Lumpkin, J.
(After stating the foregoing facts..)
1. The plaintiff brought suit against the defendant to recover the amount which the latter had collected on open accounts against certain debtors. The accounts were originally due to the Jacksonville Coca Cola Bottling Company. They were assigned in writing by the defendant, Ricker, to H. F. Haley and T. C. Parker. The assignment recited that Ricker was “trading under the firm name of the Jacksonville Coca Cola Bottling Company.” No written assignment from Haley and Parker to the plaintiff was produced. It was sought to supply its absence by parol evidence.
Section 5759 of the Civil Code of 1910 provides that in order to admit secondary evidence, it must appear that the primary evidence, for some sufficient cause, is not accessible to the diligence of the party. And section 5859 declares that if the paper is lost or destroyed, proof of the fact to the court will admit secondary evidence. The party is a competent witness to this point. The question of diligence is one of sound discretion in the court. The testimony of Haley by which it was sought in this case to lay a foundation for introducing secondary evidence of the contents of the written assignment to the- plaintiff, was indefinite, confused, and contradictory. He testified at one time that he sent the paper to Florida for record, and had never received it back, and that he had made no application for it to the clerk in Jacksonville to whom he had sent it. At another time he testified that he was positive that he had received it back and had delivered it to the plaintiff’s attorney; but it is evident that this was a mere conclusion, [416]*416because' it was his practice to deliver papers to 'such attorney. Later in his testimony, when again asked if he sent the transfer from Haley and Parker to the plaintiff to Jacksonville for record, he answered that he .did not think that he did, and “I don’t know whether I sent it or he [Mr. Jones], or how it was fixed.” The testimony of Mr. Jones showed that he prepared the paper, and about that time was taken sick with fever, and that he was not able to swear positively what became of such paper, but that, he had searched for it in his office without finding it. It can not be held, under this testimony, that the presiding judge abused his discretion in holding that no sufficient foundation had been laid for the admission of parol evidence as to the Contents of the assignment. It was argued in the brief of counsel for plaintiff in error that the evidence showed that the paper was sent out of the State, and that this would in itself furnish a ground for the admission of parol evidence of its contents. But a party can not send a paper beyond the jurisdiction of the State for the purpose of record,'and, without any effort to have it sent back, claim that it is inaccessible to him, so as to admit secondary evidence. This is very different from a case where a paper is beyond the limits of the State and in possession of an independent third party, and not accessible to the diligence of the party offering secondary evidence; such as Bowden v. Achor, 95 Ga. 244 (22 S. E. 254), and Miller v. McKinnon, 103 Ga. 553 (29 S. E. 467).
2, 3. The plaintiff sought to prove by parol testimony that Haley and Parker acted as agents for it in making the purchase of the personal property and accounts from Kicker and taking an assignment to themselves in their own names. The plaintiff’s evidence showed .that at the time when this assignment was made the charter had not been granted and no such corporation existed. Haley and Parker were not at that time agents of a principal which did not exist, and an assignment to them individually did not, of itself, operate as an assignment to the corporation subsequently created. Other evidence was offered for the purpose of showing that the formation of a corporation was in contemplation; that a charter was granted not long afterward; that its bonds or money were used in making payment for the purchase from Ricker; and that Haley and Parker “turned over to” the corporation the assets which had been assigned to them. This and like evidence [417]*417was rejected.- Had it been admitted, its only legitimate use would; have been to show an equitable title in the corporation to the open accounts which it was claimed that Bicker collected alter he had-, sold and assigned them.
