Mr. Justice Brewer,
after making the foregoing statement, delivered the opinion of the court.
The decree entered by the Circuit Court was interlocutory and not final.
Barnard
v.
Gibson,
7 How: 650;
Humiston
v.
Stainthorp,
2 Wall. 106, and cases cited in note;
Estey
v.
Burdett,
109 U. S. 633, 637;
McGourkey
v.
Toledo & Ohio Railway Company,
146 U. S. 536 (in this case is. a full discussion of the differences between an interlocutory and a final decree);
Hohorst
v.
Hamburg-American Packet Company,
148 U. S. 262;
Smith
v.
Vulcan Iron Works,
165 U. S. 518.
Plaintiffs brought one suit upon a single patent. The findings of the Circuit Court that three of the twelve claims were invalid and that the remaining nine were valid, but that four of them had not been infringed by the defendant, did not break this one suit into twelve. They were a guide to the master in his ascertainment of the damages and indicated the scope .of the final decree.
In the Federal courts no appeal can, as.a general rule, be taken, except from a final decree. As said by Mr. Chief Justice Taney in
Forgay
v.
Conrad,
6 How. 201, 205:
"In this respect the practice of the United States chancery courts differs from the English practice. For appeals to the House of Lords may be taken from an interlocutory order of
the Chancellor, which ■ decides a right of property in dispute. . . . But the case is otherwise in the courts of the United States, where the right of appeal is by law limited to final decrees.” See
also McLish,
v.
Roff,
141 U. S. 661, 665.
In the latter case this was held persuasive against extending the right of review given by section .5 of the Circuit Court of Appeals act of March 3, 1891, 26 Stat. 826,- to other cases than those in which there was a final judgment or decree, although the word “final” is omitted in some of the clauses of the section.
By section 7 of that act, however, an appeal was provided from certain interlocutory orders or decrees. That section has been twice amended. 28-. Stat. 666; 31 Stat. 160. As it now stands it reads:
“Sec. 7. That where, upon a hearing in equity in a District Court or .in a Circuit Court, or by a judge thereof in vacation, an injunction shall be granted or continued or a receiver appointed, by an interlocutory order or decree, in a cause in which an appeal from a final decree may be taken under the provisions of this act to the Circuit Court of Appeals, an appeal may be taken from such interlocutory order or decree granting or continuing such injunction or appointing such receiver to the Circuit Court of Appeals:
Provided,
That the appeal must be taken within thirty days from the entry of such order or decree, and it shall take precedence in the appellate court; and the proceedings in other respects in the court below shall not be stayed, unless otherwise ordered by that court, or by the appellate court or a judge thereof, during the pendency of such appeal:
Provided, further,
That the court below may in its discretion require as a condition of the appeal an- additional bond.”
It will be noticed that the appeal is allowed from an interlocutory order or decree granting or continuing an injunction, that it must be taken within thirty days, that it is given precedence in the appellate court, that the other proceedings in the lower court are not to be stayed, and that the lower
court may require an additional bond. Obviously that .which is contemplated is a review of the interlocutory order, and of that only. It was not intended that the cause as a whole should be transferred to the appellate court prior to the final decree. The case, except for the hearing on the appeal from the interlocutory order, is to proceed in the lower court as though no such appeal had been- taken, unless otherwise specially ordered. It may be true, as alleged by petitioners, that “it is of the utmost importance to all of the parties in said cause that there shall be the speediest possible adjudication by the United States Circuit Court of Appeals as to the validity of all of the claims of the aforesaid letters patent which are the subject matter thereof.” But it was not intended by this section to give to patent or other cases in which interlocutory decrees or orders were made any precedence. It is generally true that it is of importance to litigants that their cases be disposed of promptly, but other cases have the same right to early hearing. And the purpose of Congress in this legislation was that there be an immediate review of the interlocutory proceedings and not an advancement generally over other litigation.
Petitioners rely mainly on
Smith
v.
Vulcan Iron Works,
165 U. S. 518. In that case it was held that when an appeal is taken from an interlocutory order granting or continuing an injunction, the whole of the order is taken up, and the appellate court may (if upon an examination of the record as thus presented it is satisfied that the bill is entirely destitute of equity) direct a dismissal, and is not limited to a mere reversal of the order granting or continuing the injunction. Take an ordinary patent case. If an injunction is granted by an interlocutory order and the order is taken on appeal to the Circuit Court of Appeals, and that court is of opinion that the patent is on its face absolutely void, it would be a waste of time and an unnecessary continuance of litigation to simply enter an order setting aside the injunction and remanding the case for further proceedings. The direct and obvious way is to order
a dismissal of the case, and thus end the litigation. And such is the scope of the opinion in that case. After noticing the general rule that appeals will not lie until after final decree, and that an order or decree in a patent case granting an injunction and sending the cause to a master for accounting is interlocutory only, and therefore not reviewable on appeal before the final decree in the case, it referred to the provision of section 7, and said (p. 525):
“The manifest intent of this provision, read in the light of the previous practice in the courts of the United States, contrasted with the practice in courts of equity of. the highest - authority elsewhere, appears to this court to have been, not only to permit the defendant to obtain immediate relief from an injunction, the continuance of which throughout the progress of the cause might seriously affect his interests; but also to save both parties from the expense of further litigation,.
