Robinson, C. J.
The note in suit was given by the defendant on the seventh day of December, 1883, for the sum of sis hundred and ten dollars, with interest thereon at seven per cent, per annum. It was made payable to Seth P. French, and was by him assigned to the plaintiff. J. W. French, the husband of the defendant, died in June, 1877, possessed of notes and mortgages of the value of six thousand dollars or more. Administration of his estate was not granted, but the defendant took possession of the property, and apparently retained it for her own benefit. When the note in suit was given, Seth P. French, who is the husband of the plaintiff, and a son of the defendant and her late husband, presented to the defendant an instrument in the form of a promissory note for the sum of three hundred and twenty-one dollars and interest, which purported to have been given by the deceased in the year 1874, and to be. payable to Seth. He demanded payment of the note, insisting that his [657]*657mother was responsible for its payment, because sbe bad appropriated tbe property wbicb belonged to bis father’s estate to her own use; and tbe note in suit was given in settlement of tbe demand thus made. The defendant claims that ber note'was given without consideration, and that sbe was induced to make it by the' representations of Seth that tbe note for wbicb be demanded payment was given by bis father; that it was due and wholly unpaid;- and that tbe defendant was legally bound .to pay it. Tbe defendant avers that these representations' were false and fraudulent and known to be so by Seth, but that she believed them to be true, and relied upon them in making tbe note in suit. Of tbe defenses pleaded tbe only one submitted to tbe jury was that of want of consideration.
I; It was claimed on tbe part of tbe plaintiff that tbe note for three hundred and twenty-one dollars was 1. Evidence: transactions with decedent: interpretation of phrase, “next of kin.” gi-ve:a for money loaned to J. W. French, the most of which was furnished by ber ;■ and that sbe owned tbe note when it was giveilj notwithstanding tbe fact that it was made payable to ber husband. She was asked as a witness to state tbe consideration of tbe note, but ber testimony as to that was objected to on tbe ground that it was'incompetent, relating to a personal transaction with a person deceased, and tbe objection was sustained. Section 3639 of tbe Code provides that, “No party to any action or proceeding * ' * * shall bo examined as a witness in regard to any personal transaction or communication between such witness and a person, at tbe commencement of such examination, deceased, insane or lunatic, against tbe, executor, administrator, heir at law, next of kin, legatee, devisee or survivor of such deceased person.” Tbe defendant is not an executor or administrator within the meaning of tbe statute.- Sbe can be regarded at most only as an executrix de son tort; but, as ber acts in [658]*658administering the estate of her deceased husband have been without authority of law, she is not entitled to the protection of the statute as executrix or administra-trix. She is not an. heir at law of her deceased husband. Phillips v. Carpenter, 79 Iowa, 600. It is not claimed that she is an assignee, legatee or devisee, and there is no ground for claiming that she is a survivor. Reynolds v. Iowa & Neb. Ins. Co., 80 Iowa, 563. If she is entitled to the protection of the statute it must be for the reason that she is “next of kin,” within its intent. Primarily the word “kin” includes only relation or relationship by blood or consanguinity; and the term “next of kin” would not, by that rule, include a widow. Black’s Law Dictionary, 678; Anderson’s Law Dictionary, 589; Keteltas v. Keteltas, 72 N. Y. 312, 315; Walter v. Walter, 62 Ga. 145; Farr v. Flood, 11 Cush. 24. But it is sometimes used in a broader sense to include relations by marriage. Thus, under a statute in regard to changes of forum which provides that “when it shall appear that the justice is near of kin to either party he shall remove the case to some other justice of the same county,” it was held that the word “kin” included relations by marriage. Hibbard v. Odell, 16 Wis. 664. The words “next of kin,” in a statute which provided for the bringing of an action against an executor or administrator “by any legatee, or by any of the next of kin [of the decedent] entitled to share in the distribution of the estate,” have been held to include the widow of the decedent. Betsinger v. Chapman, 88 N. Y. 488. A statute of the state of Ohio gave to the personal representative of a person, whose death was caused by the wrong of another, a right of action “for the exclusive benefit of the widow and next of kin of such deceased person.” It was held that the term “next of kin” included the husband. Steel v. Kurtz, 28 Ohio St. 195; Power v. Hafley, 4 S. W. Rep. (Ky.) 683. The rule to be drawn from, these authorities is in harmony [659]*659•with that which governs the construction of statutes generally, and which requires us to so interpret them as to give force and ehect to the legislative intent where that is clearly expressed. The statute under consideration was designed to protect persons claiming some right or title from a person who at the time of the examination is dead or incompetent to testify by reason of mental unsoundness. The widow who claims under the will of her deceased husband is entitled to the protection of the statute. But if her husband died intestate, or if she refuse to accept the provisions of his will, she is as clearly within the spirit of the statute as though she claimed under his will. It cannot be accepted as true that the legislature intended to protect the widow only when she claimed as devisee or legatee. No good and sufficient ground for such a theory has been suggested. We conclude, therefore, that the words-“next of kin” were used in the statute in the broader sense, which includes relatives by marriage, who are entitled by law to a distributive share in the estate of the decedent. The evidence in question was properly excluded.
