Holmes, J.
As do many states, Ohio has recognized the legal presumption that in the absence of sufficient substantial evidence to the contrary, a person is presumed not to have taken his own life. This rule was set forth in Shepherd v. Midland Mut. Life Ins. Co. (1949), 152 Ohio St. 6, at 15 [39 O.O. 352]:
“* * * [W]here it is shown that death resulted from bodily injury caused by violent and external means without a showing as to how the injury was in fact sustained, there is a presumption that death did not result from suicide, self-infliction of injury, criminal assault of another, or voluntary employment of the means causing death.”
The reason for such legal rule is that man’s natural instincts are to avoid injury and preserve life, and that it is more reasonable than not that he would endeavor to protect his life and his bodily health. Alternatively, the presumption is based upon the reasonable assumption that it is highly improbable that he will intentionally take his own life or inflict injury upon himself. Id. at 16. Such a presumption is generally considered a rebuttable one, but is treated in varying and different manners dependent upon the jurisdiction. A majority of jurisdictions, by case law and commentaries on the law, take the view that the presumption is not evidence, and of itself does not possess any probative value, and, accordingly, the jury should not be charged upon such presumption, nor such be weighed as evidence. Ryan v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. (1939), 206 Minn. 562, 289 N.W. 557; N.Y. Life Ins. Co. v. Gamer (1938), 303 U.S. 161; Hinds v. John Hancock Mut. Life Ins. Co. (1959), 155 Me. 349, 155 A. 2d 721; Tyrrell v. Prudential Ins. Co. (1937), 109 Vt. 6, 192 A. 184; Annotation (1936), 103 A.L.R. 185; Annotation (1962), 85 A.L.R. 2d 703, 722. Some other jurisdictions have [90]*90taken the view that this presumption is in the nature of evidence to be submitted to, and weighed by, the trier of the fact along with other evidence adduced in determining the issue of suicide. Dick v. New York Life Ins. Co. (1959), 359 U.S. 437; Smellie v. Southern Pacific Co. (1931), 212 Cal. 540, 299 P. 529; Wyckoffv. Mut. Life Ins. Co. of New York (1944), 173 Ore. 592, 147 P. 2d 227; see 85 A.L.R. 2d 703, 722.
Other jurisdictions have taken an alternate view that although this presumption is not evidence to be weighed by the trier of the fact, the trial court may give the jury a statement that there is an inference of the improbability of suicide. Watkins v. Prudential Ins. Co. (1934), 315 Pa. 497, 173 A. 644; Jefferson Standard Life Ins. Co. v. Clemmer (C.A. 4, 1935), 79 F. 2d 724.
Ohio has followed the majority view that such presumption is not evidence, but is only a common-law rule of procedure which may in certain instances establish a prima facie case for the plaintiff, shifting the burden of going forward with evidence of suicide to the insurance company. Shepherd v. Midland Mut. Life Ins. Co., supra; Carson v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. (1956), 165 Ohio St. 238 [59 O.O. 310], Under the majority rule, once substantial evidence to the contrary is introduced, the presumption is considered to be extinguished or in equipoise with the evidence to rebut, and the presumption is removed from the jury’s consideration. Shepherd, supra; Carson, supra.
Relative to the burden of proof in claims upon these types of insurance policies, courts generally treat the recovery under provisions pertaining to the basic face amount differently than a recovery under an increased indemnity provision for an accidental injury where the policy contains a suicide exception. In the instance of a claim upon a life policy containing a suicide exception, the burden is on the insurance company to establish, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the insured’s death resulted from the excepted risk. Schultz v. Insurance Co. (1883), 40 Ohio St. 217. However, where the plaintiff seeks to recover upon an increased indemnity provision in an insurance policy, this court has held that the burden of proof on the issue of self-destruction rests throughout the case upon the plaintiff, and a charge that the burden of proof shifts to the insurer on such issue constitutes reversible error. Hrybar v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. (1942), 140 Ohio St. 437 [24 O.O. 437]. The holding in this regard is in accord with Evid. R. 301, which states that a presumption is not to have the effect of shifting the burden of proof onto the opposite party, but merely imposes a “burden of going forward with the evidence to rebut or meet the presumption.”
In this case we are dealing with a policy that contains both a provision for recovery upon death, and enhanced recovery for accidental death. It has been suggested in the court of appeals’ decision here that the application of the presumption in Ohio has been a hybrid one, in that it has in effect been a rule of law until substantial evidence supporting the suicide [91]*91defense is adduced, and at that point the presumption takes on the clear character of a rule of evidence, and is thus used merely as a procedural devise not to be weighed as evidence. The appellate court urges upon this court that this rule is a confusing one, and that it would be preferable to charge the jury on the presumption and to permit the presumption to be weighed as evidence along with other evidence of the non-accidental nature of the means of death.
