Opinion by
Rice, P. J.,
It is well settled that the purchase of a road machine by township supervisors is a deliberative, as distinguished from a purely ministerial, act, and is governed by the general rule applying to such acts : American Road Machine Co. v. Washington Twp., 9 Pa. Superior Ct. 105; Climax Road Machine Co. v. Allegheny Twp., 10 Pa. Superior Ct. 437 ; Westera. Wheeled Scraper Co. v. Butler Twp., 24 Pa. Superior Ct. 477; Austin Mfg. Co. v. Ayr Twp., 17 Pa. Superior Ct. 419; 24 Pa. Superior Ct. 91. The rule is commonly stated in these words: “ One supervisor cannot bind the township for performance of a contract, the propriety of entering into which is the subject of deliberation and the exercise of judgment; but he may in matters purely ministerial. When the' business requires deliberation, consultation and judgment, all should be convened, because the advice and opinions of all may be useful, and though they do not unite in opinion, a majority may act when there are more than two : ” Union Township v. Gibboney, 94 Pa. 534 ; Cooper v. Lampeter Twp., 8 Watts, 125 ; Somerset Twp. v. Parson, 105 Pa. 360. See also Penna. R. R. Co. v. Montgomery County Pass. Ry. Co., 167 Pa. 62; Logan v. Rochester Twp., 21 Pa. Superior Ct. 113. Hence it has been held that a written order in the form of a conditional contract for the purchase of a road machine, to which the supervisors, without previous joint consideration or meeting for consultation upon the subject, have been induced by the vendor or his agent to attach their signatures separately, imposes no obligation upon the township to take and pay for it. But, as supervisors have power to make such a contract they have power to ratify it, notwithstanding the irregularity of their action at the outset. See 1 Dill. Municipal Corporations, § 463; McKnight v. Pittsburg, 91 Pa. 273; Philadelphia to use of O’Rourke v. Hays, 93 Pa. 72; Silsby Mfg. Co. v. Allentown, 153 Pa. 319; Sandy Lake Boro. v. Sandy Lake, etc., Gas Co., 16 Pa. Superior Ct. 234. If while the order or contract, given in this irregular manner, is still executory and is in legal effect but an offer to treat upon the subject, the two supervisors meet and confer with regard to the matter, and after inspecting the machine and observing the manner in which it does the work for which it is designed, agree between themselves to accept it, and do accept it, give [360]*360their note on behalf of the township for the price, and from that time the machine remains in the possession of the township, without offer, so far as the evidence shows, upon the part of its officers to return it to the vendor, — in an action to recover the agreed price where such a state of facts appears, what is the prima facie presumption ? Is it that the supervisors, in disregard of their official duty, accepted and retained the machine and promised to pay for it without that deliberation and the exercise of that judgment and discretion which, when convened to decide the matter, the law required of them ? Must the plaintiff establish the fact that they performed their whole duty in that regard to the inhabitants and taxpayers of the township by proof of what they said, one to the other, when thus convened? - Is their action invalid because some of the matters, which it was their official duty to consider before consummating the purchase, were not discussed at their conference ? Can tire action be defeated by proof of the belief or motives, undisclosed to the other contracting party, which erroneously but honestly one or both of-tlie supervisors permitted to influence or control their action ? In view of certain expressions in the charge to the jury and its tenor as a whole, these az’e pertinent questions. If they must be answered in the negative, the ’ case was submitted to the jury upon an eri’oneous theory as to the burden of proof, and must be sent back for retrial. They az'e to be considered in the light of the fact that this is an action upon a fully executed contract of sale which the supervisors had undoubted power to make ; and it is to be borne in mind that the legitimate scope of inquiry is much narrower than it would be upon the official audit of their accounts, wherein the township seeks to surcharge them for an improvident and ill-considered exercise of their power. In the leading ease upon the subject of the duties and powez’s of supervisoz’s with reference to acts of a deliberative nature these distinctions were expressly recognized. Justice Rogers, who delivered the opiziion of the court, said: “ An improvident exercise of power, although it may affect the agezits personally, yet furnishes zzo reason for an avoidazice of the contract.” And in concluding the opinion he said: “ Whether the township would be bound,. if the contract had beezi made by the supervisors, is a point not altogether so clear. The act vests a discretion in the