Freedom Springs Water v. Great Spring

Opinion

Freedom Springs Water v. Great Spring CV-98-676-JD 08/06/99 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE

Freedom Springs Water Co., Inc.

v. Civil No. 98-676-JD

Great Spring Waters of America, Inc.

O R D E R

Freedom Springs Water Company seeks a stay of arbitration of

its contract disputes with Great Spring Waters of America. In

support of a stay. Freedom Springs argues that the arbitration

clause in the parties' agreement does not cover the breach of

contract issues presently before the arbitrator. Great Spring

objects, contending that the arbitration clause in the parties'

agreement reguires arbitration of all of the issues currently in

arbitration, including the breach of contract claims.

During a conference call on the status of the case, the

parties agreed to address the scope of the arbitration clause in

a motion for partial summary judgment and an objection. Great

Spring has filed a motion for summary judgment asking the court

to deny Freedom Springs's motion for a stay of arbitration, based

on the meaning of the arbitration clause. Freedom Springs filed

an objection. As the parties agree that the guestion of the

arbitrability of the breach of contract issues may be resolved as

a matter of law, the court will address both the plaintiff's motion to stay arbitration (document no. 2) and the defendant's

motion for summary judgment (document no. 30) together.1

Background2

The plaintiff. Freedom Springs Water Company, operates

natural water springs in Freedom, New Hampshire. The defendant.

Great Spring Water of America, which is a division of Perrier

Company, is in the business of buying and distributing bottled

water. The parties entered a contract, dated January 6, 1996,

under which Freedom Springs agreed to supply water and Great

Spring agreed to purchase water, based on certain conditions, for

a ten year period. The agreement provided that Great Spring

would construct facilities for pumping and piping water from

Freedom Springs and be repaid for the development costs through

rebates on the water purchased from Freedom Springs. The

agreement also reguired that Freedom Springs's water meet

specified guality standards.

The facilities at Freedom Springs began producing water for

1The parties' reguests for oral argument are denied as additional argument is not likely to be of assistance to the court and the parties failed to submit a written statement justifying their reguests. See LR 7.1(d).

2The background facts are provided as a factual summary of the parties' relationship and not as factual findings.

2 Great Spring in June of 1996. A temporary interruption occurred

in August of 1996 when the water from Freedom Springs's facility

tested for bacteria in excess of the agreed guality standards.

In March of 1997, the property where Freedom Springs operates was

accidentally flooded, and the springs contaminated. The parties

then disputed whether the guality of Freedom Springs's water met

their agreed standards. Freedom Springs alleges that Great

Spring stopped making payments in October of 1997.

Freedom Springs, represented by one of its principals,

William Foord, filed a demand for arbitration on May 2, 1998,

asking that issues about payments, indemnification, exclusivity,

water guality and testing, and notice be arbitrated as provided

in the parties' agreement. Great Spring notified Freedom Springs

on May 7, 1998, that the agreement was terminated. Great Spring

filed its answer in the arbitration proceeding with counterclaims

seeking repayment of money spent in developing Freedom Springs's

facilities and damages for breach of the parties' agreement. The

arbitrator held a series of telephone conferences in August and

September of 1998 and ordered the parties to provide certain

discovery and to submit statements of the issues they intended to

arbitrate.

On October 13, 1998, after his attorney reviewed the

materials submitted in the arbitration proceeding, William Foord

3 submitted a restatement and amendment of the issues Freedom

Springs wanted to arbitrate in response to Great Spring's

counterclaims. Freedom Springs's amendments asserted breach of

contract claims against Great Spring and sought additional

damages. The arbitrator's order dated October 27, 1998,

indicates that Freedom Springs withdrew its October 13 pleading

and, instead, asserted claims in an October 26 pleading, that

does not seem to be included in the record. On November 3, the

arbitrator dismissed several of Freedom Springs's claims in

response to a motion by Great Spring.

In early November, Foord moved for a continuance in the

arbitration proceeding, explaining that his attorney was no

longer able to represent Freedom Springs and asking for time to

find new counsel. On November 30, 1998, Freedom Springs's new

counsel moved for a ninety day continuance of the arbitration

hearing scheduled for December 9, 10, and 11, 1998. Freedom

Springs filed the action in this court on December 7, 1998,

alleging a breach of contract claim against Great Spring and

seeking temporary and permanent stays of the arbitration

proceeding. The parties then stipulated to a temporary stay

pending the decision on Freedom Springs's motion for a

preliminary injunction.

