Foster v. Hurley

826 N.E.2d 719, 444 Mass. 157, 2005 Mass. LEXIS 174

• Court: Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court
• Decided: April 28, 2005
• Status: Published

Opinions

Cordy, J.

This case involves a dispute over the effect of a marital separation agreement on the proceeds of two life insur-anee policies owned by Janice M. Hurley (deceased), who died on August 31, 2000. After her death, the deceased’s former husband, Richard E. Foster, brought an action to recover the proceeds of the policies, which had been paid out to the named beneficiary, Michael J. Hurley, who married the deceased after she and Foster had divorced. Foster claims that he is entitled to equitable substitution as the beneficiary under both policies pursuant to the terms of a separation agreement, which required the deceased to maintain $200,000 in life insurance naming Foster as the primary beneficiary. Hurley counters that he is entitled to the proceeds of both policies, one acquired by the deceased before her divorce and the other after her marriage to him, because neither policy was specifically referenced in the separation agreement. He also contends that Foster’s sole remedy under the agreement is in an action against the deceased’s estate, which, by statute, cannot reach the proceeds of the policies in any event. Because we interpret the separation agreement to include the life insurance policy in existence at the time the agreement was executed but not the policy acquired after the divorce, we affirm the motion judge’s rulings that Foster is entitled to equitable substitution as the beneficiary of the first policy and Hurley is entitled to retain the proceeds of the later one.

1. Background. Foster and the deceased married in 1981. They had two children, one bom in 1982, and the other in 1985. In 1995, Foster and the deceased ended their marriage and executed a separation agreement. A provision of the agreement specified:

“[Ujntil the children are emancipated as defined in this Agreement, the Wife shall maintain and keep in effect one or more life insurance policies on her life totaling no less than $200,000 naming the Husband as primary beneficiary. Upon request, the insured shall promptly furnish to the other proof that the policy or policies as described above remains in full force and effect. If the policy or policies are not in full force and effect at the time of a party’s death, then notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Agreement, the surviving party shall have a creditor’s claim against the deceased’s estate for the difference between the face amount of the policy or policies required to be maintained under this Agreement and the amourft actually paid under the deceased’s insurance policy.”²

From 1991 until her death, the deceased owned a group life insurance policy issued by UnumProvident Corporation (Unum policy) through her employment at Children’s Hospital in Boston. Foster was the policy’s named beneficiary through 1999.³ In 1998, she married Hurley and, effective January 1, 2000, named him the beneficiary of the Unum policy. In 2000, the deceased also acquired a second group life insurance policy issued by Prudential Insurance Company (Prudential policy) through other employment at the East Boston Neighborhood Health Center. Hurley was named the beneficiary on the Prudential policy. These two policies, totaling just under $200,000, were the only life insurance policies in existence when the deceased died on August 31, 2000. At the time of her death, both children were unemancipated under the terms of the separation agreement.

After her death, Hurley received the proceeds of both policies: approximately $168,000 from the Unum policy and $31,000 from the Prudential policy.⁴ Seeking these proceeds, Foster filed suit against Hurley and the deceased’s estate in the Superior Court.⁵ A judge granted Foster a temporary restraining order, which required Hurley to pay the policies’ proceeds to the administrator of the deceased’s estate to be held in escrow. After the order expired, Foster’s request for a preliminary injunction was denied, and the administrator returned the proceeds to Hurley. Foster then moved for partial summary judgment, and Hurley moved for judgment on the pleadings. After a hearing, the judge allowed Foster’s motion in part, awarding the proceeds of the Unum policy to him as an equitably substituted beneficiary “acting for the benefit of his children.” The judge also issued a declaratory judgment that Hurley was entitled to the proceeds from the Prudential policy. Both parties appealed.

The Appeals Court reversed in part, holding that Foster was entitled to the proceeds of both the Unum and Prudential policies and imposing a constructive trust on them in his favor. Foster v. Hurley, 61 Mass App. Ct. 414, 422 (2004). We granted Hurley’s application for further appellate review.