II. The court instructed the jury as follows: “It is claimed by the plaintiff that this note in suit was 2. Promissory note: consideration: settlement of disputed claim. given by the defendant in exchange for a note given to the plaintiff’s husband by the defendant’s husband in his life-time, and that note was the consideration of this one. If the note given by the defendant’s husband represented a valid and subsisting indebt^ ness at the time of his death and up to the time^ giving of the note in suit, its surrender to ant would be a good and valid considerate note now in suit, and there would be a that there was a sufficient consideration t note of the defendant’s husband; but presumption, and may be rebutted by e cumstances which, when candidly [660]*660reasonable man to the belief that it was not representing in fact a real indebtedness when the defendant gave the note in question.” So far as this portion of the charge required the- jury to find that the three hundred and twenty-one dollar note was a valid obligation before they could find for the plaintiff, it was erroneous. The rule is well established that a note given in compromise or settlement of a disputed claim, the validity of which is doubtful, is supported by a sufficient consideration. Keefe v. Vogle, 36 Iowa, 87. See also 1 Wharton on Contracts, sec. 533.
III.
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Robinson, C. J.
The note in suit was given by the defendant on the seventh day of December, 1883, for the sum of sis hundred and ten dollars, with interest thereon at seven per cent, per annum. It was made payable to Seth P. French, and was by him assigned to the plaintiff. J. W. French, the husband of the defendant, died in June, 1877, possessed of notes and mortgages of the value of six thousand dollars or more. Administration of his estate was not granted, but the defendant took possession of the property, and apparently retained it for her own benefit. When the note in suit was given, Seth P. French, who is the husband of the plaintiff, and a son of the defendant and her late husband, presented to the defendant an instrument in the form of a promissory note for the sum of three hundred and twenty-one dollars and interest, which purported to have been given by the deceased in the year 1874, and to be. payable to Seth. He demanded payment of the note, insisting that his [657]*657mother was responsible for its payment, because sbe bad appropriated tbe property wbicb belonged to bis father’s estate to her own use; and tbe note in suit was given in settlement of tbe demand thus made. The defendant claims that ber note'was given without consideration, and that sbe was induced to make it by the' representations of Seth that tbe note for wbicb be demanded payment was given by bis father; that it was due and wholly unpaid;- and that tbe defendant was legally bound .to pay it. Tbe defendant avers that these representations' were false and fraudulent and known to be so by Seth, but that she believed them to be true, and relied upon them in making tbe note in suit. Of tbe defenses pleaded tbe only one submitted to tbe jury was that of want of consideration.
