Simpson, C. J.
This action was instituted for the purpose of recovering the value of a one-half interest in the estate of Gottlop Schwank, deceased. A demurrer to the complaint was presented and sustained. Plaintiff appealed to this court.
The pertinent portions of the complaint are as follows:
“I. At all times pertinent to this action, the plaintiff is and has been the daughter of Gottlop Schwank, now deceased. That during his lifetime, the said Gottlop Schwank acknowledged in writing, witnessed by competent witnesses, that plaintiff was his daughter, and the said Gottlop Schwank deposited said writings in his safe deposit box in the First National Bank of Walla Walla, Washington.
“II. In the year of 1920, Gottlop Schwank could not read, write, nor sign his name.
“III. The defendant, Albert E. Schwank, is the son of Gottlop Schwank. The defendant, Albert E. Schwank, falsely secured the probate of a purported will of Gottlop Schwank dated in 1920, and the said defendant fraudulently, surreptitiously, and with intent to defraud plaintiff of her rights as a daughter of Gottlop Schwank, destroyed written statements of Gottlop Schwank that plaintiff was his daughter, and destroyed a will dated 1926 acknowledging plaintiff as his daughter and another will dated in the 1930’s acknowledging plaintiff as his daughter, °and the defendant further destroyed written and witnessed acknowledgements that plaintiff is the daughter of Gottlop Schwank. The plain[288]*288tiff was not named in the instrument admitted to probate in the Superior Court of the State of Washington for Walla Walla County as an heir at law, or in any way mentioned in said will, and by reason thereof is the owner to an undivided one-half of the Gottlop Schwank estate, the real estate of which is described as follows:
[Here follows description.]
In addition to the above described property, there are six hundred and forty (640) acres of property in Umatilla County, Oregon, the description of which will be furnished later. The estate of Gottlop Schwank consisted of the above described real property and the real property in Umatilla County, Oregon and miscellaneous personal property, together with One Hundred Forty-five Thousand Dollars ($145,000.00) cash, and the entire estate was of the value of $500,000.00 (Five Hundred Thousand Dollars).”
Counsel for respondent, in his brief and by a statement made during argument in this court, admitted that the final decree of distribution has been entered. It will be borne in mind that this is not an action to contest a will, but is one to recover property or its value which was obtained by fraudulent means. It is indicated in the complaint that the fraudulent acts of respondent were committed prior to the time he filed the will of 1920 for probate.
The first question to be determined is whether the fraud charged is extrinsic or intrinsic, the reason being that some cases hold that if the fraud be intrinsic no recovery may be had. All cases hold that recovery may be had if the fraud be extrinsic.
Extrinsic fraud is that fraud which denies or prevents a person his opportunity to present at the trial all of .the rights or defenses he is entitled to present.
“It may be stated as a general rule that where the action of the successful party in probate proceedings, in concealing or failing to disclose to the court the existence of a person interested in the estate, amounts to fraud of any kind, and the defrauded person has thereby been prevented from learning of the proceeding or asserting his claim therein, the fraud is extrinsic, rather than intrinsic, and such person is entitled to equitable relief against the decree of the probate court”. 113 A. L. R. 1235.
[289]*289 We are convinced that in this case the fraud alleged amounted to extrinsic fraud. The pleadings in this case set forth facts which demonstrated that respondent held the property belonging to appellant in trust for her use and benefit. This trust arose from the fraudulent acts of respondent and is termed a trust ex maleficio or a constructive. trust.
This court, in Seventh Elect Church in Israel v. First Seattle Dexter Horton Nat. Bank, 162 Wash. 437, 299 Pac. 359, defined the rule as follows:
“Where, for any reason, the legal title to property is placed in one person under such circumstances as to make it inequitable for him to enjoy the beneficial interest, a trust will be implied in favor of the persons entitled thereto. This arises by construction of equity, independently of the intention of the parties. Equity will raise a constructive trust and compel restoration, where one through actual fraud, abuse of confidence reposed and accepted, or through other questionable means, gains something for himself which, in equity and good conscience, he should not be permitted to hold. [Citing cases.]”
A classic definition of a trust ex maleficio or constructive trust was stated by Judge Cardozo in the following language:
“A constructive trust is the formula through which the conscience of equity finds expression. When property has been acquired in such circumstances that the holder of the legal title may not in good conscience retain the beneficial interest, equity converts him into a trustee.” Beatty v. Guggenheim Exploration Co., 225 N. Y. 380, 122 N. E. 378.
