Stone, Justice.
Defendant appeals from a judgment nullifying the sale under execution of the homestead of plaintiffs H. C. and Mayme Fletcher, husband and wife. Pending the appeal, came the end of Mr. Fletcher’s life. George Fletcher was substituted as his successor in interest.
The judgment under which defendant Scott levied upon and sold the Fletcher homestead awarded him recovery for unpaid salary and commissions earned by him while in the employ of Mr. Fletcher as an automobile salesman. The whole case turns upon whether Mr. Scott’s judgment was for a “debt incurred to any laborer or servant for labor or service performed” within the meaning of art. 1, § 12, of the state constitution. That section reads thus:
“A reasonable amount of property shall be exempt from seizure or sale for the payment of any debt or liability. The amount of such exemption shall be determined by law. Provided, however, that all property so exempted shall be liable to seizure and sale for any debts incurred to any person for work done or materials furnished in the construction, repair, or improvement of the same;
and provided further, that such liability to seizure and sale shall also extend to all real property for any debt incurred to any laborer or servant for labor or service performed.”
The statute implementing that section (2 Mason Minn. St. 1927, § 8836) is in effect that the exemption of a homestead shall not include claims “for work or materials furnished in the construction, repair, or improvement of such homestead, or for services performed by laborers or servants.”
The two provisos qualifying the homestead exemption were both added by the same amendment in 1888. The question now is whether Mr. Scott’s unpaid salary and commissions as auto salesman are embraced Avithin the constitutional phrase “any debt incurred to any laborer or servant for labor or service performed.”
Unhesitatingly we answer in the negative. Were the laAv otherwise, the homestead exemption is gone, not only as to claims of the “laborer or servant,” who Avas its only stated beneficiary, but also as to those of the executive drawing a salary of such dimensions as to make him the envy of princes. As long as a business is conducted by an individual or a partnership (Lindberg v. Johnson, 93 Minn. 267, 101 N. W. 74), its employes, wherever and however they serve, could reach the home or homes of the owner or owners with a judgment for unpaid compensation. The proprietors of such a business, domiciled in Minnesota, would hold their homesteads subject to the claim of their employes in foreign parts.
Such a result Avould be astounding to say the least, for heretofore our policy “ahvays” has been to give the homestead exemption law “a liberal construction in favor of the homestead OAvner, as evidencing a public policy of the state to preserve to the owner a home and place of habitation.” Lahti v. Peterson, 175 Minn. 389, 392, 221 N. W. 531, 535. Without stressing at all the sometimes questionable concept of liberal as against that of strict construction (State ex rel. City of St. Paul v. M. St. P. & M. Ry. Co. 190 Minn. 162, 251 N. W. 275), we hold that the homestead exemption survives as against the claims of large categories of the owner’s employes, for wages, salaries, and other similar compensation.
There is nothing in Lindberg v. Johnson, 93 Minn. 267, 101 N. W. 74, or Lahti v. Peterson, 175 Minn. 389, 221 N. W. 534, which even remotely justifies the judicial destruction of a substantial portion of the homestead exemption which would be wrought by an opposite decision. The judgment involved in Lindberg v. Johnson was one obtained by the creditor “as a laborer” for the judgment debtors “as partners in their business of scavengers.” The sole argument for the plaintiff, claiming his homestead exempt from the judgment, was that the constitution [93 Minn. 268] “makes the homestead liable for seizure and sale only for debts incurred to any person for work done and material furnished in the construction, repair, or improvement of the same; and, further, that the homestead is not so liable for any debt incurred to any laborer or servant [whatsoever] for labor or services performed.” The decision negatived that contention and also another, erroneously allowed by the trial court [93 Minn. 269], “that a homestead is not liable for the payment of a debt incurred by the owner thereof as a member of a copartnership.” No other issue was involved. Nothing in the decision, by any legitimate interpretative expansion, may be considered as touching any other issue. There was no occasion to consider, even collaterally, the coverage of the constitutional phrase “laborer or servant.”