We believe there to be a degree of merit in these comments regarding some confusion in the handling of this presumption in Ohio, and agree that there is a need for clarification; however, we cannot conclude that there is a need to change the basic rule. There are relatively few instances of cases where there is no evidence to rebut the presumption of non-suicide where the plaintiff prevails as a matter of law on the prima facie case alone. Also, few are the cases where the evidence of the non-accidental nature of the death is so overwhelming that the presumption must be said to be rebutted as a matter of law. The cases generally fall between the two extremes and are the cases of doubt as to the specific means of death. The crux of the question is who shall determine the sufficiency of the evidence produced contrary to the presumption, and whether the presumption has been rebutted — the trial judge, or the jury. This court, by its case law on this subject, has concluded that it must be the trial court, and when it is so determined by the trial court that there has been a sufficiency of evidence adduced to rebut the presumption of non-suicide, the jury should be charged in the normal fashion with no instruction being given concerning the presumption of non-suicide. However, in these types of cases, we conclude it to be reasonable that the trial court may, in its discretion, refer to the improbability of suicide as an inference of fact, based upon the common experience of mankind, and then to give the jury the standard instruction upon inferences.
In the instant case we are not precisely confronted with a claim of a jury being confused by an instruction on the presumption, in that the matter was heard by the court.
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Holmes, J.
As do many states, Ohio has recognized the legal presumption that in the absence of sufficient substantial evidence to the contrary, a person is presumed not to have taken his own life. This rule was set forth in Shepherd v. Midland Mut. Life Ins. Co. (1949), 152 Ohio St. 6, at 15 [39 O.O. 352]:
“* * * [W]here it is shown that death resulted from bodily injury caused by violent and external means without a showing as to how the injury was in fact sustained, there is a presumption that death did not result from suicide, self-infliction of injury, criminal assault of another, or voluntary employment of the means causing death.”
The reason for such legal rule is that man’s natural instincts are to avoid injury and preserve life, and that it is more reasonable than not that he would endeavor to protect his life and his bodily health. Alternatively, the presumption is based upon the reasonable assumption that it is highly improbable that he will intentionally take his own life or inflict injury upon himself. Id. at 16. Such a presumption is generally considered a rebuttable one, but is treated in varying and different manners dependent upon the jurisdiction. A majority of jurisdictions, by case law and commentaries on the law, take the view that the presumption is not evidence, and of itself does not possess any probative value, and, accordingly, the jury should not be charged upon such presumption, nor such be weighed as evidence. Ryan v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. (1939), 206 Minn. 562, 289 N.W. 557; N.Y. Life Ins. Co. v. Gamer (1938), 303 U.S. 161; Hinds v. John Hancock Mut. Life Ins. Co. (1959), 155 Me. 349, 155 A. 2d 721; Tyrrell v. Prudential Ins. Co. (1937), 109 Vt. 6, 192 A. 184; Annotation (1936), 103 A.L.R. 185; Annotation (1962), 85 A.L.R. 2d 703, 722. Some other jurisdictions have [90]*90taken the view that this presumption is in the nature of evidence to be submitted to, and weighed by, the trier of the fact along with other evidence adduced in determining the issue of suicide. Dick v. New York Life Ins. Co. (1959), 359 U.S. 437; Smellie v. Southern Pacific Co. (1931), 212 Cal. 540, 299 P. 529; Wyckoffv. Mut. Life Ins. Co. of New York (1944), 173 Ore. 592, 147 P. 2d 227; see 85 A.L.R. 2d 703, 722.
Other jurisdictions have taken an alternate view that although this presumption is not evidence to be weighed by the trier of the fact, the trial court may give the jury a statement that there is an inference of the improbability of suicide. Watkins v. Prudential Ins. Co. (1934), 315 Pa. 497, 173 A. 644; Jefferson Standard Life Ins. Co. v. Clemmer (C.A. 4, 1935), 79 F. 2d 724.
Ohio has followed the majority view that such presumption is not evidence, but is only a common-law rule of procedure which may in certain instances establish a prima facie case for the plaintiff, shifting the burden of going forward with evidence of suicide to the insurance company. Shepherd v. Midland Mut. Life Ins. Co., supra; Carson v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. (1956), 165 Ohio St. 238 [59 O.O. 310], Under the majority rule, once substantial evidence to the contrary is introduced, the presumption is considered to be extinguished or in equipoise with the evidence to rebut, and the presumption is removed from the jury’s consideration. Shepherd, supra; Carson, supra.