I; It was claimed on tbe part of tbe plaintiff that tbe note for three hundred and twenty-one dollars was 1. Evidence: transactions with decedent: interpretation of phrase, “next of kin.” gi-ve:a for money loaned to J. W. French, the most of which was furnished by ber ;■ and that sbe owned tbe note when it was giveilj notwithstanding tbe fact that it was made payable to ber husband. She was asked as a witness to state tbe consideration of tbe note, but ber testimony as to that was objected to on tbe ground that it was'incompetent, relating to a personal transaction with a person deceased, and tbe objection was sustained. Section 3639 of tbe Code provides that, “No party to any action or proceeding * ' * * shall bo examined as a witness in regard to any personal transaction or communication between such witness and a person, at tbe commencement of such examination, deceased, insane or lunatic, against tbe, executor, administrator, heir at law, next of kin, legatee, devisee or survivor of such deceased person.” Tbe defendant is not an executor or administrator within the meaning of tbe statute.- Sbe can be regarded at most only as an executrix de son tort; but, as ber acts in [658]*658administering the estate of her deceased husband have been without authority of law, she is not entitled to the protection of the statute as executrix or administra-trix. She is not an. heir at law of her deceased husband. Phillips v. Carpenter, 79 Iowa, 600. It is not claimed that she is an assignee, legatee or devisee, and there is no ground for claiming that she is a survivor. Reynolds v. Iowa & Neb. Ins. Co., 80 Iowa, 563. If she is entitled to the protection of the statute it must be for the reason that she is “next of kin,” within its intent. Primarily the word “kin” includes only relation or relationship by blood or consanguinity; and the term “next of kin” would not, by that rule, include a widow. Black’s Law Dictionary, 678; Anderson’s Law Dictionary, 589; Keteltas v. Keteltas, 72 N. Y. 312, 315; Walter v. Walter, 62 Ga. 145; Farr v. Flood, 11 Cush. 24. But it is sometimes used in a broader sense to include relations by marriage. Thus, under a statute in regard to changes of forum which provides that “when it shall appear that the justice is near of kin to either party he shall remove the case to some other justice of the same county,” it was held that the word “kin” included relations by marriage. Hibbard v. Odell, 16 Wis. 664. The words “next of kin,” in a statute which provided for the bringing of an action against an executor or administrator “by any legatee, or by any of the next of kin [of the decedent] entitled to share in the distribution of the estate,” have been held to include the widow of the decedent. Betsinger v. Chapman, 88 N. Y. 488. A statute of the state of Ohio gave to the personal representative of a person, whose death was caused by the wrong of another, a right of action “for the exclusive benefit of the widow and next of kin of such deceased person.” It was held that the term “next of kin” included the husband. Steel v. Kurtz, 28 Ohio St. 195; Power v. Hafley, 4 S. W. Rep. (Ky.) 683. The rule to be drawn from, these authorities is in harmony [659]*659•with that which governs the construction of statutes generally, and which requires us to so interpret them as to give force and ehect to the legislative intent where that is clearly expressed. The statute under consideration was designed to protect persons claiming some right or title from a person who at the time of the examination is dead or incompetent to testify by reason of mental unsoundness. The widow who claims under the will of her deceased husband is entitled to the protection of the statute. But if her husband died intestate, or if she refuse to accept the provisions of his will, she is as clearly within the spirit of the statute as though she claimed under his will. It cannot be accepted as true that the legislature intended to protect the widow only when she claimed as devisee or legatee. No good and sufficient ground for such a theory has been suggested. We conclude, therefore, that the words-“next of kin” were used in the statute in the broader sense, which includes relatives by marriage, who are entitled by law to a distributive share in the estate of the decedent. The evidence in question was properly excluded.
II. The court instructed the jury as follows: “It is claimed by the plaintiff that this note in suit was 2. Promissory note: consideration: settlement of disputed claim. given by the defendant in exchange for a note given to the plaintiff’s husband by the defendant’s husband in his life-time, and that note was the consideration of this one. If the note given by the defendant’s husband represented a valid and subsisting indebt^ ness at the time of his death and up to the time^ giving of the note in suit, its surrender to ant would be a good and valid considerate note now in suit, and there would be a that there was a sufficient consideration t note of the defendant’s husband; but presumption, and may be rebutted by e cumstances which, when candidly [660]*660reasonable man to the belief that it was not representing in fact a real indebtedness when the defendant gave the note in question.” So far as this portion of the charge required the- jury to find that the three hundred and twenty-one dollar note was a valid obligation before they could find for the plaintiff, it was erroneous. The rule is well established that a note given in compromise or settlement of a disputed claim, the validity of which is doubtful, is supported by a sufficient consideration. Keefe v. Vogle, 36 Iowa, 87. See also 1 Wharton on Contracts, sec. 533.
III. It was claimed on the part of the defendant that Seth did not surrender the three hundred and 3. -: payment: evidence. twenty-one-dollar note when the one in suit was given, but carried both away. This was denied by the plaintiff, and there was much conflict in the evidence as to the fact. The court charged the jury as follows: “If the three hundred and twenty-one-dollar note was not exchanged for the note in suit, but was taken away by Seth with the note in suit, then you could not consider that note as a consideration for the one in suit. Seth could not keep both notes, and yet claim that one was a consideration for the other. But if the note in question was exchanged for the three hundred and twenty-one-dollar note, and it was left ’with the defendant, it would be a sufficient consideration.” We think this was erroneous. There was evidence which tended to show that the note in suit was accepted in payment of one for three hundred and twenty-one dollars, and latter had been destroyed because it was is paid. If the note in suit was given and the purpose of paying in full the other tthat effect, even though both notes were Seth. The failure to cancel and sur-note did not prevent the agreement of m taking effect. The old note was ien the new one was delivered, Iowa [661]*661County v. Foster, 49 Iowa, 676. There is nothing in the record to indicate that it was the intent of the parties that the old note should be retained by the plaintiff and continued in force.