The facts in Brazil v. Silva, 181 Cal. 490, 185 Pac. 174, were: The sole distributee under a will, fraudulently pretended to testator that the will was in an envelope which she burned when he requested her to destroy the will. After the death of the testator, the defendant probated the will which bequeathed the property to her. The supreme court of California held that the distributee held the property under a constructive trust for the other heirs. In speaking of the wrongdoer, the court said:
[290]*290“In such a case equity will not permit him to have safe shelter under the formal requirements of the law, either statutory or other. It follows that the complaint in this case states a cause of action and the demurrer cannot be sustained on that ground.” ;
It was proven in Patterson v. Dickinson, 193 Fed. 328, that the wife of the defendant died in Missouri. He produced a will to be admitted to probate in Missouri, where the plaintiffs, who were the wife’s brothers and sisters, started an action to have the will set aside. The defendant then went to California where some of the property was located and had the will admitted to probate, and there obtained a decree of distribution without disclosing the pending action in Missouri. The plaintiffs were successful in their suit to have the will set aside, and in the Federal case asked to have the defendant declared a constructive trustee. The court in deciding the case said:
“ ‘Where a probate is obtained by fraud, equity may declare the executor or other person deriving title under it a trustee for the party defrauded.’ [Pomeroy’s Eq. Jur., § 919.]”
In Gaines v. Chew, 43 U. S. 597, 11 L. Ed. 402, it appears that the testator had executed a will in 1811. The defendants were executors under that will and, with other defendants, had taken thereunder. The will was probated after the death of the testator in 1813.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
Simpson, C. J.
This action was instituted for the purpose of recovering the value of a one-half interest in the estate of Gottlop Schwank, deceased. A demurrer to the complaint was presented and sustained. Plaintiff appealed to this court.
The pertinent portions of the complaint are as follows:
“I. At all times pertinent to this action, the plaintiff is and has been the daughter of Gottlop Schwank, now deceased. That during his lifetime, the said Gottlop Schwank acknowledged in writing, witnessed by competent witnesses, that plaintiff was his daughter, and the said Gottlop Schwank deposited said writings in his safe deposit box in the First National Bank of Walla Walla, Washington.
“II. In the year of 1920, Gottlop Schwank could not read, write, nor sign his name.
“III. The defendant, Albert E. Schwank, is the son of Gottlop Schwank. The defendant, Albert E. Schwank, falsely secured the probate of a purported will of Gottlop Schwank dated in 1920, and the said defendant fraudulently, surreptitiously, and with intent to defraud plaintiff of her rights as a daughter of Gottlop Schwank, destroyed written statements of Gottlop Schwank that plaintiff was his daughter, and destroyed a will dated 1926 acknowledging plaintiff as his daughter and another will dated in the 1930’s acknowledging plaintiff as his daughter, °and the defendant further destroyed written and witnessed acknowledgements that plaintiff is the daughter of Gottlop Schwank. The plain[288]*288tiff was not named in the instrument admitted to probate in the Superior Court of the State of Washington for Walla Walla County as an heir at law, or in any way mentioned in said will, and by reason thereof is the owner to an undivided one-half of the Gottlop Schwank estate, the real estate of which is described as follows:
[Here follows description.]
In addition to the above described property, there are six hundred and forty (640) acres of property in Umatilla County, Oregon, the description of which will be furnished later. The estate of Gottlop Schwank consisted of the above described real property and the real property in Umatilla County, Oregon and miscellaneous personal property, together with One Hundred Forty-five Thousand Dollars ($145,000.00) cash, and the entire estate was of the value of $500,000.00 (Five Hundred Thousand Dollars).”
Counsel for respondent, in his brief and by a statement made during argument in this court, admitted that the final decree of distribution has been entered. It will be borne in mind that this is not an action to contest a will, but is one to recover property or its value which was obtained by fraudulent means. It is indicated in the complaint that the fraudulent acts of respondent were committed prior to the time he filed the will of 1920 for probate.
The first question to be determined is whether the fraud charged is extrinsic or intrinsic, the reason being that some cases hold that if the fraud be intrinsic no recovery may be had. All cases hold that recovery may be had if the fraud be extrinsic.