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Mr. Justice Brewer,
after making the foregoing statement, delivered the opinion of the court.
The decree entered by the Circuit Court was interlocutory and not final.
Barnard
v.
Gibson,
7 How: 650;
Humiston
v.
Stainthorp,
2 Wall. 106, and cases cited in note;
Estey
v.
Burdett,
109 U. S. 633, 637;
McGourkey
v.
Toledo & Ohio Railway Company,
146 U. S. 536 (in this case is. a full discussion of the differences between an interlocutory and a final decree);
Hohorst
v.
Hamburg-American Packet Company,
148 U. S. 262;
Smith
v.
Vulcan Iron Works,
165 U. S. 518.
Plaintiffs brought one suit upon a single patent. The findings of the Circuit Court that three of the twelve claims were invalid and that the remaining nine were valid, but that four of them had not been infringed by the defendant, did not break this one suit into twelve. They were a guide to the master in his ascertainment of the damages and indicated the scope .of the final decree.
In the Federal courts no appeal can, as.a general rule, be taken, except from a final decree. As said by Mr. Chief Justice Taney in
Forgay
v.
Conrad,
6 How. 201, 205:
"In this respect the practice of the United States chancery courts differs from the English practice. For appeals to the House of Lords may be taken from an interlocutory order of
the Chancellor, which ■ decides a right of property in dispute. . . . But the case is otherwise in the courts of the United States, where the right of appeal is by law limited to final decrees.” See
also McLish,
v.
Roff,
141 U. S. 661, 665.
In the latter case this was held persuasive against extending the right of review given by section .5 of the Circuit Court of Appeals act of March 3, 1891, 26 Stat. 826,- to other cases than those in which there was a final judgment or decree, although the word “final” is omitted in some of the clauses of the section.
By section 7 of that act, however, an appeal was provided from certain interlocutory orders or decrees. That section has been twice amended. 28-. Stat. 666; 31 Stat. 160. As it now stands it reads:
“Sec. 7. That where, upon a hearing in equity in a District Court or .in a Circuit Court, or by a judge thereof in vacation, an injunction shall be granted or continued or a receiver appointed, by an interlocutory order or decree, in a cause in which an appeal from a final decree may be taken under the provisions of this act to the Circuit Court of Appeals, an appeal may be taken from such interlocutory order or decree granting or continuing such injunction or appointing such receiver to the Circuit Court of Appeals:
Provided,
That the appeal must be taken within thirty days from the entry of such order or decree, and it shall take precedence in the appellate court; and the proceedings in other respects in the court below shall not be stayed, unless otherwise ordered by that court, or by the appellate court or a judge thereof, during the pendency of such appeal:
Provided, further,
That the court below may in its discretion require as a condition of the appeal an- additional bond.”
It will be noticed that the appeal is allowed from an interlocutory order or decree granting or continuing an injunction, that it must be taken within thirty days, that it is given precedence in the appellate court, that the other proceedings in the lower court are not to be stayed, and that the lower
court may require an additional bond. Obviously that .which is contemplated is a review of the interlocutory order, and of that only. It was not intended that the cause as a whole should be transferred to the appellate court prior to the final decree. The case, except for the hearing on the appeal from the interlocutory order, is to proceed in the lower court as though no such appeal had been- taken, unless otherwise specially ordered. It may be true, as alleged by petitioners, that “it is of the utmost importance to all of the parties in said cause that there shall be the speediest possible adjudication by the United States Circuit Court of Appeals as to the validity of all of the claims of the aforesaid letters patent which are the subject matter thereof.” But it was not intended by this section to give to patent or other cases in which interlocutory decrees or orders were made any precedence. It is generally true that it is of importance to litigants that their cases be disposed of promptly, but other cases have the same right to early hearing. And the purpose of Congress in this legislation was that there be an immediate review of the interlocutory proceedings and not an advancement generally over other litigation.
Petitioners rely mainly on
Smith
v.
