which should be charged against it as negligence that contributed to the accident. It is true that nonsuits have been entered on appeals in litigation over such occurrences on the ground that the evidence dispelled all doubts concerning the full capacity of the injured minors, when they were about the age of Walter Fry. But in cases where the evidence did not put the question of capacity beyond controversy either way, the doctrine generally, if not universally, held is that the defense of contributory negligence should be considered by the jury, and determined by the test of whether the child used as much care as is commonly shown by children of like years and discretion in like situations. The standard of conduct that is applied to individuals of full age and mature judgment and experience, might be misleading on the question of whether or not a youth’s conduct was careful or careless; for the reason that children, especially young ones, are, as every one knows, hasty and thoughtless and less likely to consider consequences before acting than are older persons, who have been taught caution by varied experiences. It is the unreflecting, impulsive character of children as well as their lack of judgment, that the law makes al[333]*333lowance for in prescribing the measure of tbeir responsibility. If he can be brought to think about it deliberately, a ch'ild may be able to appreciate; as well as a grown person, a threatening danger which the latter would shun and the former rush into heedlessly. It is obviously unreasonable and unjust to exact of boys in early youth as high a degree of care as we do of mature men; for boys have not been disciplined by experience to exercise judgment, deliberation and self-restraint as men have. But it is reasonable and just to require of a lad the degree of care usually observed by lads of his age and capacity; for this he can observe. As the law frames its rules of conduct according to the teaching of experience,' its test of a minor’s responsibility for conduct charged to have been negligent, is the caution usually displayed by ordinary children of his age and capacity. McCarthy v. Railway, 92 Mo. 506, 4 S. W. 516; Williams v. Railway, 96 Mo. 275, 9 S. W. 573; Eswin v. Railway, Id. 290, 9 S. W. 577; Burger v. Railway, 112 Mo. 238, 20 S. W. 439; Schmitz v. Railway, 119 Mo. 256, 24 S. W. 472. Exceptional cases, in which the inquiry of whether or not injured minors were culpably negligent was held to be for the court’s instead of the jury’s decision, do not impugn the general rule that the question is for the jury when different inferences are fairly deducible from the evidence; a rule which has been many times declared by the appellate courts of this State. Anderson v. Terminal Railway, 161 Mo. 411, 61 S. W. 874, 81 Mo. App. 116; Day v. Railway, 81 Mo. App. 471. The precise point for decision on this branch of the present case is whether, on the evidence before us, we can say Walter Fry was shown, beyond fair inference to the contrary, to have fallen short of the care ordinarily shown by boys of his age and capacity, when he darted on the track in front of the approaching car; or whether that matter was properly left to the jury. Walter was between eight and nine years old when hurt, appears to have been of average intelligence and was in [334]*334the babit of riding on street cars. If be bad stopped to tbinlr, maybe be would have realized that it was dangerous to try to cross tbe track when be did. But instead of baiting at sight of tbe car, be continued to trot forward, assuming that be could get across the track in safety. When we observe tbe temerity with which city boys move in and out among street cars, we cannot declare this boy’s conduct so manifestly fell below tbe care usually taken by other boys of bis age that tbe issue should have been withdrawn from tbe jury. We bold that tbe defense of contributory negligence was rightly submitted to tbe jury and that tbe triaheourt’s ruling in that regard was according to tbe pronounced weight of authority in this State. Boland v. Railway, 36 Mo. 484; Mescheck v. Id., 71 Mo. 276; Winters v. Id., 99 Mo. 512, 12 S. W. 652; Van Natta v. Id., 133 Ma 13, 34 S. W. 505; Jett v. Id., 178 Mo. 738, 77 S. W. Rep. 739; Dunn v. Id., 21 Mo. App. 188; Kennedy v. Id., 43 Mo. App. 1; Riley v. Id., 68 Mo. App. 653.