Extrinsic fraud is that fraud which denies or prevents a person his opportunity to present at the trial all of .the rights or defenses he is entitled to present.
“It may be stated as a general rule that where the action of the successful party in probate proceedings, in concealing or failing to disclose to the court the existence of a person interested in the estate, amounts to fraud of any kind, and the defrauded person has thereby been prevented from learning of the proceeding or asserting his claim therein, the fraud is extrinsic, rather than intrinsic, and such person is entitled to equitable relief against the decree of the probate court”. 113 A. L. R. 1235.
[289]*289 We are convinced that in this case the fraud alleged amounted to extrinsic fraud. The pleadings in this case set forth facts which demonstrated that respondent held the property belonging to appellant in trust for her use and benefit. This trust arose from the fraudulent acts of respondent and is termed a trust ex maleficio or a constructive. trust.
This court, in Seventh Elect Church in Israel v. First Seattle Dexter Horton Nat. Bank, 162 Wash. 437, 299 Pac. 359, defined the rule as follows:
“Where, for any reason, the legal title to property is placed in one person under such circumstances as to make it inequitable for him to enjoy the beneficial interest, a trust will be implied in favor of the persons entitled thereto. This arises by construction of equity, independently of the intention of the parties. Equity will raise a constructive trust and compel restoration, where one through actual fraud, abuse of confidence reposed and accepted, or through other questionable means, gains something for himself which, in equity and good conscience, he should not be permitted to hold. [Citing cases.]”
A classic definition of a trust ex maleficio or constructive trust was stated by Judge Cardozo in the following language:
“A constructive trust is the formula through which the conscience of equity finds expression. When property has been acquired in such circumstances that the holder of the legal title may not in good conscience retain the beneficial interest, equity converts him into a trustee.” Beatty v. Guggenheim Exploration Co., 225 N. Y. 380, 122 N. E. 378.
The facts in Brazil v. Silva, 181 Cal. 490, 185 Pac. 174, were: The sole distributee under a will, fraudulently pretended to testator that the will was in an envelope which she burned when he requested her to destroy the will. After the death of the testator, the defendant probated the will which bequeathed the property to her. The supreme court of California held that the distributee held the property under a constructive trust for the other heirs. In speaking of the wrongdoer, the court said:
[290]*290“In such a case equity will not permit him to have safe shelter under the formal requirements of the law, either statutory or other. It follows that the complaint in this case states a cause of action and the demurrer cannot be sustained on that ground.” ;
It was proven in Patterson v. Dickinson, 193 Fed. 328, that the wife of the defendant died in Missouri. He produced a will to be admitted to probate in Missouri, where the plaintiffs, who were the wife’s brothers and sisters, started an action to have the will set aside. The defendant then went to California where some of the property was located and had the will admitted to probate, and there obtained a decree of distribution without disclosing the pending action in Missouri. The plaintiffs were successful in their suit to have the will set aside, and in the Federal case asked to have the defendant declared a constructive trustee. The court in deciding the case said:
“ ‘Where a probate is obtained by fraud, equity may declare the executor or other person deriving title under it a trustee for the party defrauded.’ [Pomeroy’s Eq. Jur., § 919.]”
In Gaines v. Chew, 43 U. S. 597, 11 L. Ed. 402, it appears that the testator had executed a will in 1811. The defendants were executors under that will and, with other defendants, had taken thereunder. The will was probated after the death of the testator in 1813. Just previous to his death, he executed a second will, revoking in law the first, in which he declared the plaintiff his daughter and left her the bulk of his estate. The plaintiff did not learn of her true parentage - until 1832. In 1836 she instituted this action, alleging fraud by the defendants in the suppression of the second will and in effecting the probate of the first one. The court held that:
“One man possesses himself wrongfully and fraudulently of the property of another; in equity, he holds such property in trust, for the rightful owner.”
The case expressly held that courts of equity have jurisdiction to remedy such a wrong where an action at law would [291]*291not give proper relief. The court further held that it was not necessary to probate the will of 1813, or to revoke the will of 1811 to give relief.
We are of the opinion that the complaint stated a cause of action.
The judgment will therefore be reversed, with instructions to overrule the demurrer and to then take such, proceedings as may be proper.
Beals, Robinson, Mallery, Grady, and Hamley, JJ., concur.