In Lahti v. Peterson, 175 Minn. 389, 391, 221 N. W. 534, the only question considered and decided was whether the involved judgment was one for labor and services, or upon Lahti’s liability “upon his contract to pay the debts of Parviainen.” The latter view was taken, and that solved the problem favorably to Lahti’s claim of exemption. The concluding sentence of the opinion is not to be considered apart from its context, nor in divorce from its subject matter. That sentence is this [175 Minn. 393]: “ ‘Their laborers and servants’ clearly refers to
their
employes.” (We italicize the possessive pronoun because of its significance.) That means only that the laborers and servants entitled to avoid the exemption must be the employes of the judgment debtors rather than the employes of someone else. It did not mean, and by no stretch of fancy can properly be argued to mean, that the phrase “laborer or servant”
was intended or can be held to include “employes” of all sorts. The rule of
stare decisis
is never properly invoked unless in the decision put forward as precedent the judicial mind has been applied to and passed upon the precise question. Carroll v. Carroll, 16 How. (U. S.) 275, 14 L. ed. 936; Barrett v. Smith, 183 Minn. 431, 436, 237 N. W. 15.
There is abundance of law elsewhere and some here upon the same or related problems. The question in Wildner v. Ferguson, 42 Minn. 112, 113, 43 N. W. 794, 795, 6 L. R. A. 338, 18 A. S. R. 495, was whether an “agent for the garnishee, selling its goods by sample, driving about for that purpose with his own horse and buggy, receiving a weekly salary,” was a “laboring man” within the meaning of a statute (G. S. 1878, c. 66, § 310) exempting from garnishment the wages of “any laboring man or woman.” Recognizing that “all men who earn compensation by labor or work of any kind, whether by head or hands, including judges, lawyers, bankers, merchants, officers of corporations and. the like, are in some sense ‘laboring men,’ ” the court yet held that the phrase “laboring man” in the involved statute included only “those who are laboring men or women in the sense that their work is manual.” Among the cases cited is Wakefield v. Fargo, 90 N. Y. 213. The statute there construed imposed liability upon stockholders of a corporation for debts of the latter to “laborers, servants and apprentices.” [Laws N. Y. 1848, c. 40, § 18.] It was held [42 Minn. 114] that the word “laborers” so used included those whose services were manual or menial and excluded accountants and those who “had charge and control of the business.” Another case so cited is Jones v. Avery, 50 Mich. 326, 15 N. Y.
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Stone, Justice.
Defendant appeals from a judgment nullifying the sale under execution of the homestead of plaintiffs H. C. and Mayme Fletcher, husband and wife. Pending the appeal, came the end of Mr. Fletcher’s life. George Fletcher was substituted as his successor in interest.
The judgment under which defendant Scott levied upon and sold the Fletcher homestead awarded him recovery for unpaid salary and commissions earned by him while in the employ of Mr. Fletcher as an automobile salesman. The whole case turns upon whether Mr. Scott’s judgment was for a “debt incurred to any laborer or servant for labor or service performed” within the meaning of art. 1, § 12, of the state constitution. That section reads thus:
“A reasonable amount of property shall be exempt from seizure or sale for the payment of any debt or liability. The amount of such exemption shall be determined by law. Provided, however, that all property so exempted shall be liable to seizure and sale for any debts incurred to any person for work done or materials furnished in the construction, repair, or improvement of the same;
and provided further, that such liability to seizure and sale shall also extend to all real property for any debt incurred to any laborer or servant for labor or service performed.”
The statute implementing that section (2 Mason Minn. St. 1927, § 8836) is in effect that the exemption of a homestead shall not include claims “for work or materials furnished in the construction, repair, or improvement of such homestead, or for services performed by laborers or servants.”
The two provisos qualifying the homestead exemption were both added by the same amendment in 1888. The question now is whether Mr. Scott’s unpaid salary and commissions as auto salesman are embraced Avithin the constitutional phrase “any debt incurred to any laborer or servant for labor or service performed.”
Unhesitatingly we answer in the negative. Were the laAv otherwise, the homestead exemption is gone, not only as to claims of the “laborer or servant,” who Avas its only stated beneficiary, but also as to those of the executive drawing a salary of such dimensions as to make him the envy of princes. As long as a business is conducted by an individual or a partnership (Lindberg v. Johnson, 93 Minn. 267, 101 N. W. 74), its employes, wherever and however they serve, could reach the home or homes of the owner or owners with a judgment for unpaid compensation. The proprietors of such a business, domiciled in Minnesota, would hold their homesteads subject to the claim of their employes in foreign parts.
