COZORT, Judge.
This case involves an action by a corporation to enforce an oral promise made by an individual to take over her son’s debt to the corporation. Ebb Corporation, plaintiff herein, is a company whose stock is totally owned by B. R. Evans, an individual. Ebb Corporation is the parent company of Dare Concrete. Jimmy God-win is the president and manager of Dare Concrete. Nancy Glid-den, defendant herein, is the mother of Bobby Gale Glidden, a debtor of Dare Concrete.
In February of 1984, Dare Concrete began supplying, on a thirty-day account, ready-mix concrete to Bobby Gale Glidden, the sole proprietor of First Flight Concrete. By May 1984, this account was $15,000 to $18,000 past due.
According to plaintiffs evidence, Dare Concrete was preparing to turn Bobby Gale Glidden’s account over to its attorneys for collection when the defendant intervened and convinced the plaintiff to forbear by orally promising that she would make good any debts incurred by First Flight if plaintiff would abandon its planned course and continue to do business with her son. Plaintiff agreed, subject to the condition that the defendant or her son make some effort to begin to bring the delinquent account current. A $3,000 check, drawn on Wachovia Bank, paid for out of the defendant’s personal funds, was applied to First Flight’s debt on 2 November 1984. The plaintiff then resumed doing business with Bobby Gale Glidden, d/b/a First Flight, but only on a cash-on-delivery basis, with the cash discount amount being applied toward the reduction of the original debt. Soon after, however, [368]*368Bobby Gale Glidden filed a petition of bankruptcy without having paid the full amount due Dare Concrete. The defendant denied ever making an oral promise to be responsible for the account.
The case was tried without a jury. Judge James D. Llewellyn entered judgment for the plaintiffs for $18,357.89 on 3 September 1986, after finding that the oral contract was supported by adequate consideration and concluding that the oral contract was not in violation of the statute of frauds. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 22-1. Defendant appeals. We affirm.
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 22-1 provides in pertinent part:
No action shall be brought whereby ... to charge any defendant upon a special promise to answer the debt, default or miscarriage of another person, unless the agreement upon which such action shall be brought, or some memorandum or note thereof, shall be in writing, and signed by the party charged therewith or some other person thereunto by him lawfully authorized.
Defendant contends that, even if plaintiffs evidence is taken as true, the oral promise of defendant was a contract of guaranty which, to be enforceable, must be in writing, in accordance with N.C. Gen. Stat. § 22-1. Plaintiff contends that the oral contract was a separate and enforceable agreement between defendant and plaintiff.
Interpreting this portion of the statute of frauds, which is in force in many jurisdictions, has caused courts much difficulty. See generally 72 Am. Jur. 2d Statute of Frauds §§ 179-197 (1974). Chief Justice Stacy opined for our Supreme Court that the question of when a writing was required to enforce the promise of an individual to pay the debt of another was not a novel one, but was “old and vexatious” with decisions “hopelessly in conflict.” Newbern v. Fisher, 198 N.C. 385, 386, 151 S.E. 875, 876 (1930) (citations omitted). The court continued:
The only uniformity found among the decisions relates to a matter of terminology. The “special promise,” mentioned in the statute, is regarded as meaning an express promise, and contracts held to be outside the statute, and, therefore, unaffected by it, are usually termed “original” or “independent,” [369]*369while those which fall within its provisions are spoken of as “collateral.”
Id. Simply put, if “[t]he cause of action alleged in the complaint is based upon an original promise of defendant to pay . . . [it] does not come within the provisions of the statute, G.S. 22-1, and is not required to be in writing and signed.” Pegram-West v. Insurance Co., 231 N.C. 277, 282, 56 S.E. 2d 607, 611 (1949) (citation omitted). Thus, an original promise is viewed as one between the party promising indemnification and the creditor. In other words, the creditor is being told to substitute the new promisor for the original debtor and look instead to the new promisor for satisfaction of the obligation. The difficulty is in determining into which category, original or collateral, a certain promise fits. Dozier v. Wood, 208 N.C. 414, 416, 181 S.E. 336, 337 (1935). Once the promise is properly categorized, the question of whether a writing is required is easily answered.
As with all forms of contract, the bargaining parties’ intent is key. What they meant to accomplish with their promises and exchange of consideration governs whether a promise was original and direct or, on the other hand, collateral to the first promise. A reading of the cases indicates that such determination, perhaps because of its difficulty, is generally left to the trier of fact. Id. “Where the intent [of the parties] is doubtful, the solution usually lies in summoning the aid of a jury.” Goldsmith v. Erwin, 183 F. 2d 432, 435 (1950); see Annot., 20 A.L.R. 2d 240, 244 and 253 (1951). See also, New Amsterdam Casualty Co. v. Waller, 233 N.C. 536, 64 S.E. 2d 826 (1951).
In the case below, Judge Llewellyn found as fact:
6) At the end of June, 1984, Jimmy Godwin went to talk to Bobby Glidden at the place of business for Ocean Island, Inc., which business was owned or operated by the defendant, Nancy Glidden, and Nancy Glidden’s husband.
