The opinion of the court was delivered hy
Reavis, C. J.
Suit to recover upon unpaid subscription to the capital stock of a corporation. Plaintiff recovered judgment against the corporation defendant, C. A. Lundy & Co., in an action at law, execution was issued thereon, the property of the corporation exhausted, and the execution returned, with the sum of $2,126.12 unsatisfied. Thereupon plaintiff commenced the present action to recover from the defendants E. M. Rauch and C. A. Lundy the remainder of the judgment. Rauch and Lundy, when the corporation was formed, subscribed for the entire capital stock, in the sum of $50,000, each subscribing for $25,000 thereof. The complaint alleges these facts, and also that Lundy and Rauch were the managers of the corporation since its formation; that each had paid on his subscription the sum of $12,500; that there was due from each on his subscription the sum of $12,500; that the corporation has no assets or property excepting the [622]*622unpaid subscription of the defendants Rauch and Lundy,; and plaintiff concludes with a prayer for judgment against defendants Rauch and Lundy for the sum unpaid. Defendants Rauch and the corporation answered jointly, and alleged that it was agreed between the corporators defendant that property and money be accepted as payment in full for all the capital stock of the corporation, and alleging that property was so conveyed in payment of the whole stock subscription, and alleged the insolvency of the corporation at the commencement of plaintiff’s action, and knowledge to pjaintiff of such insolvency. After denying the subscription in writing for the whole capital stock, and stating that it was oral, defendants, by amended answer, set up supplementary matter that, in an action brought subsequently to the present action, wherein defendant Rauch was plaintiff and the corporation O. A. Lundy & Oo. was defendant, the corporation was adjudged insolvent, and one H. M. Beach appointed receiver thereof, and that Beach accepted the appointment. Plaintiff replied to the amended and supplemental answer, denying knowledge sufficient to form a belief. While the cause was pending, and prior to its final decision, plaintiff, after due notice to defendants, filed a written offer requesting that an order be entered substituting as plaintiff Ií. M. Beach, the receiver mentioned in the supplemental answer, and offering, if such substitution was not made, to assign any judgment entered in her favor to Beach as receiver. She requested that the court provide that any judgment entered -in her favor be for the benefit of all the creditors of defendant corporation, and that any moneys collected thereon be distributed pro rata to all the creditors. Upon the issues made a trial was had, and the court called a jury, and submitted certain interrogatories to it. Evidence was introduced by the respective parties. The interrogatories [623]*623do not appear to have been answered by the jury. The court considered the testimony, and made its findings of fact and conclusions of law. The findings, in addition to those above, state that the defendants Rauch and Lundy, at the time of the commencement of the suit, each owed $10,000 upon his unpaid subscription to the capital stock of the corporation; and it was decreed that plaintiff have judgment for the amount demanded in her complaint against each of the said defendants Rauch and Lundy; that the judgment be collected upon execution, and the proceeds thereof disbursed by the receiver, H. M. Beach, to the creditors of the corporation, C. A. Lundy & Oo.
Humerous assignments of error are made by appellant, and the briefs are extensive and somewhat involved. The main contention is that the complaint states, an action at law against stockholders on their unpaid subscription, and that in such form it cannot be maintained. We have frequently observed that the form of action is immaterial, if the facts stated entitle the plaintiff to any relief, and the case is fairly tried. The case of Hurlbutt v. N. W. Spaulding Saw Co., 93 Cal. 55 (28 Pac. 795), is pertinent. The court observed:
“There is in this state but one form of civil actions for the enforcement or protection of private rights and the redress or prevention of private -wrongs (Code Civ. Proc. § 307), and the facts constituting the cause of action are required to be stated in ordinary and concise language. Here the plaintiffs stated in their complaint their cause of action in clear and intelligible language, and the defendants answered thereto. The court was therefore authorized to try the case as made, and to grant any relief embraced in the issues.”
To the same effect, this court said, in Surber v. Kittenger, 6 Wash. 240 (33 Pac. 507) :
“Although an action may be commenced as an equitable [624]*624one, yet, where there is nothing to give a court of equity jurisdiction thereof, the court has authority to permit it to be tried as an action at law, if the defendant is not thereby prevented from having a fair trial.”