au[361]*361pervisors, and if on consultation they have determined that this was an expense which it was proper the township should bear, it may be doubtful whether their incorrect judgment should not be made to bear upon their principals, rather than on the contractors, who were not bound to examine the correctness of their decision. It may admit of question whether the remedy would not be the ordinary one, the loss of the confidence of their constituents, for an unwise and unskillful exercise of a public trust Cooper v. Lampeter Twp., 8 Watts, 125. Keeping these distinctions in mind and confining attention to the precise questions above stated, we think that all of them must be answered in the negative. When it is said that this is of a class of acts requiring consultation, deliberation and judgment, it is not implied that there must be-debate or discussion in which every relevant consideration is brought into view; much less, that a party who has parted with his property, or done work of which the township has the benefit, upon the contract of the two supervisors acting together, must fail in his action for the price unless he can show that there was such discussion, debate or interchange of views. What is implied is that the two supervisors shall meet in consultation upon the subject, so that there shall be afforded to each the opportunity of expressing to the other and obtaining from the other his advice and judgment upon the question, as well as the facts within his knowledge pertinent thereto. But when in such action as we are considering the plaintiff has shown that there was such meeting for consultation upon the subject, and such examination of the machine and its working as we have described, and that following this they accepted and retained the machine in their possession, and, still acting together, gave their obligation on behalf of the township for the price, we think he has shown all the facts necessary to be proved expressly and affirmatively .in the establishment of a valid contract. There arises from these facts a prima facie presumption that the concurrence of the supervisors as to the act was the result of that deliberation which their duty to the inhabitants and taxpayers of the township required of them before accepting the machine and pledging the credit of the township for the price. Applying the doctrine of analogous cases, — Childs v. Brown Township, 40 Pa. 332 ; Cook v. Deerfield Twp., 64 Pa. 445; Oakland Twp. v. [362]*362Martin, 104 Pa. 303; Climax Road Machine Co. v. Allegheny Township, 10 Pa. Superior Ct. 437; Harshman v. Dunbar Township, 11 Pa. Superior Ct.
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Opinion by
Rice, P. J.,
It is well settled that the purchase of a road machine by township supervisors is a deliberative, as distinguished from a purely ministerial, act, and is governed by the general rule applying to such acts : American Road Machine Co. v. Washington Twp., 9 Pa. Superior Ct. 105; Climax Road Machine Co. v. Allegheny Twp., 10 Pa. Superior Ct. 437 ; Westera. Wheeled Scraper Co. v. Butler Twp., 24 Pa. Superior Ct. 477; Austin Mfg. Co. v. Ayr Twp., 17 Pa. Superior Ct. 419; 24 Pa. Superior Ct. 91. The rule is commonly stated in these words: “ One supervisor cannot bind the township for performance of a contract, the propriety of entering into which is the subject of deliberation and the exercise of judgment; but he may in matters purely ministerial. When the' business requires deliberation, consultation and judgment, all should be convened, because the advice and opinions of all may be useful, and though they do not unite in opinion, a majority may act when there are more than two : ” Union Township v. Gibboney, 94 Pa. 534 ; Cooper v. Lampeter Twp., 8 Watts, 125 ; Somerset Twp. v. Parson, 105 Pa. 360. See also Penna. R. R. Co. v. Montgomery County Pass. Ry. Co., 167 Pa. 62; Logan v. Rochester Twp., 21 Pa. Superior Ct. 113. Hence it has been held that a written order in the form of a conditional contract for the purchase of a road machine, to which the supervisors, without previous joint consideration or meeting for consultation upon the subject, have been induced by the vendor or his agent to attach their signatures separately, imposes no obligation upon the township to take and pay for it. But, as supervisors have power to make such a contract they have power to ratify it, notwithstanding the irregularity of their action at the outset. See 1 Dill. Municipal Corporations, § 463; McKnight v. Pittsburg, 91 Pa. 273; Philadelphia to use of O’Rourke v. Hays, 93 Pa. 72; Silsby Mfg. Co. v. Allentown, 153 Pa. 319; Sandy Lake Boro. v. Sandy Lake, etc., Gas Co., 16 Pa. Superior Ct. 234. If while the order or contract, given in this irregular manner, is still executory and is in legal effect but an offer to treat upon the subject, the two supervisors meet and confer with regard to the