Relative to the burden of proof in claims upon these types of insurance policies, courts generally treat the recovery under provisions pertaining to the basic face amount differently than a recovery under an increased indemnity provision for an accidental injury where the policy contains a suicide exception. In the instance of a claim upon a life policy containing a suicide exception, the burden is on the insurance company to establish, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the insured’s death resulted from the excepted risk. Schultz v. Insurance Co. (1883), 40 Ohio St. 217. However, where the plaintiff seeks to recover upon an increased indemnity provision in an insurance policy, this court has held that the burden of proof on the issue of self-destruction rests throughout the case upon the plaintiff, and a charge that the burden of proof shifts to the insurer on such issue constitutes reversible error. Hrybar v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. (1942), 140 Ohio St. 437 [24 O.O. 437]. The holding in this regard is in accord with Evid. R. 301, which states that a presumption is not to have the effect of shifting the burden of proof onto the opposite party, but merely imposes a “burden of going forward with the evidence to rebut or meet the presumption.”
In this case we are dealing with a policy that contains both a provision for recovery upon death, and enhanced recovery for accidental death. It has been suggested in the court of appeals’ decision here that the application of the presumption in Ohio has been a hybrid one, in that it has in effect been a rule of law until substantial evidence supporting the suicide [91]*91defense is adduced, and at that point the presumption takes on the clear character of a rule of evidence, and is thus used merely as a procedural devise not to be weighed as evidence. The appellate court urges upon this court that this rule is a confusing one, and that it would be preferable to charge the jury on the presumption and to permit the presumption to be weighed as evidence along with other evidence of the non-accidental nature of the means of death.
We believe there to be a degree of merit in these comments regarding some confusion in the handling of this presumption in Ohio, and agree that there is a need for clarification; however, we cannot conclude that there is a need to change the basic rule. There are relatively few instances of cases where there is no evidence to rebut the presumption of non-suicide where the plaintiff prevails as a matter of law on the prima facie case alone. Also, few are the cases where the evidence of the non-accidental nature of the death is so overwhelming that the presumption must be said to be rebutted as a matter of law. The cases generally fall between the two extremes and are the cases of doubt as to the specific means of death. The crux of the question is who shall determine the sufficiency of the evidence produced contrary to the presumption, and whether the presumption has been rebutted — the trial judge, or the jury. This court, by its case law on this subject, has concluded that it must be the trial court, and when it is so determined by the trial court that there has been a sufficiency of evidence adduced to rebut the presumption of non-suicide, the jury should be charged in the normal fashion with no instruction being given concerning the presumption of non-suicide. However, in these types of cases, we conclude it to be reasonable that the trial court may, in its discretion, refer to the improbability of suicide as an inference of fact, based upon the common experience of mankind, and then to give the jury the standard instruction upon inferences.
In the instant case we are not precisely confronted with a claim of a jury being confused by an instruction on the presumption, in that the matter was heard by the court. However, the appellant argues that the trial court utilized the improper standard of review of the evidence. We are unable to accept this argument. The appellant testified as to the violent death of her husband, that she could not open the bedroom door, that she looked in the back window of their bedroom and saw that the chest of drawers had been pulled away from the wall, and that the shotgun which her husband normally kept behind such chest was missing. The police officers and the investigator from the coroner’s office testified as to the location of the body, the nature of the wound, location of the shotgun and the expended shell. There was also testimony as to the mental state of the deceased due to the death of his mother who had been shot by his father and certain acts of the deceased relative to the appellant’s younger sister the evening of the death.
The trial judge, in his opinion, after reviewing all of the above [92]*92evidence before him, stated that he recognized the application of the legal presumption against suicide and for accidental death “when there is no proof as to how it was caused.” However, the trial judge concluded that “the facts cited above and other evidence produced are substantial and credible evidence from which reasonable minds must conclude that decedent committed suicide.”
We conclude that the court of appeals properly determined that there was competent, credible evidence before the trial court to support the decision that appellee had met and overcome the presumption of non-suicide, and had met its burden of showing the existence of facts supporting the exception to the policy. Thus, having sustained its burden as to the proof of suicide upon the claim for the face amount of the policy, it follows that the appellant under the facts adduced did not sustain her burden of proof upon the claim under the provision for the increased indemnity for death by accidental injury.
There is no showing that the trial court did not apply the presumption as well as the proper burden of proof. Based on the foregoing, the judgment of the court of appeals is affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.
Sweeney, Locher, C. Brown, Douglas and Wright, JJ., concur.
Celebrezze, C.J., dissents.