7) That during the conversation with the defendant, Jimmy Godwin was assured by the defendant, Nancy Glidden, that if he would not turn the past due account over to his attorneys and not cut her son off from further deliveries of ready mixed concrete, she would insure that the account would be paid in full.
[370]*3708)That Jimmy Godwin’s employer, Mr. E. R. Evans, owner of Ebb Corporation, said that if Nancy Glidden would stand for the bill, credit would be extended to Bobby Glid-den.
9) That at a later time near the end of the month of June, 1984, Mr. E. R. Evans, owner of Ebb Corporation, went to speak to Mrs. Glidden about the past due account and he was assured that he need not worry about the account; that she would pay the account.
10) That for some time thereafter up to September of 1984 concrete was delivered to Bobby G. Glidden based upon the defendant, Nancy Glidden’s, assurance to the plaintiff that the account would be paid and satisfied in full.
11) That in September 1984, Mrs. Glidden was again approached about the past due account by Jimmy Godwin, and sometime after that a check in the amount of $3,000.00 written on a check procurred [sic] by the defendant, Nancy Glidden, from her personal funds was sent to the plaintiff to apply to the account.
From the above factual findings, the trial court made the following conclusions of law:
1) That the oral promise by Nancy Glidden to pay the debt of her son, Bobby G.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
COZORT, Judge.
This case involves an action by a corporation to enforce an oral promise made by an individual to take over her son’s debt to the corporation. Ebb Corporation, plaintiff herein, is a company whose stock is totally owned by B. R. Evans, an individual. Ebb Corporation is the parent company of Dare Concrete. Jimmy God-win is the president and manager of Dare Concrete. Nancy Glid-den, defendant herein, is the mother of Bobby Gale Glidden, a debtor of Dare Concrete.
In February of 1984, Dare Concrete began supplying, on a thirty-day account, ready-mix concrete to Bobby Gale Glidden, the sole proprietor of First Flight Concrete. By May 1984, this account was $15,000 to $18,000 past due.
According to plaintiffs evidence, Dare Concrete was preparing to turn Bobby Gale Glidden’s account over to its attorneys for collection when the defendant intervened and convinced the plaintiff to forbear by orally promising that she would make good any debts incurred by First Flight if plaintiff would abandon its planned course and continue to do business with her son. Plaintiff agreed, subject to the condition that the defendant or her son make some effort to begin to bring the delinquent account current. A $3,000 check, drawn on Wachovia Bank, paid for out of the defendant’s personal funds, was applied to First Flight’s debt on 2 November 1984. The plaintiff then resumed doing business with Bobby Gale Glidden, d/b/a First Flight, but only on a cash-on-delivery basis, with the cash discount amount being applied toward the reduction of the original debt. Soon after, however, [368]*368Bobby Gale Glidden filed a petition of bankruptcy without having paid the full amount due Dare Concrete. The defendant denied ever making an oral promise to be responsible for the account.
The case was tried without a jury. Judge James D. Llewellyn entered judgment for the plaintiffs for $18,357.89 on 3 September 1986, after finding that the oral contract was supported by adequate consideration and concluding that the oral contract was not in violation of the statute of frauds. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 22-1. Defendant appeals. We affirm.
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 22-1 provides in pertinent part:
No action shall be brought whereby ... to charge any defendant upon a special promise to answer the debt, default or miscarriage of another person, unless the agreement upon which such action shall be brought, or some memorandum or note thereof, shall be in writing, and signed by the party charged therewith or some other person thereunto by him lawfully authorized.
Defendant contends that, even if plaintiffs evidence is taken as true, the oral promise of defendant was a contract of guaranty which, to be enforceable, must be in writing, in accordance with N.C. Gen. Stat. § 22-1. Plaintiff contends that the oral contract was a separate and enforceable agreement between defendant and plaintiff.
Interpreting this portion of the statute of frauds, which is in force in many jurisdictions, has caused courts much difficulty. See generally 72 Am. Jur. 2d Statute of Frauds §§ 179-197 (1974). Chief Justice Stacy opined for our Supreme Court that the question of when a writing was required to enforce the promise of an individual to pay the debt of another was not a novel one, but was “old and vexatious” with decisions “hopelessly in conflict.” Newbern v. Fisher, 198 N.C. 385, 386, 151 S.E. 875, 876 (1930) (citations omitted). The court continued:
The only uniformity found among the decisions relates to a matter of terminology. The “special promise,” mentioned in the statute, is regarded as meaning an express promise, and contracts held to be outside the statute, and, therefore, unaffected by it, are usually termed “original” or “independent,” [369]*369while those which fall within its provisions are spoken of as “collateral.”
Id. Simply put, if “[t]he cause of action alleged in the complaint is based upon an original promise of defendant to pay . . . [it] does not come within the provisions of the statute, G.S. 22-1, and is not required to be in writing and signed.” Pegram-West v. Insurance Co., 231 N.C. 277, 282, 56 S.E. 2d 607, 611 (1949) (citation omitted). Thus, an original promise is viewed as one between the party promising indemnification and the creditor. In other words, the creditor is being told to substitute the new promisor for the original debtor and look instead to the new promisor for satisfaction of the obligation. The difficulty is in determining into which category, original or collateral, a certain promise fits. Dozier v. Wood, 208 N.C. 414, 416, 181 S.E. 336, 337 (1935). Once the promise is properly categorized, the question of whether a writing is required is easily answered.