2. Availability of equitable relief As a threshold matter, the parties dispute whether the separation agreement provides Foster with a basis to pursue an equitable remedy to recover life insur-anee proceeds from Hurley. Hurley claims that the motion judge erred in not construing the separation agreement to limit Foster’s remedy for the deceased’s failure to obtain the required life insurance to a “creditor’s claim” against her estate.⁶ The judge rejected this argument, finding that such an interpretation of the separation agreement would fail to effectuate the deceased’s and Foster’s intent.⁷

In general, “[a] separation agreement, fair and reasonable at the time of a judgment nisi, and constituting a final resolution of spousal support obligations, should be specifically enforced, absent countervailing equities.” O’Brien v. O’Brien, 416 Mass. 477, 479 (1993), citing Stansel v. Stansel, 385 Mass. 510, 514-516 (1982), and Knox v. Remick, 371 Mass. 433, 436-437 (1976). The provision of the agreement governing life insurance obligations provides that the “surviving party shall have a creditor’s claim against the deceased’s estate for the difference between the face amount of the policy or policies required to be maintained under this Agreement and the amount actually paid under the deceased’s insurance policy.” Hurley argues that even though this provision does not explicitly exclude other remedies, a claim against the deceased’s estate should be interpreted as the exclusive remedy because the word “shall” signifies the parties’ intent that it be mandatory. We agree that the agreement makes plain that Foster has a remedy, in the form of a creditor’s claim against the deceased’s estate. We do not agree, however, that the word “shall,” as used in the agreement was intended to preclude Foster from pursuing any other remedies available to him to secure the benefits promised. See, e.g., Leonard v. School Comm. of Attleboro, 349 Mass. 704, 706-707 (1965) (regardless of words “shall” and “may,” remedy of tort action in statute not exclusive, given legislative intent). Contrast Charland v. Muzi Motors, Inc., 417 Mass. 580, 584-585 (1994) (G. L. c. 151B, § 9, “procedure provided in this chapter shall ... be exclusive,” provides exclusive remedy for employment discrimination).

“[W]e must construe the [separation] agreement in a manner that ‘appears to be in accord with justice and common sense and the probable intention of the parties ... [in order to] accomplish an honest and straightforward end [and to avoid], if possible, any construction of a contract that is unreasonable or inequitable.’ ” Krapf v. Krapf, 439 Mass. 97, 105 (2003), quoting Clark v. State St. Trust Co., 270 Mass. 140, 153 (1930). The separation agreement had as a preeminent objective “the care, support . . . and education of the children,” and, given its expiration on the children’s emancipation, the life insurance provision was clearly intended to serve that objective. Interpreting the separation agreement as limiting Foster’s ability to pursue an equitable remedy for any type of breach of the life insurance provision (including changing the beneficiary on a preexisting policy) would neither further nor be consistent with that preeminent objective. We agree with the motion judge that such an interpretation would simply fail to effectuate the intentions of the parties most likely existent at the time the agreement was executed.⁸

3. Unum policy. We turn next to Foster’s claim to the proceeds of the Unum policy. Hurley argues that Foster was not entitled to equitable substitution as the beneficiary of the Unum policy because the separation agreement did not specifically identify the Unum policy, and the deceased never waived her right to change its beneficiary. See Gleed v. Noon, 415 Mass. 498, 500 (1993). He further contends that the failure to identify the Unum policy in the agreement distinguishes this case from the many cases “in which wives or children who were removed as beneficiaries of life insurance policies in violation of the terms of separation agreements or divorce judgments have been permitted to recover the proceeds of such policies . . . from the improperly substituted beneficiaries.” Green v. Green, 13 Mass. App. Ct. 340, 342 (1982).

Foster responds that the failure to identify specific policies in a separation agreement should not deny him a remedy, notwithstanding Gleed v. Noon, supra, because the specificity requirement set forth in that case applies only to temporary court orders. He further argues that, under the Appeals Court’s decisions in Hurlbut v. Hurlbut, 40 Mass. App. Ct. 521 (1996), and Green v. Green, supra, and persuasive authority from other jurisdictions, an equitable remedy is appropriate to enforce the deceased’s obligation to provide security for child support in the form of life insurance proceeds. As to the Unum policy, we agree with Foster that an equitable remedy is appropriate.