matter, and after inspecting the machine and observing the manner in which it does the work for which it is designed, agree between themselves to accept it, and do accept it, give [360]*360their note on behalf of the township for the price, and from that time the machine remains in the possession of the township, without offer, so far as the evidence shows, upon the part of its officers to return it to the vendor, — in an action to recover the agreed price where such a state of facts appears, what is the prima facie presumption ? Is it that the supervisors, in disregard of their official duty, accepted and retained the machine and promised to pay for it without that deliberation and the exercise of that judgment and discretion which, when convened to decide the matter, the law required of them ? Must the plaintiff establish the fact that they performed their whole duty in that regard to the inhabitants and taxpayers of the township by proof of what they said, one to the other, when thus convened? - Is their action invalid because some of the matters, which it was their official duty to consider before consummating the purchase, were not discussed at their conference ? Can tire action be defeated by proof of the belief or motives, undisclosed to the other contracting party, which erroneously but honestly one or both of-tlie supervisors permitted to influence or control their action ? In view of certain expressions in the charge to the jury and its tenor as a whole, these az’e pertinent questions. If they must be answered in the negative, the ’ case was submitted to the jury upon an eri’oneous theory as to the burden of proof, and must be sent back for retrial. They az'e to be considered in the light of the fact that this is an action upon a fully executed contract of sale which the supervisors had undoubted power to make ; and it is to be borne in mind that the legitimate scope of inquiry is much narrower than it would be upon the official audit of their accounts, wherein the township seeks to surcharge them for an improvident and ill-considered exercise of their power. In the leading ease upon the subject of the duties and powez’s of supervisoz’s with reference to acts of a deliberative nature these distinctions were expressly recognized. Justice Rogers, who delivered the opiziion of the court, said: “ An improvident exercise of power, although it may affect the agezits personally, yet furnishes zzo reason for an avoidazice of the contract.” And in concluding the opinion he said: “ Whether the township would be bound,. if the contract had beezi made by the supervisors, is a point not altogether so clear. The act vests a discretion in the au[361]*361pervisors, and if on consultation they have determined that this was an expense which it was proper the township should bear, it may be doubtful whether their incorrect judgment should not be made to bear upon their principals, rather than on the contractors, who were not bound to examine the correctness of their decision. It may admit of question whether the remedy would not be the ordinary one, the loss of the confidence of their constituents, for an unwise and unskillful exercise of a public trust Cooper v. Lampeter Twp., 8 Watts, 125. Keeping these distinctions in mind and confining attention to the precise questions above stated, we think that all of them must be answered in the negative. When it is said that this is of a class of acts requiring consultation, deliberation and judgment, it is not implied that there must be-debate or discussion in which every relevant consideration is brought into view; much less, that a party who has parted with his property, or done work of which the township has the benefit, upon the contract of the two supervisors acting together, must fail in his action for the price unless he can show that there was such discussion, debate or interchange of views. What is implied is that the two supervisors shall meet in consultation upon the subject, so that there shall be afforded to each the opportunity of expressing to the other and obtaining from the other his advice and judgment upon the question, as well as the facts within his knowledge pertinent thereto. But when in such action as we are considering the plaintiff has shown that there was such meeting for consultation upon the subject, and such examination of the machine and its working as we have described, and that following this they accepted and retained the machine in their possession, and, still acting together, gave their obligation on behalf of the township for the price, we think he has shown all the facts necessary to be proved expressly and affirmatively .in the establishment of a valid contract. There arises from these facts a prima facie presumption that the concurrence of the supervisors as to the act was the result of that deliberation which their duty to the inhabitants and taxpayers