4 Discussion

The parties do not dispute that they agreed to arbitrate

some issues, although they differ as to whether their arbitration

agreement applies to all of the issues being considered in their

current arbitration proceeding. The Federal Arbitration Act

("FAA") applies to this case. See 9 U.S.C.A. § 2. Unless the

parties clearly agreed to arbitrate the issue of arbitrability of

their dispute, the court decides whether the parties' dispute is

subject to their arbitration agreement. See First Options of

Chicago, Inc. v. Kaplan, 514 U.S. 938, 944-46 (1995). The

parties did not clearly agree to arbitrate the meaning of the

arbitration clause in this case, nor has either party argued that

the agreement provided for arbitration of the meaning of the

clause.

Courts may stay arbitration that is not authorized by the

parties' agreement. See 9 U.S.C.A. § 4; see also PCS 2 000 L .P .

v. Romulus Telecomm. Inc., 148 F.3d 32, 25 (1st Cir. 1998);

Gruntal & Co. v. Steinberg, 854 F. Supp. 324, 331 (D.N.J. 1994).

The FAA indicates that "arbitrability is to be determined on an

issue-by-issue basis, without regard to the way that the issues

are grouped into claims." Summer Rain v. Donning Co., 964 F.2d

1455, 1461 (4th Cir. 1992).

5 A. The Parties' Arbitration Agreement

Freedom Springs challenges the arbitrability of the breach

of contract issues that have been submitted for arbitration. The

arbitration clause in the parties' agreement provides:

In order to resolve any dispute under this agreement guickly and efficiently, at the minimum cost and expense, the parties agree that in the event a dispute arises under the terms of this Agreement, in connection with fact or interpretation and meaning thereof, those limited issues shall be submitted to arbitration under the Rules of the American Arbitration Association, established by the American Arbitration Association in the City of Boston.

Water Supply Agreement at 5 13.4. Freedom Springs argues that

the clause limits arbitration to disputes arising while the

agreement was in effect and does not apply to claims of breach of

the entire agreement that have arisen since Great Spring

terminated the agreement. Great Spring asserts the strong policy

of the FAA to resolve doubt in favor of arbitrability and argues

that the terms of the arbitration clause permit arbitration of

the parties' breach of contract claims.

The FAA demonstrates a strong federal policy in favor of

arbitration. Moses H. Cone Memorial Hosp. v. Mercury Constr.

Corp., 460 U.S. 1, 24 (1983). Arbitration is available, however,

only by agreement, and, therefore, no party can be compelled to

arbitrate disputes or issues that are not part of the parties'

agreement. See 9 U.S.C.A. § 2; Volt Info. Sciences, Inc. v.

6 Board of Trustees of Leland Stanford, Jr. Univ., 489 U.S. 468,

479 (1989). McCarthy v. Azure, 22 F.3d 351, 354 (1st Cir. 1994).

"That is because a party who has not agreed to arbitrate will

normally have a right to a court's decision about the merits of

its dispute (say, as here, its obligation under a contract)."

First Options of Chicago, Inc. v. Kaplan, 514 U.S. 938, 942

(1995). Whether a particular dispute is subject to arbitration

depends on the parties' intent as demonstrated by their

agreement. See PaineWebber Inc. v. Elahi, 87 F.3d 589, 593 (1st

Cir. 1996).

State law provides the basic principles of contract

interpretation, although state arbitration law is not applicable

to FAA cases. See PaineWebber, 87 F.3d at 593. The interpre­

tation of the arbitration clause is controlled by Maine law.

Maine follows the common principles of contract interpretation

that language is construed according to its plain and common

meaning taken in the context of the entire contract. See Apqar

v. Commercial Union Ins. Co., 683 A.2d 497, 498 (Me. 1996);

Brackett v. Middlesex Ins. Co., 486 A.2d 1188, 1190 (Me. 1985).

A contract provision is ambiguous only if it is "reasonably

susceptible to two or more interpretations, or its meaning is

unclear." Waltman & Co. v. Leavitt, 722 A.2d 862, 864 (Me.

1999). In addition to state law interpretive rules, analysis of

7 an arbitration clause "is informed by FAA jurisprudence." Id.