“[A] spouse who has been removed as a beneficiary of a life insurance policy in violation of the terms of a separation agreement is entitled to recover the proceeds of that policy either from the improperly substituted beneficiary or from the insurer.” Hurlbut v. Hurlbut, supra at 526, citing Green v. Green, supra at 342. This court has held that the removed beneficiary has an “equitable interest in the [policy] by virtue of the contract,” which is superior to that of the named beneficiary. Handrahan v. Moore, 332 Mass. 300, 303 (1955). See Massachusetts Linotyping Corp. v. Fielding, 312 Mass. 147, 149 (1942) (“Although by the terms of the policy [the policy holder] had the right as between himself and the insurance company to change the beneficiary, he could contract with the plaintiff not to do so and would then no longer have that right as between himself and the plaintiff”). Other jurisdictions are in accord.⁹

Where the separation agreement designates specific policies, the court’s determination of the removed beneficiary’s beneficial interest will be straightforward. See Hurlbut v. Hurlbut, supra at 522 (agreement specified “certain described life insurance policies or their substitutes”); Green v. Green, supra at 340-341 (proceeds of five of seven policies named in divorce judgment). See also Handrahan v. Moore, supra at 301-302 (discussed note 13, infra) (agreement by husband to maintain life insurance naming former wife as beneficiary in combination with husband’s assurances that two specific policies intended to satisfy obligation). In this case, however, the agreement provides only that the deceased “shall maintain and keep in effect one or more life insurance policies on her life totaling no less than $200,000.00 naming the Husband as primary beneficiary,” and does not explicitly obligate her to name or maintain Foster as the beneficiary of any specific policy.

While the inartfully drafted separation agreement here leaves the court to enforce its terms without the specific guidance of named policies,¹⁰ the circumstances present in this case lead us to accept the motion judge’s conclusion that Foster has an equitable interest in the Unum policy that is enforceable against Hurley. As with other contracts, the dominant considerations in interpreting a separation agreement are the language of the agreement and the intent of the parties. Krapf v. Krapf, 439 Mass. 97, 105 (2003) (“We draw our conclusions from the entire agreement itself and from the context of its execution”). See Larson v. Larson, 37 Mass. App. Ct. 106, 109-110 (1994); DeCristofaro v DeCristofaro, 24 Mass. App. Ct. 231, 236-237 (1987). During their marriage, the deceased named Foster as beneficiary of the Unum policy. At the time the separation agreement was executed, it was the only policy she owned and had a value of approximately $100,000. The designation of Foster as beneficiary continued in effect long after the separatian agreement was executed and the marriage had ended. Indeed, the value of the policy was increased after the marriage (eventually rising to $168,000), and the deceased did not change beneficiaries (even after her marriage to Hurley) until eight months before her death. Given these circumstances and the fact that the Unum policy directly satisfied a significant part of the deceased’s unambiguous obligation to Foster under the agreement at the time of their divorce, it is sufficiently clear to us that the parties to the separation agreement contemplated that this particular policy, or some immediate substitute, would continue to name Foster as beneficiary. This context directs us to resolve the parties’ dispute over the Unum policy with reference to the cases where improperly removed beneficiaries are held to have superior equitable rights to named beneficiaries. See Handrahan v. Moore, supra at 303; Hurlbut v. Hurlbut, supra at 526; Green v. Green, supra at 342.

Gleed v. Noon, 415 Mass. 498 (1993), does not bar Foster’s recovery of the Unum policy proceeds. In the Gleed case, we interpreted the effect of a temporary order restraining the parties, who had recently begun divorce proceedings, from “withdrawing, transferring, conveying, assigning, spending, encumbering, pledging, bequeathing or otherwise divesting themselves of any assets in which they have acquired an interest during their marriage to each other and which are subject to division by [the Probate Court, including] [a]ny property rights in any pension, profit sharing plan, IRA or Keough plan.” Id. at 499. While this order was in effect, the husband (who died before the divorce proceedings concluded) changed the beneficiary designations on his life insurance policy, pension plan, and individual retirement account from his wife to his daughter. Such an order, we held, did not “specifically prohibit, restrain, or prevent the decedent from changing the beneficiary on any of his policies or accounts,” and thus the husband’s beneficiary changes did not violate the order. Id. at 500. The husband’s change in beneficiary designation did not, in any sense, divest the husband of the assets in question — he retained the same interest in and control over those assets as he previously had. Consequently, we reversed the declaration that the changes were void. Id. at 499.

