The opinion of the court was delivered by
JOHNSTON, J.:
The Dwelling-House Insurance Company, of Massachusetts, and the Western Home Insurance Company, of Iowa, are engaged in the transaction of insurance business, and for some time prior to March 1, 1888, had been authorized to do and were doing business in the state of Kansas. At that time the companies applied to the superintendent of insurance for a renewal of authority and license to continue [566]*566business within the state, but the application was refused. These proceedings were then instituted, in which each insurance company seeks to compel the superintendent of insurance to issue to it a license authorizing it to transact business within the state during the present year. The allegations of the petitions and the"ends sought are substantially the same in both cases, and they may therefore be considered and disposed of together.
The plaintiffs set forth that they are solvent insurance companies, and have transacted business to the satisfaction of their policyholders and of the public generally; that they have made compliance with every statutory regulation and rule of the insurance department applicable to them and essential to granting them permission to continue their business in Kansas; but, notwithstanding all these things, the superintendent of insurance has denied their application and refused to grant the authority asked. As these facts are admitted by the demurrers, the only question arising in the case is, can the courts compel the performance of this act or duty by mandamus f
It is said on the one side that the legislature has prescribed the conditions upon which insurance companies may do business in the state, and when those conditions are complied with it is the.official duty of the superintendent to grant the authority; and that this duty is only ministerial, and its performance may be enforced in the proper tribunal. The contention on the other side is, that the duty involves an exercise of judgment and discretion on the part of the superintendent which cannot be exercised, reviewed or controlled by any other officer or tribunal. The question arises, What are the functions of the superintendent, and the nature of the duty or act he was asked to perform ? By chapter 93 of the laws of 1871 an insurance department was created, and rules prescribed in relation to insurance and insurance companies doing business in the state. Provision was made for the appointment of a superintendent, giving him “the sole and exclusive charge of and control over said insurance department.”
[567]*567In the act relating to state officers it is provided that the superintendent of insurance “shall be charged with the execution of all laws now in force, or which may hereafter be passed, in relation to insurance and insurance companies doing business in the state of Kansas.” In the act relating to insurance, foreign corporations are prohibited from transacting any business of insurance in the state without first obtaining from the superintendent of insurance a certificate of authority for that purpose; and they are forbidden to engage in the business unless they have the requisite amount of capital, and shall observe and conform to other requirements therein detailed. (Comp. Laws of 1885, ch. 50a, § 41.)
In § 39 of the same act, an annual statement is required to be made to the superintendent of insurance, to enable that officer to determine the solvency of the company, the character aud extent of its business, as well as the methods upon which it is conducted.
In § 7, it is provided that whenever the superintendent shall have reason to suspect the correctness of an annual statement made by an insurance company, or that its affairs are in an unsound condition, he may investigate the same; and if he deems it to be for the interest of the public he is authorized by § 8 to publish the result of the investigation in some newspaper of general circulation in the state. Whenever it appears to the superintendent from an examination that the assets of the company are insufficient, he is authorized to institute an action to dissolve the insurance company or to enjoin it from transacting any further business. (Sec. 9.)
By §11, it is enacted that whenever it shall appear to the superintendent of insurance, from any satisfactory evidence, that the affairs of any admitted company not organized under the laws of the state are in an unsound condition, he shall revoke the authority granted to such company and cause public notice to be given of such revocation.
By § 17, it is provided that insurance companies shall pay to the state certain fees therein prescribed, and for a neglect or refusal of a company to pay such fees the superintendent [568]*568may revoke the authority or license granted to such company. Provision is also made that before a foreign fire insurance company is permitted to engage in insurance business within the state, it shall have on deposit assets or securities for the protection of its policyholders, the amount to be measured by the liabilities of the company; and the superintendent is to determine the value of the assets and the extent of the liabilities. (Secs. 58a, 586, 58c.)
These, and other provisions of the statute relating to insurance and to the superintendent of insurance, clearly show that many of the duties of that officer are discretionary; and this is especially true regarding the granting, withholding, or revoking of authority to insurers to transact business withiu the state. One of the principal objects of the act creating the insurance department and the office of superintendent, is the protection of the insured by excluding from the state such companies as are unsound and irresponsible. To accomplish this, large powers and considerable discretion must necessarily be lodged with some one. The legislature has placed the execution of the insurance law and the conduct of the department in the control of the superintendent. From the provisions referred to, it will be seen that he is to determine the character and responsibility of an applying company, or of one already admitted, if there is reason to suspect that it is in an unsound condition. To do this, rigid examinations are authorized, and other safeguards provided. The legislature has prescribed the standards by which an insurance company is to be admitted, or allowed to continue business after admission; but whether the companies come up to those standards or requirements, is to be determined by the superintendent. He is intrusted with the exclusive control of the department. It is he who values their assets and investigates their condition. He examines the evidence of fair dealing or fraud on their part; and it is he alone who must be satisfied before a license is granted. On evidence satisfactory to him, a license may be revoked; and, indeed, every one of these steps in granting, refusing, or revoking the authority of in[569]*569surers, involves the exercise of discretion and judgment, which is vested in the superintendent alone. No appeal from ' his determination is given, nor any power of review in any other officer or tribunal recognized in the law. When we find from the examination of the statutes that official discretion and judgment are involved in the determination of the superintendent of insurance, and that he has acted upon the application made, the end of the inquiry is reached so far as the present proceedings are concerned. It is well settled that °notcVntioiied1 "by mandamus.