At common law, with the exception of negotiable instruments,’ choses in action were- not assignable. An exception was made in favor of the sovereign; and it has been said that if the‘debtor consented and promised to pay the assignee, the latter could bring an action. Tiernan v. Jackson, 5 Peters, 580. In equity, however, the rights of parties under assignments could be protected. Assignments of choses in action are now generally recognized, but, in the absence of statutory provisions, the assignee should sue in the name of the assignor, for his use. 11 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law, 1114. In this State choses in action are assignable in writing, and the assignee may sue in his own name. Civil Code (1910), § 3653; Turk v. Cook, 63 Ga. 681. A mere equitable assignment or interest, arising from paying for a chose ‘ in action, without written -transfer, gives no right to sue upon it in the name of the equitable assignee. There may be cases where an equitable action can be brought, with proper pleadings and parties, and the rights of all persons interested determined, and this can be done in the superior court, where both legal and equitable rights are cognizable. Rivers v. Wright, 117 Ga. 81 (43 S. E. 499). But the present case was not of that character. It arose by attachment. The only defendant was Bicker. The declaration filed was the statutory declaration in attachment, with no process save the previously levied attachment, and apparently no other service. Save as the claimant became a party to the garnishment proceeding by filing its claim (Civil Code (1910), §§ 5282, 5289), no one was before the court as a party except the plaintiff and Bicker, who is stated to have pleaded to the merits. Haley seems to have represented the plaintiff; but Parker did not testify, nor does it appear what became of him. If a declaration in attachment can be used as an equitable petition with a view of settling equities among all the parties, there was no allegation of equitable ownership and no effort to have all parties appear and set up their contentions so as to be bound by one judgment. There was an allegation that if the claimant held the collection as a security, there was more than enough to pay the debt, and a prayer for discovery [418]*418from the claimant as to the amount which Ricker owed it and for which it held the debt sought to be subjected. But it does not appear to have been urged or the declaration served; and it could not be successfully contended that this was an equitable proceeding to set up rights under an equitable assignment.
4. The declaration in attachment alleged, that on March 15, 1907, Haley and Parker, '“acting for and in behalf of the Florida Coca Cola Bottling Company,” purchased from Ricker a certain bottling plant, including open accounts; that among other accounts due to Ricker “and so purchased by your petitioner,” were two which were specified; that '“notwithstanding the fact that your petitioner had bought said accounts, the said E. A. Ricker, after having sold the same to petitioner, and after the same had become the property of petitioner,” collected them.
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Lumpkin, J.
(After stating the foregoing facts..)
1. The plaintiff brought suit against the defendant to recover the amount which the latter had collected on open accounts against certain debtors. The accounts were originally due to the Jacksonville Coca Cola Bottling Company. They were assigned in writing by the defendant, Ricker, to H. F. Haley and T. C. Parker. The assignment recited that Ricker was “trading under the firm name of the Jacksonville Coca Cola Bottling Company.” No written assignment from Haley and Parker to the plaintiff was produced. It was sought to supply its absence by parol evidence.
Section 5759 of the Civil Code of 1910 provides that in order to admit secondary evidence, it must appear that the primary evidence, for some sufficient cause, is not accessible to the diligence of the party. And section 5859 declares that if the paper is lost or destroyed, proof of the fact to the court will admit secondary evidence. The party is a competent witness to this point. The question of diligence is one of sound discretion in the court. The testimony of Haley by which it was sought in this case to lay a foundation for introducing secondary evidence of the contents of the written assignment to the- plaintiff, was indefinite, confused, and contradictory. He testified at one time that he sent the paper to Florida for record, and had never received it back, and that he had made no application for it to the clerk in Jacksonville to whom he had sent it. At another time he testified that he was positive that he had received it back and had delivered it to the plaintiff’s attorney; but it is evident that this was a mere conclusion, [416]*416because' it was his practice to deliver papers to 'such attorney. Later in his testimony, when again asked if he sent the transfer from Haley and Parker to the plaintiff to Jacksonville for record, he answered that he .did not think that he did, and “I don’t know whether I sent it or he [Mr. Jones], or how it was fixed.” The testimony of Mr. Jones showed that he prepared the paper, and about that time was taken sick with fever, and that he was not able to swear positively what became of such paper, but that, he had searched for it in his office without finding it. It can not be held, under this testimony, that the presiding judge abused his discretion in holding that no sufficient foundation had been laid for the admission of parol evidence as to the Contents of the assignment. It was argued in the brief of counsel for plaintiff in error that the evidence showed that the paper was sent out of the State, and that this would in itself furnish a ground for the admission of parol evidence of its contents. But a party can not send a paper beyond the jurisdiction of the State for the purpose of record,'and, without any effort to have it sent back, claim that it is inaccessible to him, so as to admit secondary evidence. This is very different from a case where a paper is beyond the limits of the State and in possession of an independent third party, and not accessible to the diligence of the party offering secondary evidence; such as Bowden v. Achor, 95 Ga. 244 (22 S. E. 254), and Miller v. McKinnon, 103 Ga. 553 (29 S. E. 467).