We do not read Gleed v. Noon, supra, as support for Hurley’s argument. The Gleed case stands for the proposition that a beneficiary’s legal interest in policies or plans is conditional and subject to defeasance until the insured’s death, and that the order prohibiting the husband from transferring his assets did not purport to affect that interest. Id. at 500-501. Similarly, Foster’s legal interest in the Unum policy ended when the deceased named Hurley as its beneficiary. However, Foster’s equitable interest in the Unum policy arises, not from his initial designation as its beneficiary, but from the independent command of the separation agreement, the circumstances of the agreement’s execution, and the deceased’s later failure to replace the policy with a substitute after naming Hurley as its beneficiary. Moreover, Gleed v. Noon, supra, concerned the interpretation of a temporary restraining order, which we read far more narrowly than a separation agreement, resolving all ambiguity in favor of the alleged violator. Compare Nickerson v. Dowd, 342 Mass. 462, 464 (1961) (finding of violation requires “clear and unequivocal command and an equally clear and undoubted disobedience”) with Krapf v. Krapf, 439 Mass. 97, 105 (2003) (interpretation of separation agreement). The Gleed case does not require us to reject Foster’s claim to the Unum policy.¹¹

Having concluded that Foster was properly substituted as the beneficiary of the Unum policy and was entitled to recover the proceeds of that policy from Hurley, the motion judge imposed the requirement that Foster receive the Unum policy proceeds “acting for the benefit of his children.” Foster now claims that this limitation is unnecessary. We disagree. It is uncontested that the purpose of the life insurance provision was to provide security and support for the children. Foster has indeed contended throughout this litigation that that is precisely what the parties intended. In these circumstances, it was appropriate for the judge to conclude that Foster’s receipt of the proceeds of the Unum policy would be “for the benefit of the children.” We therefore affirm the judgment, including this limitation on the use of the judgment proceeds.

4. Prudential policy. The judge rejected Foster’s claim to the proceeds of the Prudential policy, ruling that the reasoning of Green v. Green, supra, entitling Foster to the Unum policy, did not apply to life insurance policies acquired by the deceased after the divorce. The Appeals Court found no meaningful distinction between the Unum and Prudential policies, concluding that Hurley had been unjustly enriched by both. Foster v. Hurley, 61 Mass. App. Ct. 414, 421-422 (2004) (imposing constructive trust on both policies for benefit of Foster). On appeal from the judge’s grant of Hurley’s motion on the pleadings, Foster asserts that the Appeals Court was correct that he has as much of an equitable right to the proceeds of the Prudential policy as to the proceeds of the Unum policy. We take a narrower view of Foster’s equitable rights.

“Under Massachusetts law, a court will declare a party a constructive trustee of property for the benefit of another if he acquired the property through fraud, mistake, breach of duty, or in other circumstances indicating that he would be unjustly enriched.” Fortin v. Roman Catholic Bishop of Worcester, 416 Mass. 781, 789, cert. denied, 511 U.S. 1142 (1994), citing Nessralla v. Peck, 403 Mass. 757, 762-763 (1989). See Barry v. Covich, 332 Mass. 338, 342 (1955) (“constructive trust may be said to be a device employed in equity, in the absence of any intention of the parties to create a trust, in order to avoid the unjust enrichment of one party at the expense of the other where the legal title to the property was obtained by fraud or in violation of a fiduciary relation or where information confidentially given or acquired was used to the advantage of the recipient at the expense of the one who disclosed the information”). The Appeals Court took the view that Hurley’s receipt of the Prudential policy constituted unjust enrichment, notwithstanding the absence of any wrongdoing or knowledge on his part of the deceased’s contractual obligations under the separation agreement. Foster v. Hurley, supra at 421. We disagree.

In this case, there was neither a fiduciary relationship between Hurley and Foster nor any evidence of fraud on the part of Hurley in his receipt of the proceeds of the Prudential policy. See, e.g., Christian v. Mooney, 400 Mass. 753, 763-764 (1987), cert. denied sub nom. Christian v. Bewkes, 484 U.S. 1053 (1988) (plaintiffs not entitled to constructive trust where defendant had no knowledge of wrongdoing); Carpenter v. Suffolk Franklin Sav. Bank, 370 Mass. 314, 327 (1976) (although “enrichment of the bank may have been unjust in some sense,” constructive trust inappropriate where no fiduciary relationship and no fraud). Nor can the deceased’s specific act of naming Hurley the beneficiary of the Prudential policy stand in as the “wrongful conduct” where the agreement does not prohibit, bar, or limit the deceased from doing so. Cf. Torchia v. Torchia, 346 Pa. Super. 229, 233-238 (1985); Richards v. Richards, 58 Wis. 2d 290, 298-299 (1973) (constructive trusts appropriate for removed beneficiaries of life insurance policies where deceased spouses violated obligations in divorce decree or agreement as to specific policies).