Great Spring argues that the arbitration clause's

introductory phrase, "In order to resolve any dispute under this

agreement," plainly expresses a broad and comprehensive scope of

the agreement. Freedom Springs, however, correctly points out

that the arbitration clause expressly applies to "limited

issues." The clause explains that the "limited issues" for

arbitration are disputes under the agreement about facts or the

meaning of the agreement. Great Spring says that the issues in

arbitration fall within that definition, while Freedom Springs

says they do not.

Taken in the context of the whole arbitration clause, "any

dispute" is limited to "any dispute under this agreement . . . in

connection with fact or interpretation and meaning of [the

agreement]." Language limiting arbitration to disputes arising

under the agreement has been interpreted as a narrow provision

compared to a broad provision to arbitrate all disputes. See

McCarthy, 22 F.3d 351, 358 (1st Cir. 1994); see also New York

News Inc. v. Newspaper Guild of New York, 927 F.2d 82, 83-84 (2d

Cir. 1991). The presumption in favor of arbitrability has less

force in cases where the parties have limited their agreement to

arbitrate specific disputes or issues. See McDonnell Douglas

Finance v. Pa. Power & Light Co., 858 F.2d 825, 832 (2d Cir. 1988). Nevertheless, disputes "under this agreement" could

include breach of contract issues if the issues were not further

limited.

Freedom Springs argues that the phrases "under this

agreement" and "under the terms of this Agreement" limit

arbitrable issues to those arising during performance and before

breach and termination of the agreement. Unless an arbitration

clause expressly limits its application to the life of the

agreement, however, the clause continues to apply to arbitrable

disputes that arise under the terms of a terminated agreement

even if the events occur after termination. See, e.g., Nolde

Bros., Inc. v. Local No. 358, Bakery & Confectionery Workers

Union, 430 U.S. 243, 255 (1977); Rilev Mfg. Co. v. Anchor Glass

Container Corp., 157 F.3d 775, 781 (10th Cir. 1998); Cincinnati

Typographical Union No. 3 v. Gannett Satellite Infor. Network ,

Inc., 17 F.3d 906, 910 (6th Cir. 1994); Sweet Dreams Unltd. v.

Dial-A-Mattress Internat'l, 1 F.3d 639, 643 (7th Cir. 1993).

Therefore, "under this agreement" does not limit arbitration to

issues that arose during performance of the agreement.

The arbitration clause limits arbitration to "any dispute

under this agreement . . . in connection with fact or

interpretation and meaning of [the agreement]." Therefore, based

on the expressed intent in the clause, the parties agreed to arbitrate issues about facts or the meaning of the agreement that

arise from disputes under the agreement. The guestion that must

be resolved is whether the issues raised in the parties'

arbitration proceeding are within the scope of their arbitration

agreement. Although Great Spring argues that all of the issues

in arbitration are arbitrable, the list Great Spring provides

merely cites factual disputes pertinent to the agreement, without

reference to the parties' underlying claims, and avoids the

issues of obligation, liability, remedies, and damages in the

breach of contract claims. Neither party has provided a list or

summary of all of the claims and issues that are currently

pending in the arbitration proceeding.

The record is unclear as to the status of Freedom Springs's

claims for arbitration. Freedom Springs initially filed nine

issues in its demand for arbitration eight of which state

disputes under particular provisions of the parties' agreement

and the ninth states a claim of promissory estoppel. The claims

for relief seek payment of money allegedly owed under the

agreement and compliance with other terms of the agreement.

Freedom Springs filed a restatement or amendment of its issues,

dated October 13, 1998, adding claims for breach of contract and

seeking damages. The arbitrator's order of October 27, 1998,

indicates that Freedom Springs filed a subseguent submission,

10 which is not included in the record, that withdrew the claims

added on October 13, but sought to substitute certain other

language that was indicated in brackets. The arbitrator ruled,

"Such bracketed sections only may be added as amendments to

Claimant's previous statement of claims." Order of October 27,

1998. On November 3, 1998, in response to Great Spring's motion

for summary disposition, the arbitrator dismissed Freedom

Springs's claims in paragraphs 2, 4, 8, and 9, apparently

referring to the original filing of issues.