2, 3. The plaintiff sought to prove by parol testimony that Haley and Parker acted as agents for it in making the purchase of the personal property and accounts from Kicker and taking an assignment to themselves in their own names. The plaintiff’s evidence showed .that at the time when this assignment was made the charter had not been granted and no such corporation existed. Haley and Parker were not at that time agents of a principal which did not exist, and an assignment to them individually did not, of itself, operate as an assignment to the corporation subsequently created. Other evidence was offered for the purpose of showing that the formation of a corporation was in contemplation; that a charter was granted not long afterward; that its bonds or money were used in making payment for the purchase from Ricker; and that Haley and Parker “turned over to” the corporation the assets which had been assigned to them. This and like evidence [417]*417was rejected.- Had it been admitted, its only legitimate use would; have been to show an equitable title in the corporation to the open accounts which it was claimed that Bicker collected alter he had-, sold and assigned them.
At common law, with the exception of negotiable instruments,’ choses in action were- not assignable. An exception was made in favor of the sovereign; and it has been said that if the‘debtor consented and promised to pay the assignee, the latter could bring an action. Tiernan v. Jackson, 5 Peters, 580. In equity, however, the rights of parties under assignments could be protected. Assignments of choses in action are now generally recognized, but, in the absence of statutory provisions, the assignee should sue in the name of the assignor, for his use. 11 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law, 1114. In this State choses in action are assignable in writing, and the assignee may sue in his own name. Civil Code (1910), § 3653; Turk v. Cook, 63 Ga. 681. A mere equitable assignment or interest, arising from paying for a chose ‘ in action, without written -transfer, gives no right to sue upon it in the name of the equitable assignee. There may be cases where an equitable action can be brought, with proper pleadings and parties, and the rights of all persons interested determined, and this can be done in the superior court, where both legal and equitable rights are cognizable. Rivers v. Wright, 117 Ga. 81 (43 S. E. 499). But the present case was not of that character. It arose by attachment. The only defendant was Bicker. The declaration filed was the statutory declaration in attachment, with no process save the previously levied attachment, and apparently no other service. Save as the claimant became a party to the garnishment proceeding by filing its claim (Civil Code (1910), §§ 5282, 5289), no one was before the court as a party except the plaintiff and Bicker, who is stated to have pleaded to the merits. Haley seems to have represented the plaintiff; but Parker did not testify, nor does it appear what became of him. If a declaration in attachment can be used as an equitable petition with a view of settling equities among all the parties, there was no allegation of equitable ownership and no effort to have all parties appear and set up their contentions so as to be bound by one judgment. There was an allegation that if the claimant held the collection as a security, there was more than enough to pay the debt, and a prayer for discovery [418]*418from the claimant as to the amount which Ricker owed it and for which it held the debt sought to be subjected. But it does not appear to have been urged or the declaration served; and it could not be successfully contended that this was an equitable proceeding to set up rights under an equitable assignment.