In Burch v. Taylor, 1 Wash. 245 (24 Pac. 438) it was ruled that the unpaid subscription to capital stock was a trust fund, to be reached in equity by the creditor. An equitable suit by a judgment creditor, when recourse against the property of the corporation was exhausted, was maintained in Adamant Mfg. Co. v. Wallace, 16 Wash. 614 (48 Pac. 415), and Kroenert v. Johnston, 19 Wash. 96 (52 Pac. 605). In Shuey v. Adair, ante, p. 378 (64 Pac. 536), it was said, relative to the constitutional liability added to the stockholder in a banking corporation:
“In the only other case where this constitutional provision was directly before this court, the case of Watterson v. Masterson, 15 Wash. 511 (46 Pac. 1041), we held that a creditor could not maintain an action to enforce this liability after a receiver had been appointed to wind up the affairs of the corporation, even though the action was prosecuted on behalf of all of the creditors of the corporation, and the receiver was made a party defendant in the action. . . . But in neither of these cases did this court prescribe, or undertake to prescribe, what form of procedure was necessary in order to charge the stockholders upon their superadded liability. . . . On this question we went no further than to hold that the action brought against the stockholders directly, whatever its form, must be prosecuted by the receiver in all cases where a receiver has been appointed to administer the assets of an insolvent banking corporation.”
In Gager v. Bank of Edgerton, 101 Wis. 593 (77 N. W. 920), it seems, in substance, to be held that the action can be maintained either through creditors on their own behalf or through a receiver, but that both remedies cannot be pursued. 3 Thompson, Corporations, § 3482, attempts to reconcile the cases as follows: The assets of an in[625]*625solvent corporation are a trust fund for the benefit of all the creditors, and a single creditor will not be allowed to proceed where it appears either that there are other creditors, or that there is not enough for all; and a complaint will not be demurrable unless it appears that there are other creditors of equal standing with plaintiff, or that there are not sufficient assets for all; and he also suggests that a single creditor may proceed alone without mentioning other creditors, or, if proceeding in their behalf, this will not prevent them from coming in and being made co-plaintiffs on their own behalf.
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The opinion of the court was delivered hy
Reavis, C. J.
Suit to recover upon unpaid subscription to the capital stock of a corporation. Plaintiff recovered judgment against the corporation defendant, C. A. Lundy & Co., in an action at law, execution was issued thereon, the property of the corporation exhausted, and the execution returned, with the sum of $2,126.12 unsatisfied. Thereupon plaintiff commenced the present action to recover from the defendants E. M. Rauch and C. A. Lundy the remainder of the judgment. Rauch and Lundy, when the corporation was formed, subscribed for the entire capital stock, in the sum of $50,000, each subscribing for $25,000 thereof. The complaint alleges these facts, and also that Lundy and Rauch were the managers of the corporation since its formation; that each had paid on his subscription the sum of $12,500; that there was due from each on his subscription the sum of $12,500; that the corporation has no assets or property excepting the [622]*622unpaid subscription of the defendants Rauch and Lundy,; and plaintiff concludes with a prayer for judgment against defendants Rauch and Lundy for the sum unpaid. Defendants Rauch and the corporation answered jointly, and alleged that it was agreed between the corporators defendant that property and money be accepted as payment in full for all the capital stock of the corporation, and alleging that property was so conveyed in payment of the whole stock subscription, and alleged the insolvency of the corporation at the commencement of plaintiff’s action, and knowledge to pjaintiff of such insolvency. After denying the subscription in writing for the whole capital stock, and stating that it was oral, defendants, by amended answer, set up supplementary matter that, in an action brought subsequently to the present action, wherein defendant Rauch was plaintiff and the corporation O. A. Lundy & Oo. was defendant, the corporation was adjudged insolvent, and one H. M. Beach appointed receiver thereof, and that Beach accepted the appointment. Plaintiff replied to the amended and supplemental answer, denying knowledge sufficient to form a belief. While the cause was pending, and prior to its final decision, plaintiff, after due notice to defendants, filed a written offer requesting that an order be entered substituting as plaintiff Ií. M. Beach, the receiver mentioned in the supplemental answer, and offering, if such substitution was not made, to assign any judgment entered in her favor to Beach as receiver. She requested that the court provide that any judgment entered -in her favor be for the benefit of all the creditors of defendant corporation, and that any moneys collected thereon be distributed pro rata to all the creditors. Upon the issues made a trial was had, and the court called a jury, and submitted certain interrogatories to it. Evidence was introduced by the respective parties. The interrogatories [623]*623do not appear to have been answered by the jury. The court considered the testimony, and made its findings of fact and conclusions of law. The findings, in addition to those above, state that the defendants Rauch and Lundy, at the time of the commencement of the suit, each owed $10,000 upon his unpaid subscription to the capital stock of the corporation; and it was decreed that plaintiff have judgment for the amount demanded in her complaint against each of the said defendants Rauch and Lundy; that the judgment be collected upon execution, and the proceeds thereof disbursed by the receiver, H. M. Beach, to the creditors of the corporation, C. A. Lundy & Oo.