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The opinion of the court was delivered by
JOHNSTON, J.:
The Dwelling-House Insurance Company, of Massachusetts, and the Western Home Insurance Company, of Iowa, are engaged in the transaction of insurance business, and for some time prior to March 1, 1888, had been authorized to do and were doing business in the state of Kansas. At that time the companies applied to the superintendent of insurance for a renewal of authority and license to continue [566]*566business within the state, but the application was refused. These proceedings were then instituted, in which each insurance company seeks to compel the superintendent of insurance to issue to it a license authorizing it to transact business within the state during the present year. The allegations of the petitions and the"ends sought are substantially the same in both cases, and they may therefore be considered and disposed of together.
The plaintiffs set forth that they are solvent insurance companies, and have transacted business to the satisfaction of their policyholders and of the public generally; that they have made compliance with every statutory regulation and rule of the insurance department applicable to them and essential to granting them permission to continue their business in Kansas; but, notwithstanding all these things, the superintendent of insurance has denied their application and refused to grant the authority asked. As these facts are admitted by the demurrers, the only question arising in the case is, can the courts compel the performance of this act or duty by mandamus f
It is said on the one side that the legislature has prescribed the conditions upon which insurance companies may do business in the state, and when those conditions are complied with it is the.official duty of the superintendent to grant the authority; and that this duty is only ministerial, and its performance may be enforced in the proper tribunal. The contention on the other side is, that the duty involves an exercise of judgment and discretion on the part of the superintendent which cannot be exercised, reviewed or controlled by any other officer or tribunal. The question arises, What are the functions of the superintendent, and the nature of the duty or act he was asked to perform ? By chapter 93 of the laws of 1871 an insurance department was created, and rules prescribed in relation to insurance and insurance companies doing business in the state. Provision was made for the appointment of a superintendent, giving him “the sole and exclusive charge of and control over said insurance department.”
[567]*567In the act relating to state officers it is provided that the superintendent of insurance “shall be charged with the execution of all laws now in force, or which may hereafter be passed, in relation to insurance and insurance companies doing business in the state of Kansas.” In the act relating to insurance, foreign corporations are prohibited from transacting any business of insurance in the state without first obtaining from the superintendent of insurance a certificate of authority for that purpose; and they are forbidden to engage in the business unless they have the requisite amount of capital, and shall observe and conform to other requirements therein detailed. (Comp. Laws of 1885, ch. 50a, § 41.)
In § 39 of the same act, an annual statement is required to be made to the superintendent of insurance, to enable that officer to determine the solvency of the company, the character aud extent of its business, as well as the methods upon which it is conducted.
In § 7, it is provided that whenever the superintendent shall have reason to suspect the correctness of an annual statement made by an insurance company, or that its affairs are in an unsound condition, he may investigate the same; and if he deems it to be for the interest of the public he is authorized by § 8 to publish the result of the investigation in some newspaper of general circulation in the state. Whenever it appears to the superintendent from an examination that the assets of the company are insufficient, he is authorized to institute an action to dissolve the insurance company or to enjoin it from transacting any further business. (Sec. 9.)
By §11, it is enacted that whenever it shall appear to the superintendent of insurance, from any satisfactory evidence, that the affairs of any admitted company not organized under the laws of the state are in an unsound condition, he shall revoke the authority granted to such company and cause public notice to be given of such revocation.
By § 17, it is provided that insurance companies shall pay to the state certain fees therein prescribed, and for a neglect or refusal of a company to pay such fees the superintendent [568]*568may revoke the authority or license granted to such company. Provision is also made that before a foreign fire insurance company is permitted to engage in insurance business within the state, it shall have on deposit assets or securities for the protection of its policyholders, the amount to be measured by the liabilities of the company; and the superintendent is to determine the value of the assets and the extent of the liabilities. (Secs. 58a, 586, 58c.)