4. The declaration in attachment alleged, that on March 15, 1907, Haley and Parker, '“acting for and in behalf of the Florida Coca Cola Bottling Company,” purchased from Ricker a certain bottling plant, including open accounts; that among other accounts due to Ricker “and so purchased by your petitioner,” were two which were specified; that '“notwithstanding the fact that your petitioner had bought said accounts, the said E. A. Ricker, after having sold the same to petitioner, and after the same had become the property of petitioner,” collected them. The evidence introduced by the plaintiff showed that it was not in existence when Ricker sold and assigned the property to Haley and Parker, and therefore Ricker did not sell to it but to them, and the choses in action were assigned in writing to them, not to it. The case of Colquitt v. Howard, 11 Ga. 556, was cited. The legislature authorized the Mayor and Council of Columbus to lay off a portion of a street and of a common into “water lots” and to dispose of them. Persons who acquired such lots obtained from the legislature a charter. The act recited the history and condition of the company, and “in order to enable said Howard and his associates, owners of such water lots, to conduct their affairs, and to carry on their operations, with facility,” declared that they were incorporated under a certain name and style, and were capable of having, holding, possessing, and enjoying lands, etc. - Another section of the charter declared that the death of one or more of the directors or parties in interest should not prevent, hinder, or delay a sale or sales “of the said lots, or any of them, or any interest therein, by the survivors in the name of the corporation.” It was held that the title to the property vested in the corporation, and that one of the tenants could not maintain a suit to enjoin a trespass on it, but the corporation alone could do so. It will be seen that the facts were peculiar. Tenants in common procured a legislative charter with power in the corporation to hold, possess, and sell the particular land referred to. In the opinion Nisbet, J., said: “ Resisting the idea that the title vested in the corporation, coun[419]*419sel rely upon the text of Angelí & Ames', to the effect, that the mere incorporation of tenants in common does not vest the title, but a conveyance must be made by the individuals to the corporation. This is an incontrovertible proposition. But it contemplates a very different ease from that before us.” The doctrine of executed trusts does not serve to transfer the legal title to choses in action, without a written assignment, so as to authorize the person beneficially interested to bring a common-law action based thereon, in his own name. In .some cases it has been said that corporators, by the terms of their application for a charter, might so far commit their property as assets of the corporation as to subject it to claims upon the corporation, “not upon the theory that the corporation had a legal title to the estate, but upon the theory that the corporators themselves would be estopped to set up title in themselves as against a bona fide creditor upon the faith of their apparent dealings with their property.” Rau v. Union Paper Mill Co., 95 Ga. 208, 213 (22 S. E. 146). In Chicago Building & Manufacturing Co. v. Talbotton Creamery & Manufacturing Co., 106 Ga. 84 (31 S. E. 809), which was cited by counsel for plaintiff in error, a contract for the erection and equipment of a factory was made with a number of natural persons who agreed to obtain a charter for a corporation, in which each of such persons should be interested to the extent of his individual liability on the contract. The charter was subsequently obtained and the corporation organized, and the land was treated as belonging to it. The contractor'completed the building contract and erected the building, equipment, and machinery for the use of the company. He sought to foreclose a lien on the property, and prayed process against the corporation, which filed a general demurrer. Construing the written contract, and considering the intention of the parties thereunder, it was held that the' contractor had a right to proceed, and that his action was not subject to general demurrer. On the subject of the assumption by a corporation of liability under a contract by a promoter, see Taylor on Private Corp. § 79. This case is also different from those arising under contracts of subscription 'in connection with organizing a corporation.
It was contended that under the' decision in Kelly v. Strouse, 116 Ga. 872 (43 S. E. 280), and certain cases preceding it, “when a court passes upon a motion for a nonsuit it decides only one [420]*420question, that is; do the allegation and'the proof correspond?”; thát. there was .'a correspondence between the allegata and probata in the-.present case; and that it was error to grant a nonsuit, whether or not, under the evidence adduced by the, plaintiff, it. was .entitled to-any recovery. From what has-been said ábove, it will be seen- that the evidence did not sustain the allegation of the declaration. But, speaking for myself, I have never been able to satisfactorily reconcile decisions of the character referred to with the unequivocal statement of the code, that “if the plaintiff fails to brake out a prima facie case, or if, admitting all the facts proved and-all reasonable deductions from them, the plaintiff ought not to recover, a nonsuit will be granted.” Civil Code (1895), § 5347, Civil Code (1910), § 5942.
Judgment affirmed*.
All the Justices concur.