IV. Some of the evidence tended to show that the defendant had promised to pay the old note before the 4. Statute of frauds: promise to pay debt of another for benefit of promisor. one in suit was given. Also that the promise was made to prevent the taking out of letters of administration, in order that a certain claim against the estate, held in a payment. distant state, might not be presented for The court instructed the jury that a promise made to defeat such a claim would be against public policy and invalid. That portion of the charge is not before us for review. In another connection the court instructed the jury that “the defendant would not be bound by any verbal promise to pay the three hundred and twenty-one-dollar note, nor would such a promise be a valid consideration for the note in suit.’7 We think this was not correct, as applied to matters alleged, which the jury may have found to exist. If the defendant had appropriated the estate of her deceased husband to her own use, and had thereby made herself liable for the payment of just claims against the estate, including that of the plaintiff, her promise to pay the claim and prevent suit, if not coupled with any unlawful object, would have been for her own beneñt, and not a mere promise to pay the debt of another within the meaning of the statute of frauds. In that case the debt would have been her own, and could have been enforced against her. See Walton v. Mandeville, 56 Iowa, 597; Poole v. Hirager 60 Iowa, 180; Mills v. Brown, 11 Iowa, 314; Knapp, 36 Iowa, 616; Chamberlin v. Ingalls, 300; Blair Town Lot, etc., Co. v. Walker, Lamb v. Tucker, 42 Iowa, 118.
V. There was evidence tending husband of the plaintiff gave to his f [662]*6625. Promissory note: subsequent transactions: presumption of payment. one thousand, five hundred dollars, secured by a mortgage on his farm; that it was given after the three hundred and twenty-0ne_¿0¡]_ar S£¿¿i to have been given; aud that it was unpaid when his father died. The court charged the jury in regard to that as follows: “If you find that the note in suit was not indorsed to the plaintiff until January or February, 1889, and did not become her property until that time, you will be warranted in finding that it came into her hands as owner after it became due; and it would be subject, in her hands, to any defense which might be made against her husband, who was the payee of the note. If you find that Seth P. French gave his note and a mortgage to his father after the note of three hundred and twenty-one dollars was given to him, the giving o these would warrant the inference that the note of three hundred and twenty-one. dollars had been paid, and cast on the plaintiff the burden to prove that it had not been paid in the transaction out of which the mortgage was made, because the presumption is warranted that one holding a valid debt against another, which is then past due, would not be likely to give a note and mortgage to him without applying on the claim the debt due to him before giving the mortgage.” We do not think this is erroneous, as applied to thefacts in the case. The three hundred and tw enty-one-dollar note was made payable to the husband of the plaintiff, and it appears that some of the money for which it was given was furnished by him, and the new note was payable' to him. In view of these facts, we think the portion ¡¡f thiMÉiarge in question wa.s authorized.
|The appellee in argument urges that, the dismissed for the reason that the appellant has made no assignment of errors. It was the right of the appellee to have the Wppeal dismissed by making a proper ipplication for that purpose'. Code, sec. [663]*663183; McLuen v. District Township, 82 Iowa, 742; sec. 51, Rules oí Practice in Supreme Court. This court has held that the appellee is not entitled to have an appeal dismissed on a suggestion or request made in argument only, or after argument. Smith v. Hill, 83 Iowa, 684; Andrews v. Burdick, 62 Iowa, 714. Where a person wishes to insist on his right to have an appeal dismissed for a failure to assign errors, he should file a motion for that purpose, in which he should show the failure of which he complains, and make demand for a dismissal. The matter will thus be called to the attention of the court in a formal manner before it has given to the case that consideration which is necessary to its determination on the merits.
Other questions discussed by counsel may not arise on another trial and need not be determined. Por the reasons shown, the judgment of the district COUrt ÍS EEVEBSED.