Vulcan Iron Works,
165 U. S. 518. In that case it was held that when an appeal is taken from an interlocutory order granting or continuing an injunction, the whole of the order is taken up, and the appellate court may (if upon an examination of the record as thus presented it is satisfied that the bill is entirely destitute of equity) direct a dismissal, and is not limited to a mere reversal of the order granting or continuing the injunction. Take an ordinary patent case. If an injunction is granted by an interlocutory order and the order is taken on appeal to the Circuit Court of Appeals, and that court is of opinion that the patent is on its face absolutely void, it would be a waste of time and an unnecessary continuance of litigation to simply enter an order setting aside the injunction and remanding the case for further proceedings. The direct and obvious way is to order
a dismissal of the case, and thus end the litigation. And such is the scope of the opinion in that case. After noticing the general rule that appeals will not lie until after final decree, and that an order or decree in a patent case granting an injunction and sending the cause to a master for accounting is interlocutory only, and therefore not reviewable on appeal before the final decree in the case, it referred to the provision of section 7, and said (p. 525):
“The manifest intent of this provision, read in the light of the previous practice in the courts of the United States, contrasted with the practice in courts of equity of. the highest - authority elsewhere, appears to this court to have been, not only to permit the defendant to obtain immediate relief from an injunction, the continuance of which throughout the progress of the cause might seriously affect his interests; but also to save both parties from the expense of further litigation,. should the appellate court be of opinion that the plaintiff was not entitled to an injunction because his bill had no equity to support it.”
But nowhere in the opinion is it intimated that the plaintiff was entitled to take any cross appeal or to obtain a final decree in the appellate court. This view of the scope of section 7 was reaffirmed in
Mast, Foos & Co.
v.
Stover Manufacturing Company,
177 U. S. 485, 494, 495.
It is suggested that, as to the claims held to be invalid and those .held to be valid but not infrigned, the bill was dismissed; that thus, in fact, a final decree was entered which entitled the plaintiff to an appeal.
Forgay
v.
Conrad, supra,
and
Hill
v.
Chicago & Evanston Railroad Company,
140 U. S. 52, are cited as authorities. In both these cases there were several defendants and the decrees were adjudged final only in respect to certain of the defendants. In the first the Circuit Court passed a decree declaring sundry deeds to be fraudulent and void and directing the lands and slaves therein mentioned to be delivered up to- the complainant, and also directing one of the defendants named in the decree to pay him $11,000, and “that the com
plainant do have execution for the several matters aforesaid in conformity with law and the practice described by the Supreme Court of the United States.” The court refused to dismiss the appeal, holding that, while the decree was not final in the strict technical sense of the term, yet in view of the effect of the orders entered and the fact that unless review was granted at once there might be irreparable injury, the decree must be regarded as final to. that extent. At the same time 'it criticised the terms of the .decree, said that the final orders should have been delayed until the' master’s report was received, and added, after its comments upon the procedure below (6 How. 206):
“These remarks are not made for the purpose of censuring . the learned judge by whom this decree was'pronounced, but' in order to call the attention of the Circuit Courts to an inconvenient practice into which some of them have sometimes fallen, and which is regarded by this court as altogether inconsistent with the object and policy of the acts of Congress in relation to ^ppeals, and at the same time needlessly burdensome and expensive to the parties concerned, and calculated, by successive appeals, to produce, great and unreasonable delays in suits in chancery. For it may well happen that, when the accounts are taken and reported by the master,' this case may again come here upon exceptions to his report, allowed or disallowed by the Circuit Court, and thus two appeals made necessary, when the matters in dispute could more conveniently and speedily, and with less expense, have been decided in' one.”
In the subsequent case of
Beebe
v.
Russell,
19 How. 283, in' which the rule in reference to the finality of decrees was further considered, it was said, in explanation of the decision in the
Forgo,y
case (p. 287):
“In Forgay’s case, it [the question] was made upon the decree given by the court below, and it was adjudged by this court to be final to give this court jurisdiction of it. But it was so, upon the ground that the whole merits of the controversy between the parties had been determined,
that execution
had been awarded,
and that the case had been referred to the master merely for the purpose of adjusting the accounts. The fact is,
the order of the court in that case for referring it to a master was peculiar,
making it dqubtful, if it could in any way control or qualify the antecedent- decree of the court upon the whole merits of the controversy,, or modify it in any way, ■
except upon a petition for a rehearing
In
Hill
v.
Chicago & Evanston Railroad Company, supra,
there had been an order of dismissal in favor of some of defendants, together with a reference to-a master of a separable controversy between the plaintiff and other parties, and the court observed'(p. 54):
“But there was no adjudication as to the payment of the amount to be ascertained by the master; that remained unsettled. It was, howevér, a severable matter from the other subjects of controversy and did not affect their determination. The fact that it was not disposed of did not change the finality of the decree as to the defendants against whom the bill was dismissed; that amount, or to whom made payable, did not concern them. They were no longer parties to the suit for any purpose. The appeal from the subsequent decree did not rein- . state them. All the merits of the controversy pending between them and the complainant were disposed of, and could not be again reopened, except on appeal from that decree. As to the other parties, it remained to ascertain the amount of one item and to determine as to its payment.”
But as held in
Hohorst
v.
Hamburg-American Packet Company, supra,
that rule does not apply to cases where the liability of the defendants is alleged to be joint; and, therefore, cannot to a case in which there is but a single defendant.
The rule is discharged, and the application for a writ of mandamus is denied.