In the absence of specific guidance in the separation agreement as to the intentions of the parties regarding after-acquired policies,¹² and in the absence of any evidence that the deceased intended to use the Prudential policy to meet her obligations under the separation agreement but was dissuaded from doing so by Hurley, Foster has no legal or equitable rights to its proceeds.¹³ Although the deceased was in breach of her obligation to name Foster as beneficiary of policies totaling $200,000 at the time she purchased the Prudential policy, that breach has no bearing on her right to purchase a life insurance policy naming her new husband as beneficiary or to confer on him any other gift or benefit (regardless of consideration) not specifically barred by a provision in the separation agreement.¹⁴

Although the motion judge included this requirement in his “Memorandum and Order,” the form final judgment of the Superior Court, as prepared by the clerk, does not reflect this limitation. Hurley argues that we should order the modification of the judgment to include the requirement that any proceeds awarded to Foster be held in trust for the benefit of the children. As this omission from the form of the judgment appears to have been a clerical error and we conclude that the limitation was appropriate, we agree that the form of the judgment should be modified to include the limitation.¹⁵ The judgment is affirmed as modified.

6. Conclusion. The judgments of the Superior Court, as modified, are affirmed.

So ordered.

2 A parallel provision similarly required Foster to maintain a certain amount of life insurance naming the deceased as the beneficiary. The separation agreement was incorporated in but did not merge with the final divorce decree, surviving as a contract of independent legal significance. The motion judge found that the life insurance provision at issue here survived, and the parties do not challenge that finding.

3 Hurley alleges that the beneficiary designation was a disputed and material issue of fact and argues that the evidence supporting Foster’s motion for summary judgment was inadequate. Specifically, Hurley asserts that an affidavit from the personnel director of Children’s Hospital, which states that Foster was the UnumProvident Corporation policy’s (Unum policy) beneficiary from 1991 to 1999, is not based on personal knowledge, because the affiant began working as personnel director only after 1995. In addition, Hurley notes that the deceased’s application for 1995 benefits, which is in the record, has no beneficiary designation. We conclude that the personnel director’s affidavit adequately establishes that Foster was the policy’s beneficiary from 1991 to 1999, when the deceased named Hurley as beneficiary. Because Hurley has not set forth “specific facts” to the contrary, we reject his claim that summary judgment was inappropriate for this reason. Community Nat’l Bank v. Dawes, 369 Mass. 550, 554 (1976).

4 The deceased died intestate; the value of the deceased’s estate was disputed below. The administrator estimated that the estate’s value was less than $10,000. Despite Hurley’s argument to the contrary, the precise value of the estate was not material to the resolution of this case.

5 On the parties’ agreement, .the court stayed the proceedings against the estate.

6 Hurley also argues that G. L. c. 175, §§ 125 and 135, prevents Foster from reaching the life insurance proceeds, whether in a creditor’s claim against the deceased’s estate or, as here, in an equitable claim against him. Hurley did not make this statutory argument in the trial court, and, consequently, we do not consider it. Royal Indem. Co. v. Blakely, 372 Mass. 86, 88 (1977), and cases cited.

7 Section 2 of the separation agreement provides: “The Husband and Wife intend that this Agreement . . . shall constitute an agreement of separation between them and shall settle and govern their personal and property rights and obligations with respect to each other and the care, support, custody and education of the children.”

8 Hurley also asserts that whether Foster had “unclean hands” remains a disputed issue of material fact that is determinative of whether Foster can pursue equitable relief, referring to the deceased’s contempt complaint against him pending at the time of her death. The complaint alleged that Foster used and failed to pay joint credit cards in violation of the separation agreement. Both the judge and Appeals Court rejected Hurley’s argument on this point, relying on the analysis of the Appeals Court in Broome v. Broome, 43 Mass. App. Ct. 539, 546-547 (1997). Foster v. Hurley, 61 Mass. App. Ct. 414, 422 n.8 (2004). We agree with the Broome court that the filing of a contempt complaint by one party to a separation agreement does not, without more, constitute a “countervailing equity” that should prevent a court from enforcing the terms of the agreement. See O’Brien v. O’Brien, 416 Mass. 477, 479 (1993). Here, the pending complaint was stayed after the deceased’s death and did not proceed. As with the deceased’s past complaints against Foster involving child support, which were resolved short of a contempt finding, this pending complaint, now effectively terminated, did not result in a contempt judgment against Foster. Absent such a judgment, the mere fact of the filing of a contempt complaint by one former spouse should not bar the other from seeking enforcement of their separation agreement.