Such a result Avould be astounding to say the least, for heretofore our policy “ahvays” has been to give the homestead exemption law “a liberal construction in favor of the homestead OAvner, as evidencing a public policy of the state to preserve to the owner a home and place of habitation.” Lahti v. Peterson, 175 Minn. 389, 392, 221 N. W. 531, 535. Without stressing at all the sometimes questionable concept of liberal as against that of strict construction (State ex rel. City of St. Paul v. M. St. P. & M. Ry. Co. 190 Minn. 162, 251 N. W. 275), we hold that the homestead exemption survives as against the claims of large categories of the owner’s employes, for wages, salaries, and other similar compensation.
There is nothing in Lindberg v. Johnson, 93 Minn. 267, 101 N. W. 74, or Lahti v. Peterson, 175 Minn. 389, 221 N. W. 534, which even remotely justifies the judicial destruction of a substantial portion of the homestead exemption which would be wrought by an opposite decision. The judgment involved in Lindberg v. Johnson was one obtained by the creditor “as a laborer” for the judgment debtors “as partners in their business of scavengers.” The sole argument for the plaintiff, claiming his homestead exempt from the judgment, was that the constitution [93 Minn. 268] “makes the homestead liable for seizure and sale only for debts incurred to any person for work done and material furnished in the construction, repair, or improvement of the same; and, further, that the homestead is not so liable for any debt incurred to any laborer or servant [whatsoever] for labor or services performed.” The decision negatived that contention and also another, erroneously allowed by the trial court [93 Minn. 269], “that a homestead is not liable for the payment of a debt incurred by the owner thereof as a member of a copartnership.” No other issue was involved. Nothing in the decision, by any legitimate interpretative expansion, may be considered as touching any other issue. There was no occasion to consider, even collaterally, the coverage of the constitutional phrase “laborer or servant.”
In Lahti v. Peterson, 175 Minn. 389, 391, 221 N. W. 534, the only question considered and decided was whether the involved judgment was one for labor and services, or upon Lahti’s liability “upon his contract to pay the debts of Parviainen.” The latter view was taken, and that solved the problem favorably to Lahti’s claim of exemption. The concluding sentence of the opinion is not to be considered apart from its context, nor in divorce from its subject matter. That sentence is this [175 Minn. 393]: “ ‘Their laborers and servants’ clearly refers to
their
employes.” (We italicize the possessive pronoun because of its significance.) That means only that the laborers and servants entitled to avoid the exemption must be the employes of the judgment debtors rather than the employes of someone else. It did not mean, and by no stretch of fancy can properly be argued to mean, that the phrase “laborer or servant”
was intended or can be held to include “employes” of all sorts. The rule of
stare decisis
is never properly invoked unless in the decision put forward as precedent the judicial mind has been applied to and passed upon the precise question. Carroll v. Carroll, 16 How. (U. S.) 275, 14 L. ed. 936; Barrett v. Smith, 183 Minn. 431, 436, 237 N. W. 15.
There is abundance of law elsewhere and some here upon the same or related problems. The question in Wildner v. Ferguson, 42 Minn. 112, 113, 43 N. W. 794, 795, 6 L. R. A. 338, 18 A. S. R. 495, was whether an “agent for the garnishee, selling its goods by sample, driving about for that purpose with his own horse and buggy, receiving a weekly salary,” was a “laboring man” within the meaning of a statute (G. S. 1878, c. 66, § 310) exempting from garnishment the wages of “any laboring man or woman.” Recognizing that “all men who earn compensation by labor or work of any kind, whether by head or hands, including judges, lawyers, bankers, merchants, officers of corporations and. the like, are in some sense ‘laboring men,’ ” the court yet held that the phrase “laboring man” in the involved statute included only “those who are laboring men or women in the sense that their work is manual.” Among the cases cited is Wakefield v. Fargo, 90 N. Y. 213. The statute there construed imposed liability upon stockholders of a corporation for debts of the latter to “laborers, servants and apprentices.” [Laws N. Y. 1848, c. 40, § 18.] It was held [42 Minn. 114] that the word “laborers” so used included those whose services were manual or menial and excluded accountants and those who “had charge and control of the business.” Another case so cited is Jones v. Avery, 50 Mich. 326, 15 N. Y. 494, holding that a traveling salesman selling by sample was not included by the constitutional provision making stockholders of a corporation liable for its labor debts. Several other cases are cited to the proposition that ordinary agents, superintendents, and secretaries of corporations do not come within the meaning of the term “laborers” when so used.