These, and other provisions of the statute relating to insurance and to the superintendent of insurance, clearly show that many of the duties of that officer are discretionary; and this is especially true regarding the granting, withholding, or revoking of authority to insurers to transact business withiu the state. One of the principal objects of the act creating the insurance department and the office of superintendent, is the protection of the insured by excluding from the state such companies as are unsound and irresponsible. To accomplish this, large powers and considerable discretion must necessarily be lodged with some one. The legislature has placed the execution of the insurance law and the conduct of the department in the control of the superintendent. From the provisions referred to, it will be seen that he is to determine the character and responsibility of an applying company, or of one already admitted, if there is reason to suspect that it is in an unsound condition. To do this, rigid examinations are authorized, and other safeguards provided. The legislature has prescribed the standards by which an insurance company is to be admitted, or allowed to continue business after admission; but whether the companies come up to those standards or requirements, is to be determined by the superintendent. He is intrusted with the exclusive control of the department. It is he who values their assets and investigates their condition. He examines the evidence of fair dealing or fraud on their part; and it is he alone who must be satisfied before a license is granted. On evidence satisfactory to him, a license may be revoked; and, indeed, every one of these steps in granting, refusing, or revoking the authority of in[569]*569surers, involves the exercise of discretion and judgment, which is vested in the superintendent alone. No appeal from ' his determination is given, nor any power of review in any other officer or tribunal recognized in the law. When we find from the examination of the statutes that official discretion and judgment are involved in the determination of the superintendent of insurance, and that he has acted upon the application made, the end of the inquiry is reached so far as the present proceedings are concerned. It is well settled that °notcVntioiied1 "by mandamus. mandamus will not lie to compel an officer to per-form an act or duty which necessarily calls for , J . the exercise of judgment and discretion. “The only acts of public functionaries which the courts ever attempt to control by either injunction or mcmdamus, are such acts only as are in their nature strictly ministerial; and a ministerial act is one which a public officer or agent is required to perform upon a given state of facts, in a prescribed manner, in obedience to the mandate of legal authority, and without regard to his own judgment or opinion concerning the propriety or impropriety of the act to be performed.” (Martin, Governor, v. Ingham, 38 Kas. 651; High’s Extr. Legal Rem., § 24.)
The case of Phœnix Insurance Co. v. Welch, 29 Kas. 676, is referred to as sustaining the right of the plaintiffs to the remedy of mandamus. The court was there considering the validity of a law the operation of which depended upon a contingency. An action was brought to recover from the insurance company certain fees prescribed by what is known as the “retaliatory statute.” It was argued that the law was incomplete when it came from the hands of the legislature; that its operation depended upon the action of a foreign state and the superintendent of insurance, and was therefore invalid. The court in meeting the objection, held that the rule regulating the fees to be collected was fixed by the legislature in the act challenged, and not by the superintendent. It was stated in the opinion that “ it is not left to the state superintendent to determine what the rule shall be. His duty is simply to as[570]*570certain the facts and apply the rule. He may not arbitrarily 'determine upon what condition the plaintiff may enter this state. He can only enforce the condition which the legislature has imposed.” The question whether the determination of the superintendent involved official discretion was not in the mind of the court when that language was used; but only whether the superintendent of insurance had been delegated or was exercising legislative power by prescribing the conditions under which insurance companies might enter the state. It is true, as there stated, that the legislature has fixed the conditions upon which insurance companies may do business in the state, and that the superintendent is without authority to impose any other. It is true, also, that certain rules have been laid down to govern the superintendent in determining whether the conditions imposed have. been complied with. But after he has applied these rules to the facts in the case, it still remains for him to officially judge or determine whether the conditions exist. The superintendent has no right to discriminate in favor of one company and against another of the same character and standing, nor to arbitrarily and capriciously exclude any company from the state. He is expected to honestly investigate and determine under the rules furnished for his guidance whether the conditions and requirements of the legislature have been complied with. But when he acts, and the determination is reached calling for the exercise of official judgment, the motives which actuated him are not open to inquiry in the action of mandamus. If the action of the superintendent of insurance was erroneous, unjust, or corrupt, the party aggrieved is not without a remedy. The legislature has provided one which is both ample and speedy, where it empowers the governor, whenever he shall become satisfied that the superintendent is inefficient, incompetent, or neglectful of his duties, or that he is corrupt or dishonest in the discharge of his duties, to remove him from office and fill the vacancy by the appointment of another. (Comp. Laws of 1885, ch. 102, §110.)
It follows from the conclusions we have reached that the [571]*571remedy of mandamus is not open to the plaintiffs, and that the peremptory writs must be denied.
All the Justices concurring.