But it was not enough to warrant a verdict against the’defendant for tbe jury to find plaintiff’s son was not negligent in view of bis age and discretion; it was necessary for them to find besides, that defendant’s servants, operating tbe car, were guilty of some negligence which caused tbe casualty. Neither was it sufficient to constitute a case for tbe jury that tbe court could not say tbe inference was irresistible that plaintiff’s son was guilty of contributory negligence. There must have been evidence to' show tbe defendant’s servants were guilty of some neglect that wholly, or in part, led to tbe accident. However young or immature the boy may have been, no cause of action was made out unless tbe carmen were shown to have omitted a duty they owed him, with a dire result. In several of tbe cases last cited tbe facts were quite analogous to, if not identical with, those before us, and tbe railroad companies were exonerated from liability, not on tbe score of the injured person’s contributory negligence, which, as said above, [335]*335was held, in view of bis minority, to be a matter for tbe jury, but on tbe ground that no negligence on tbe part of tbe car operatives was proved. Therefore we will examine tbe evidence in connection with tbe several assignments of error, to see if any of them rests on substantial proof.
Tbe fact that tbe car on wbicb Walter Fry rode to bis alighting place was not stopped for him to get oft, bad nothing to do with bis subsequent collision with another car and afforded no basis for a verdict against the railroad company, as tbe court below properly charged. He got off tbe car be was riding on safely and tbe neglect to stop it did no barm.
Tbe next charge of negligence is tbe alleged failure to give warning, by sounding tbe bell or otherwise, of the approach of tbe car to tbe crossing. There was testimony sufficient to raise an issue of fact as to whether tbe signal was given or not. It is true that testimony was of a negative character, as tbe witnesses who' spoke on tbe subject simply said they beard no signal. But they were so near tbe scene that probably they would have beard one if' it bad been sounded; and their testimony was for tbe consideration of tbe jury, if tbe issue of whether a signal was given was important. Murray v. Railway, 176 Mo. 183, 75 S. W. 611. But that issue was immaterial; because tbe failure to sound tbe bell as tbe ear neared tbe crossing cannot be accepted as tbe proximate cause of the accident. Tbe boy was apprised of tbe car’s approach by actually seeing it while be was in a safe position, before be advanced into one of danger, and when tbe situation in no way tended to force him to go forward. He went forward because be believed be could cross in safety. He testified positively that when be was between tbe two tracks be saw tbe car five or six feet away; and, therefore, be needed no warning of its proximity. Tbe law is that omitting to give notice of tbe appi’oach of an engine or car cannot be availed of as a ground of recovery by a person injured by tbe [336]*336vehicle, if he knew of its approach by his own eyesight in time to keep out of the way. Murray v. Railroad, supra. Killiam v. Railway, 86 Mo. App. 473. The theory might be advanced that if the bell had been rung it would have warned the boy of the car’s approach sooner than seeing it did, and that he might then have refrained from going on the track until it had passed; and this is the only way we can think of in which failing .to ring the bell may have contributed to the accident. But it is plain that such a theory of the boy’s possible conduct had the bell been rung is purely conjectural; a surmise rather than an inference deducible from the known facts; a spontaneous suggestion of the mind as to the course that might have been taken, but which the evidence has no tendency to prove would have been taken. And it is even an improbable suggestion; for it is improbable that the boy would have been deterred from attempting to cross by hearing the bell when the car was distant, if he was not deterred by seeing the car itself when it was near. The Supreme Court considered and rejected as fanciful a similar theory of recovery in Barkley v. Railroad, 96 Mb. 367, 9 S. W. 793. The motorman’s neglecting to ring the bell was not connected with the casualty nor the cause of it near or remote. Like the failure to stop the car the boy rode to the crossing on, for him to alight, it resulted in no mischief. But the second instruction given at the instance of the plaintiff authorized the jury to' return a verdict in plaintiff’s favor on the finding that no' signal of the car’s approach to the crossing, by bell or otherwise, was given. As the evidence shows without a discrepancy, that failure to' signal had nothing to do with the accident, the instruction was erroneous and prejudicial.