Humerous assignments of error are made by appellant, and the briefs are extensive and somewhat involved. The main contention is that the complaint states, an action at law against stockholders on their unpaid subscription, and that in such form it cannot be maintained. We have frequently observed that the form of action is immaterial, if the facts stated entitle the plaintiff to any relief, and the case is fairly tried. The case of Hurlbutt v. N. W. Spaulding Saw Co., 93 Cal. 55 (28 Pac. 795), is pertinent. The court observed:
“There is in this state but one form of civil actions for the enforcement or protection of private rights and the redress or prevention of private -wrongs (Code Civ. Proc. § 307), and the facts constituting the cause of action are required to be stated in ordinary and concise language. Here the plaintiffs stated in their complaint their cause of action in clear and intelligible language, and the defendants answered thereto. The court was therefore authorized to try the case as made, and to grant any relief embraced in the issues.”
To the same effect, this court said, in Surber v. Kittenger, 6 Wash. 240 (33 Pac. 507) :
“Although an action may be commenced as an equitable [624]*624one, yet, where there is nothing to give a court of equity jurisdiction thereof, the court has authority to permit it to be tried as an action at law, if the defendant is not thereby prevented from having a fair trial.”
In Burch v. Taylor, 1 Wash. 245 (24 Pac. 438) it was ruled that the unpaid subscription to capital stock was a trust fund, to be reached in equity by the creditor. An equitable suit by a judgment creditor, when recourse against the property of the corporation was exhausted, was maintained in Adamant Mfg. Co. v. Wallace, 16 Wash. 614 (48 Pac. 415), and Kroenert v. Johnston, 19 Wash. 96 (52 Pac. 605). In Shuey v. Adair, ante, p. 378 (64 Pac. 536), it was said, relative to the constitutional liability added to the stockholder in a banking corporation:
“In the only other case where this constitutional provision was directly before this court, the case of Watterson v. Masterson, 15 Wash. 511 (46 Pac. 1041), we held that a creditor could not maintain an action to enforce this liability after a receiver had been appointed to wind up the affairs of the corporation, even though the action was prosecuted on behalf of all of the creditors of the corporation, and the receiver was made a party defendant in the action. . . . But in neither of these cases did this court prescribe, or undertake to prescribe, what form of procedure was necessary in order to charge the stockholders upon their superadded liability. . . . On this question we went no further than to hold that the action brought against the stockholders directly, whatever its form, must be prosecuted by the receiver in all cases where a receiver has been appointed to administer the assets of an insolvent banking corporation.”
In Gager v. Bank of Edgerton, 101 Wis. 593 (77 N. W. 920), it seems, in substance, to be held that the action can be maintained either through creditors on their own behalf or through a receiver, but that both remedies cannot be pursued. 3 Thompson, Corporations, § 3482, attempts to reconcile the cases as follows: The assets of an in[625]*625solvent corporation are a trust fund for the benefit of all the creditors, and a single creditor will not be allowed to proceed where it appears either that there are other creditors, or that there is not enough for all; and a complaint will not be demurrable unless it appears that there are other creditors of equal standing with plaintiff, or that there are not sufficient assets for all; and he also suggests that a single creditor may proceed alone without mentioning other creditors, or, if proceeding in their behalf, this will not prevent them from coming in and being made co-plaintiffs on their own behalf. These views seem to be recognized in Brundage v. Mining Co., 12 Ore. 322 (7 Pac. 311).
It will be observed plaintiff commenced this action when there was no disclosure of other creditors or of any inadequacy of assets to meet all claims against the corporation. Pending the suit, one of the defendants commenced an action in the same court for the appointment of a receiver, and, upon his petition, Receiver Beach was appointed. Thereupon the plaintiff in the present action requested that the receiver be substituted for herself, or, in effect, that her cause be continued for the benefit of all the creditors, and such relief be given as pertained to equity. The court proceeded according to this theory, concluded the action, and gave relief for the benefit of all the creditors. We deem it of no consequence that the court did not direct amendments of the pleadings or a formal substitution of the receiver, and we are not disposed to disturb or to interfere with the discretion exercised by the trial court in this regard.
Relative tp the plea in the answer of payment in property by agreement of the corporators, the court found adversely to such agreement, and that such payment was not made. While there has been some conflict in the expres[626]*626sions of this court as to the effect of payment of capital stock in property, the most frequent and best considered expressions approve the rule stated in Adamant Mfg. Co. v. Wallace, supra; that is, in substance, that the subscription to capital stock must be paid in money or money’s worth, and that the estimate of the value placed upon the property hy the stockholders of the corporation is not conclusive upon the courts.
We have examined the testimony, and conclude that the facts found by the superior court are fully supported by the evidence. The judgment is affirmed.
Fullerton, Dunbar, and Anders, JJ., concur.