In the meantime. Great Spring filed its answer with three

counterclaims. The first claim seeks recoupment of costs as

provided in section 3.1 of the agreement. The second is a breach

of contract claim seeking damages. The third claim states that

Freedom Springs failed to comply with section 4.1 of the

agreement reguiring it to obtain and maintain permits that

resulted in insecurity and costs to Great Spring. In sum, it

appears that some of the issues before the arbitrator raise only

factual disputes, which are arbitrable, while the breach of

contract claims and counterclaims, raise issues of liability and

damages that are not arbitrable.

Since the parties agreed to arbitrate factual issues

pertinent to disputes under the agreement and issues about the

meaning of the agreement, the arbitration proceeding is limited

11 to those issues. The parties did not agree to arbitrate legal

liability or the imposition of remedies or damages. Once the

fact and meaning issues are arbitrated, either party may resort

to the judicial process to resolve any claims for breach of

contract, damages, or enforcement of the contract terms. Of

course, once the pertinent facts and the meaning of disputed

parts of the agreement are determined, liability and the likely

remedies should be readily apparent so that further proceedings

may not be necessary.

B . Waiver

Great Spring contends, in opposition to Freedom Springs's

motion for a stay of arbitration, that Freedom Springs waived any

objection to the arbitrability of the issues raised in the

arbitration proceeding by initiating arbitration and filing

breach of contract claims in the proceeding. In general, a party

has been deemed to have waived an objection to arbitration if the

party participates extensively in the proceedings and raises an

objection only after an unfavorable result. See, e.g., ConnTech

Dev't Co. v. University of Connecticut Educ. Prop., Inc., 102

F.3d 677, 685 (2d Cir. 1996); Raytheon Co. v. Automated Business

Svs. Inc., 882 F.2d 6, 8 (1st Cir. 1989); Mantle v. Upper Deck

C o ., 956 F. Supp. 719, 735 (N.D. Tex. 1997) . The First Circuit

12 also has required a showing of prejudice by the opposing party as

a predicate to finding a waiver. See Menorah Ins. Co., Ltd. v.

INX Reinsurance Corp., 72 F.3d 218, 221 (1st Cir. 1995).

Since the parties do not dispute that they agreed to

arbitrate at least some issues, the mere initiation of

arbitration does not waive an objection to arbitration that

Freedom Springs's contends is not authorized by their agreement.

C f . Nqhiem v. NEC Electronic, Inc., 25 F.3d 1437, 1440 (9th Cir.

1994) (finding waiver after party initiated and substantially

completed arbitration before asserting lack of arbitrator's

authority). Freedom Springs initially raised claims in the

arbitration proceeding that it now contends are not arbitrable

and did not immediately object to Great Spring's counterclaims.

Before the hearings in the arbitration proceeding began, however.

Freedom Springs sought to withdraw some of its own claims and

moved for a continuance to settle the issue of arbitrability. On

the current record. Great Spring has not shown either that

Freedom Springs acquiesced in arbitration of the challenged

issues until it received an unfavorable result, or that it has

been prejudiced by Freedom Springs's conduct in the arbitration

proceeding.

Because the parties anticipated a need for discovery on the

waiver issue, it may be premature to resolve the waiver issue

13 based on the current record. For that reason, the issue of

waiver may be raised again, if necessary, in opposition to any

further court proceedings after the arbitration proceeding has

concluded.

C. Disposition

Since in the opinion of the court the scope of the

arbitration clause is clear, no further litigation is necessary

to resolve its meaning. Freedom Springs's motion to stay

arbitration is granted as to arbitration of any issues other than

the facts pertinent to disputes under the agreement or the

meaning of the agreement. Thus, arbitration is stayed as to the

disposition of the parties' legal obligations or liability and

imposition of damages or other remedies. The motion to stay is

denied as to arbitration of all factual issues pertinent to

disputes under the agreement and the meaning of the agreement.

Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, the defendant's motion for

summary judgment (document no. 30) is granted in part and denied

in part as to the meaning of the arbitration clause. The

plaintiff's motion for a stay of arbitration (document no. 2) is

14 granted in part as is explained in this order. As no further

issues remain to be decided in this case, the clerk of court is

directed to enter judgment imposing a stay of arbitration as

defined in this order and to close the case.

SO ORDERED.

Joseph A. DiClerico, Jr, District Judge

August 6, 1999

cc: Donald L. Wyatt Jr., Esguire Kelly A. McEnaney, Esguire