The first instruction granted on the plaintiff’s request told the jury he ought to have a verdict if they found the motorman was negligent in failing to keep vigilant watch ahead, or to stop his car in the shortest [337]*337time and space practicable with, the appliances at hand and considering the safety of the passengers, on the first appearance of danger to plaintiff’s son on the track or moving toward it; if they found, too; that such negligence caused the accident. The instruction was correct in form, but did the evidence authorize it? The testimony of most of the witnesses inclines to establish that the misfortune resulted from the boy’s running in front of the car when it was so close to him that it could not be stopped in time to save him, and that the carmen were to blame only in not reducing speed before reaching the crossing. The motorman swore his first intimation of an impending accident, or knowledge that the boy was on or about the crossing, came when he saw him (Walter Fry) emerge from behind the west bound car, a few feet ahead of the motorman’s car, between the tracks and advancing toward the south track; and that then no one on earth could have checked the car before reaching him. There was evidence tending to cast doubt on this statement given by a witness who was sitting in the car on the north side and near the front. She swore to seeing the boy on the north track and about to- cross when the car was one hundred and fifty feet from the crossing.' It might be inferred from her evidence and perhaps from some circumstances, that the motorman could have averted the accident, if he had been attentive and prompt. A question was presented for the jury’s decision as to whether he was negligent in his watch, or in trying to stop the car.
There was other evidence from which the jury might well have found the car crew were negligent, and in a way that caused the accident. It was in testimony that the colliding car was running at a speed which, considering it was passing a crossing, and one where another car had just discharged passengers, might justly be found to have been excessive and to show negligent operation. The municipal ordinance limiting the speed of. [338]*338street cars was neither pleaded nor pnt in evidence. Nevertheless, the excessive speed of the car was a proper issue; for if the ordinance had been introduced and the car shown to have been running in conformity to it, there would have been a question for the jury to answer as to whether such a velocity at a crossing where passengers were leaving another car, was permissible or negligent. The ordinance rate may not be lawfully persisted in regardless of situations which render a slower movement indispensable to the safety of the public. Holden v. Railroad, 177 Mo. 456, 76 S. W. 973. There is no definite allegation in the plaintiff’s petition charging that the car was under an excessive and careless velocity. But testimony on the subject was put in, and was properly admitted under the averment of the motorman’s failure to use any care to control the car. This averment should have charged excessive speed more directly; but as an allegation of negligence at common law, it was broad enough to let in evidence concerning the car’s speed, as no objection was made to either the pleading or the evidence. Testimony on the issue was introduced by the plaintiff, but it was left out of the instructions, being nowhere submitted as a basis for a verdict in plaintiff’s favor. It was, of course, requisite, in order to' justify a recovery by the plaintiff, that the evidence on the point should tend to prove, not only negligent speed, but that the casualty would have been avoided had the speed been careful and proper, all the facts considered. Jackson v. Railroad, 157 Mo. 621, 58 S. W. 32; Molyneux v. Railroad, 81 Mo. App. 25. It cannot be declared as a matter of law that the accident would have happened in any event. That was for the jury to determine under appropriate advice from the court. It strikes us as entirely possible and by no means improbable, that if the car’s movement had been brought down to a rate which was prudent in the opinion of fair-minded men, as it drew near the crossing and the discharging car, the casualty could and would have [339]*339been averted. Rushing street cars over crossings and while passengers are disembarking from other cars, -is a prolific source of serious and fatal accidents, and it behooves street car companies to do all that careful and humane men can to diminish this menace.
The law of this case wall be made clearer by an analysis of the precedents we have cited as containing analogous facts. In the Boland case, the plaintiff’s daughter was run over and killed by a street car while walking across Market street in St. Louis. The testimony showed the child was only three or four feet from the car when the attention of the driver was attracted to it by the warning shout of a nearby pedestrian. It appeared the driver stopped as soon as he could after he knew of the child’s danger, and did not appear that he was negligent in not seeing it sooner, as he was occupied at the time in avoiding a collision with a wagon. After approving the doctrine that a child of immature years is less responsible for negligent conduct than a maturer person, the court said:
“Now, by reference to the evidence, we think it clear there was no negligence shown by defendants or their agents. The attention of the driver of the car was directed to another point of the street, where he anticipated danger. He was driving slowly and cautiously, with his knee against the dashboard of the car, and his hand on the brake, to be ready in an instant to stop- the car, and prevent damage in case the threatened collision took place. There is nothing whatever to show that he knew the child was approaching the car, or had any reason to apprehend the child was there. The witness states that the child was from three to five feet from the car when first discovered, and the alarm given, going directly ahead, and at rather a rapid rate. The driver stopped as soon as he could, but not until after the fatal accident had happened.”