As with all forms of contract, the bargaining parties’ intent is key. What they meant to accomplish with their promises and exchange of consideration governs whether a promise was original and direct or, on the other hand, collateral to the first promise. A reading of the cases indicates that such determination, perhaps because of its difficulty, is generally left to the trier of fact. Id. “Where the intent [of the parties] is doubtful, the solution usually lies in summoning the aid of a jury.” Goldsmith v. Erwin, 183 F. 2d 432, 435 (1950); see Annot., 20 A.L.R. 2d 240, 244 and 253 (1951). See also, New Amsterdam Casualty Co. v. Waller, 233 N.C. 536, 64 S.E. 2d 826 (1951).
In the case below, Judge Llewellyn found as fact:
6) At the end of June, 1984, Jimmy Godwin went to talk to Bobby Glidden at the place of business for Ocean Island, Inc., which business was owned or operated by the defendant, Nancy Glidden, and Nancy Glidden’s husband.
7) That during the conversation with the defendant, Jimmy Godwin was assured by the defendant, Nancy Glidden, that if he would not turn the past due account over to his attorneys and not cut her son off from further deliveries of ready mixed concrete, she would insure that the account would be paid in full.
[370]*3708)That Jimmy Godwin’s employer, Mr. E. R. Evans, owner of Ebb Corporation, said that if Nancy Glidden would stand for the bill, credit would be extended to Bobby Glid-den.
9) That at a later time near the end of the month of June, 1984, Mr. E. R. Evans, owner of Ebb Corporation, went to speak to Mrs. Glidden about the past due account and he was assured that he need not worry about the account; that she would pay the account.
10) That for some time thereafter up to September of 1984 concrete was delivered to Bobby G. Glidden based upon the defendant, Nancy Glidden’s, assurance to the plaintiff that the account would be paid and satisfied in full.
11) That in September 1984, Mrs. Glidden was again approached about the past due account by Jimmy Godwin, and sometime after that a check in the amount of $3,000.00 written on a check procurred [sic] by the defendant, Nancy Glidden, from her personal funds was sent to the plaintiff to apply to the account.
From the above factual findings, the trial court made the following conclusions of law:
1) That the oral promise by Nancy Glidden to pay the debt of her son, Bobby G. Glidden, with Ebb Corporation (Dare Concrete, Inc.) and the acceptance of that promise and forebearance [sic] of litigation and extension of credit worked to form a valid enforceable contract at law.
2) That said oral contract was enforceable and not in violation of the Statute of Frauds in that defendant, Nancy Glidden, had a direct, immediate and pecuniary interest in the transactions between the plaintiff and Bobby G. Glidden.
We find that the evidence here fully supports the crucial facts found by the trial court.
Godwin and Evans testified that Mrs. Glidden bargained to keep collection personnel away from her son. In exchange therefor, she promised that plaintiff would be paid. Findings of fact that are supported by competent evidence are conclusive on ap[371]*371peal. Transit, Inc. v. Casualty Co., 285 N.C. 541, 547, 206 S.E. 2d 155, 159 (1974).
“[W]here there is some new and original consideration of benefit or harm moving between the party to whom the debt to be paid is due, and the party making the promise to pay the same, such case is not within the statute [of frauds] . . . .” Whitehurst v. Hyman, 90 N.C. 487, 489 (1884). As Professor Farns-worth stated in his treatise on contracts:
Like other provisions of the statute, the suretyship provision serves an evidentiary function. Indeed Williston suggested that the circumstance that “the promisor has received no benefit from the transaction . . . may make perjury more likely, because while in the case of one who has received something the circumstances themselves which are capable of proof show probable liability, in the case of a guaranty nothing but the promise is of evidentiary value.”
E. Allan Farnsworth, Contracts, 379 (1982). Here the trial judge, sitting as trier of fact, found that adequate consideration passed between the parties when Nancy Glidden promised to take over her son’s debt in exchange for the creditor’s agreement not to pursue its legal remedy. Thus, the evil against which the statute is designed to protect is absent because the defendant, Nancy Glidden, received consideration.
“When . . . the promisor has a personal, immediate, and pecuniary interest in the transaction in which the third party is the original obligor, the courts will always give effect to the promise as an original and direct promise to pay.” Waller, 233 N.C. at 538-39, 64 S.E. 2d at 828 (emphasis added). But, when the question is as here, a closer one, the trier of fact must decide if the obligation undertaken was original and direct and a writing required. See Annot., 20 A.L.R. 2d 240, 253 (1951); 13 A.L.R. 4th 1153,1167 (1982). In this case the trier of fact has decided that the obligation was a direct one; there is competent evidence to support that finding. Therefore, the decision of the trial court is
Affirmed.
Judge MARTIN concurs.
Judge Becton dissents.