9 See, e.g., Brown v. Brown, 604 So. 2d 365, 369 (Ala. 1992); Brunnenmeyer v. Massachusetts Mut. Life Ins. Co., 66 Ill. App. 3d 315, 318 (1978); Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. v. Beaty, 242 Neb. 169, 175 (1993); Simonds v. Simonds, 45 N.Y.2d 233, 240 (1978); Hundertmark v. Hundertmark, 372 Pa. 138, 142-143 (1953); Richards v. Richards, 58 Wis. 2d 290, 298-299 (1973).

10 Although the dissent is correct that the naming of specific policies in a separation agreement is not always feasible, post at 175 (Greaney, J., dissenting), the parties should nonetheless describe the subject policies in a way that leaves no doubt about their intent with respect to a given policy, such as providing a clear method for the substitution of policies in effect at the time of the agreement. For a model life insurance provision, see 2A C.P. Kindregan & M.L. Inker, Family Law and Practice § 51.64 (3d ed. 2002).

11 Although we do not consider Hurley’s argument that G. L. c. 175, §§ 125 and 135, requires a judgment in his favor, see note 6, supra, we note that the policies underlying those statutes are not inconsistent with our conclusion regarding the Unum policy.

Both of these statutory provisions serve to limit the rights of creditors to life insurance proceeds and to protect insureds’ choice of beneficiaries. Pon-lain v. Sullivan, 308 Mass. 58, 60 (1941). However, these protections do not shield Hurley from Foster’s claim to the Unum policy where Foster’s equitable claim to the policy proceeds under the separation agreement arose long before the deceased named Hurley the policy’s beneficiary. See Handrahan v. Moore, 332 Mass. 300, 304 (1955), citing Massachusetts Linotyping Corp. v. Fielding, 312 Mass. 147, 151-153 (1942).

12 Compare Parge v. Parge, 159 Wis. 2d 175, 180 (Ct. App. 1990) (obligation “to ‘maintain’ insurance gave rise to no right to a constructive trust over subsequently acquired insurance”), with Simonds v. Simonds, 45 N.Y.2d 233, 239 (1978) (“persistence of the promisee’s equitable interest is all the more evident where the agreement expressly provides for a change in policies, and in effect provides further that the promisee’s right shall attach to the new policies”).

13 The dissent argues that Handrahan v. Moore, 332 Mass. 300 (1955), supports such a broader equitable right to after-acquired policies. Post at 172-174 (Greaney, J., dissenting). We disagree. The dissent’s reading of the case is highly selective. Its holding rests squarely on the court’s determination of the parties’ intent. See Handrahan v. Moore, supra at 303 (“We think the inference is plain that... all parties understood that the policies in question were substituted for the [policy in effect at the time of the agreement]”). In the Handrahan case, the decedent assured the plaintiff trustee and his first wife that two substitute policies acquired after the execution of the trust agreement (substituted for worthless insurance certificates delivered to the plaintiff trustee) named his first wife as beneficiary. Id. at 302, 303. The plaintiff trustee thus obtained an equitable interest in the specific substitute policies. Id. at 303. In this case, the parties to the separation agreement did not exchange assurances or have any communication at all about the Prudential policy. The Prudential policy does not qualify as such a mutually understood substitute for a policy in effect at the time of the relevant agreement. To the extent other jurisdictions have recognized a broader equitable right to the proceeds of after-acquired insurance policies, we find their reasoning unpersuasive. See, e.g., Equitable Life Assur. Soc’y v. Flaherty, 568 F. Supp. 610, 616 (S.D. Ala. 1983); Pernick v. Brandt, 201 Mich. App. 293, 298 (1993); Holt v. Holt, 995 S.W.2d 68, 77-78 (Tenn. 1999).

14 This result is also consistent with the Commonwealth’s public policy, which favors the protection of named beneficiaries of life insurance policies, see G. L. c. 175, §§ 125 and 135.

15 The form of the final judgment, as modified, would add the phrase, “said recovery to be held in trust for the benefit of the children of Richard E. Foster and Janice M. Hunter.”