of the township required of them before accepting the machine and pledging the credit of the township for the price. Applying the doctrine of analogous cases, — Childs v. Brown Township, 40 Pa. 332 ; Cook v. Deerfield Twp., 64 Pa. 445; Oakland Twp. v. [362]*362Martin, 104 Pa. 303; Climax Road Machine Co. v. Allegheny Township, 10 Pa. Superior Ct. 437; Harshman v. Dunbar Township, 11 Pa. Superior Ct. 638, — the vendor would have a right to assume from the facts above stated that the supervisors had done their duty in this regard, if the preliminary contract or order had not been given, and we are not convinced that this alone was sufficient to repel the presumption arising from the other facts, that the purchase of the machine was the act of the supervisors, as aboard, after consultation and deliberation. As shown by the opinion filed by our Brother Hendeeson, this was the view taken by the court when- the case was before us the second time (24 Pa. Superior Ct. 91), and a full reconsideration of the question has not led us to a different conclusion. We do not regard this as a mere inference of fact which a jury may or may not draw from the facts stated, but as a presumption, which, though disputable, holds good until it is invalidated by proof or a stronger presumption.
Thus far we have not alluded to the testimony, which, apart from the presumption we have discussed, tended to show that the machine was accepted and the notes were given after such deliberation as the law requires. That there was such testimony sufficient to carry the question to the jury was clearly decided on the two former appeals, and is not now seriously questioned. Therefore we need not go over that ground again. The points to which the present discussion has been directed, and the conclusions reached, may be summarized as follows: First, proof satisfactory to the jury of the facts specifically mentioned in the former parts of this opinion would, of itself, establish a prima facie right to recover and shift the burden of proof; second, the plaintiff was not bound, in the first instance, to go further and adduce express evidence that the-supervisors discussed the matter before them for determination, or that they expressed their views, one to the other, regarding the many things it was their duty to consider before taking such action, or that each did, in fact, honestly, fairly, deliberately and adequately consider the interests of the taxpayers and inhabitants of the township; third, there being no allegation of fraud, collusion or corrupt motive, proof that they were influenced or controlled in their action by an erroneous belief, not disclosed to nor induced by the other contracting [363]*363party, as to their legal obligation under the prior contract or order, would not defeat the action.
But the presumption arising from the facts specifically mentioned at the outset of the foregoing discussion is not conclusive. “ Those who deal with such agents ” (township supervisors) “ must take care to have the express consent of all to whom the law has intrusted' the transaction of the public business. The inhabitants of the township whose interest must be protected have a right to the counsel and judgment of all to whom such trusts are committed:” Cooper v. Lampeter Township, 8 Watts, 125. The party who induces them to forego that deliberation and the exercise of that judgment and discretion in the interest of the township which the law requires of them is not in position to say that he had a right to assume that they had done their duty in that regard. He had no right to assume that which he knew was not the fact, when he himself not only acquiesced in their omission of official duty to the public, but advised and incited it. We conclude, therefore, that the presumption would be rebutted, a,nd the right of the plaintiff to invoke it would be gone, if the preponderance of testimony establishes the facts to the satisfaction of the jury, that the only subject which the supervisors considered, or upon which they deliberated and consulted, when brought together, was the fulfillment of the warranty contained in the original order separately signed' by them; that they accepted the machine and gave the notes, without prior joint deliberation upon or consideration of, any other question, because they assumed and believed, even though honestly, that they were bound to do so if the warranty was fulfilled ; provided, these facts were known to the plaintiff’s agent at the consummation of the transaction, and this action and belief on the part of the supervisors were induced by his positive assertion at that time that they were bound by the order previously given.
The foregoing discussion, without separate discussion of each assignment of error, shows wherein we agree with and wherein we differ from the learned judge below.
Judgment reversed and venire facias de novo awarded.