In the present case, as opposed to that one, there [340]*340was some proof of negligent speed which might have been submitted as a basis for a verdict.
In Mescheck v. Railroad, 71 Mo., supra, a horse car was moving at a .moderate speed down a slight grade, when the driver saw a child about six feet ahead of the mules and four feet from the track, running toward it. The driver exerted himself to stop the mules, but the child got on the track and was run over and crushed. The judgment for the plaintiff was reversed because there was no proof of any negligence on the part of the driver. It was said he could be convicted of negligence only on the hypothesis that he did not begin to stop the car as soon as he ought, and that there was no positive proof he saw the boy until he shouted to him; but even if he saw him when on the sidewalk he had no right to suppose he would undertake to cross the street.
In Dunn v. Railroad, 21 Mo. App. 188, plaintiff’s son, a boy nine years old, got off one horse car, then turned around and started to run eastward across the street, on which were two street railway tracks, and a car coming from the opposite direction ran over him. That car was moving at an ordinary trot down a slight grade. It was ruled that the question of the boy’s contributory negligence, considering his years, was for the jury; but that as there was no substantial evidence of negligence on the part of the driver of the car that hurt him, a recovery should be denied as a matter of law. That case was quite similar to the one at bar, leaving out of view the question of speed.
In Kennedy v. Railroad, 43 Mo. App., supra, the plaintiff’s daughter, a girl ten years of age, was hurt in running across Broadway in St. Louis. She emerged from behind an ice wagon in front of a mule car and was run over and hurt. In that case the car stopped after the front wheel passed over the girl. Just the distance away the mules were when the girl got on the track is not stated; but the court evidently thought the driver [341]*341bad no time to stop before reaching her. Excessive speed did not enter into the case.
In O’Flaherty v. Railroad, 45 Mo. 70, the opinion was written by Judge Wagner, avIio also wrote the opinion in the Boland case. Different results were reached in the two- cases, and the company was held liable in the O’Flaherty case because the car which hurt the child was traveling at a rapid speed and its driver, instead of looking ahead and being ready to avoid accidents, was looking behind him and holding to the dashboard in order to maintain himself on the platform. This was held to be gross negligence.
In the Van Natta case, 133 Mo., supra, the injured boy got off a car, ra.n behind it and was struck by another on a parallel track. Unlawful speed Avas averred. The judgment for the plaintiff Avas reversed for errors in the instructions, but the case appears to have been held to be one for the jury on the issue of excessive speed.
In the Jett case, 77 8. W. supra, there was testimony to sIioav the child that Avas killed was walking with her brother along a railAvay track for some distance ahead of the car and in plain vieAV of the motorman. It was held that Avhile the children were negligent in Avalking on the track Avithout looking for a car, and while the motorman had a right to- presume, in the first instance, that they Avo-uld -see it and get out of the >vay, yet it was his duty to be on constant watch and in the event it became evident that they Avere not observing care, he should have checked his car to avoid stinking them; and it was a question for the jury Avhether he complied with his duty in this regard.
In Riley v. Railroad, 68 Mo. App., supra, the injured boy was frightened by steam that escaped from a locomotive on ope track and ran along another track on which an engine Avas moving and Avas struck. The undisputed evidence shoAved that the engine Avhich did the harm Avas running at a speed of three or four miles an hour and [342]*342that it could have been stopped within thirty feet. There was testimony that the plaintiff ran ahead of it sixty or seventy feet; and on that showing it was manifestly a question for the jury whether the engineer was guilty of negligently and wantonly running him down. ■
Our examination of the foregoing cases discloses that in those where the evidence was held to be for the jury, the defendant’s servants were shown to be remiss, either in running at an unlawful speed, or in failing to take proper measures to prevent striking the injured party after they saw his danger; whereas, in the cases where the plaintiffs were nonsuited, undue speed was not relied on for a verdict and it was clear that the injured children got on the tracks so close to the approaching cars or engines, that it was impossible to save them.
The judgment is reversed and the cause remanded.
All concur.