It being clear under the rule of Wildner v. Ferguson, 42 Minn. 112, 43 N. W. 794, that if Scott or any other general salesman could not claim to be a “laborer” so as to have an exemption from garnish
ment of liis compensation, we cannot say that he is a laborer for the purpose of reaching the homestead of his employer.
The word “servant” may be generic or restrictive. Depending, upon its use, it may indicate anything from a slave, doing the lowliest form of menial tasks, to an employe, including the highest form of executive functionary. See 7 Wd. & Phr. (1 ser.) p. 6422,
et seq.
But, as used in exemption and similar laws, its meaning is restricted to those who perform manual labor or menial tasks. A traveling salesman is not a “servant” within the meaning of the bankruptcy act [§ 64b(4), 11 USCA, § 104, note], according priority of payment to “servants” (In re Scanlan [D. C.] 97 F. 26), nor under a statute making stockholders liable for moneys due “laborers, servants, clerks, and operatives” of an insolvent corporation (Hand v. Cole, 88 Tenn. 400, 12 S. W. 922, 7 L. R. A. 96). Under an act giving preference against an intestate’s estate to “servants” for wages, servant was held to mean “hirelings” who make a part of a man’s famity doing menial tasks. In re McKim’s Estate, 3 Pa. L. Jour. 502, 508.
Its context may narrow or broaden the meaning of almost any word. So, under an act giving preference to one creditor over another except for wages of “laborers, servants, or employes,” the three words did not mean only persons who do manual work, because such construction would make their use tautological. Conlee Lbr. Co. v. Ripon Lbr. & Mfg. Co. 66 Wis. 481, 29 N. W. 285. But Aidiere the Avord “servants” was used in conjunction with “laborers” in an act making stockholders liable for all debts due to “laborers and servants,” the term is limited in meaning by its association Avith “laborers” according to the maxim
“noscitur a sociis.”
Aikin v. Wasson, 24 N. Y. 482, 484.
The constitutional amendment now controlling imposed a limitation on the long established homestead exemption. Its affirmative effect should, not be extended by construction beyond its stated scope. The latter, significantly, stops with the claims of laborers and servants. It does not include employes generally and of all sorts. If that had been the intention, the one word “employe” would certainly have been used instead of the íavo, “laborer or
servant.” Both legally and colloquially, “employe” ordinarily has a broader and more inclusive reach than either “laborer” or “servant.” In view of the background and subject matter of the constitutional amendment; because of its descriptive and limiting words, Ave conclude that its framers intentionally did not use the word “employes” because they did not propose to subject homesteads to the claims of all employes of the owner. On the contrary, they chose the limiting phrase “laborer or servant.” We must not now strike down the limitation so obviously intended.
It is significant that the constitutional provision in favor of “any laborer or servant” is further qualified by the requirement that the claim itself must be for “labor or service performed.” It is not enough that the claimant shall be a laborer or servant, but in addition his claim must embrace only “labor or service.” The purpose Avas to exclude the demand, even of a laborer or servant, for materials or merchandise. To hold against the exemption in this case would lead to results of Avritten law so anachronistic as not to be allowed unless there is no doubt that they were intended. That they Avere not intended appears not only from the restrictive phraseology expressing the purpose in the law, but also from our Avhole state policy concerning homesteads. A significant part of the latter is the statute (2 Mason Minn. St. 1927, § 8340) making void any attempted conveyance of a homestead by one spouse in which the other does not join.
There is no occasion here for us to attempt writing a catalog showing those classes of employes who are and those Avho are not laborers or servants Avithin the meaning of our constitution and statute. There is no reason to discuss the recognized deserts of a so-called “white-collar” employe as distinguished from all or any others. It is a field wherein it is simply impossible in advance of the cases as they arise to project a line of demarcation, of inclusion and exclusion, which Avill automatically decide the cases as they arise. We have but attempted to search out and declare the general principles which control decision of this case. In many another, in all probability, the question of whether or not the claimant is a laborer or servant Avith a claim for labor or service Avill be a
question of fact. It is not so here, for as matter of law the Fletcher homestead was exempt from the claim of defendant.
In consequence, the judgment must be and is affirmed.