Judge CHIN dissents by separate opinion.
LOHIER, Circuit Judge:
Everett Downs appeals the District Court’s denial of his petition for habeas [100]*100corpus brought under 28 U.S.C. § 2254, which claimed a violation of his Sixth Amendment right to a public trial. The claim rests on the New York state trial judge’s failure to make specific findings justifying the removal of Downs’s relative from the courtroom during trial. The appeal requires us to consider whether New York’s intermediate appellate court exorbitantly misapplied New York law when it held that Downs failed to preserve this claim for state appellate review.
BACKGROUND
1. Facts and State Court Proceedings
Downs was arrested and indicted for robbing an auto body shop in 2003. His jury trial in New York State Supreme Court lasted six days. This appeal focuses solely on what happened at the start of the second day of Downs’s trial when immediately after jury selection, but just before opening statements, the government and Downs’s counsel attended an off-the-record court conference. Although we have no transcript of what occurred during the conference, no one disputes that the trial judge excluded Downs’s twelve-year-old brother, Nathaniel Clarke, from the courtroom. The lack of a transcript prevents us from knowing if the trial court justified the exclusion or considered alternatives. Our only record evidence of what transpired comes from the following statement by Downs’s counsel in open court after the off-the-record conference:
I do want to note for the record that there was a young man who, a family member of the defendant who had been asked by the Court to leave because of his age. He is 12 years old and the Court is indicating that it sets a limit of approximately 16 or 17 years of age. I informed the family of that and I’m sure they will comply. However, I do want to note, for the record, that I believe the young man is a suitable age and that he would not have been an obstruction to the proceedings.
But be that as it may, I have also spoken to the assistant district attorney earlier to apprise her of the following list of things that I believe that I am entitled to and have not yet received
Counsel made no other statement about Downs’s brother or his exclusion; he failed specifically to ask that the judge give reasons for the exclusion or to solicit comment from the judge or the prosecutor, neither of whom interrupted or responded to counsel’s statement.
After trial, Downs was convicted of robbery, burglary, and criminal mischief, and sentenced principally to eight years’ imprisonment. He appealed to the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of New York, arguing that his Sixth Amendment right to a public trial was violated because the trial judge closed the courtroom to Clarke without making findings to support the exclusion as required by Waller v. Georgia, 467 U.S. 39, 104 S.Ct. 2210, 81 L.Ed.2d 31 (1984).
The Appellate Division never reached the merits of Downs’s Sixth Amendment claim, however, because it found that “[t]he defendant’s claim that he was denied the right to a public trial by the court’s request that a 12-year old boy be removed from the courtroom is unpreserved for appellate review.” People v. Downs, 34 A.D.3d 596, 825 N.Y.S.2d 103, 103 (2d Dep’t 2006). Downs’s application for leave to appeal to the New York Court of Appeals was denied. People v. Downs, 8 N.Y.3d 880, 832 N.Y.S.2d 492, 864 N.E.2d 622 (Table) (2007).
2. Federal Habeas Corpus Proceedings
Downs then filed his habeas corpus petition in the District Court, reasserting the [101]*101arguments set forth above. The District Court (Dearie, J.) denied the petition on the ground that the sparse trial record justified the Appellate Division’s conclusion that Downs’s claim was not preserved, since defense counsel’s statement provided no “meaningful opportunity for the [trial] court to take corrective action.” Downs v. Lape, No. 08-CV-0092, 2009 WL 3698134, at *4 (E.D.N.Y. Oct. 30, 2009). The District Court found that “[although counsel spoke in time for the trial court to change its ruling,” his remarks did not “occasion[ ], as they should have, a meaningful opportunity for the [trial] court to take corrective action.” Id. (emphasis in original). Because the issue was sufficiently close, however, the District Court granted Downs a certificate of appealability. See 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2) (certificate granted upon “a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right”).
This appeal followed.
DISCUSSION
We review the District Court’s denial of Downs’s petition for a writ of habeas corpus de novo. See Gibbons v. Savage, 555 F.3d 112, 115 (2d Cir.2009). In rejecting Downs’s petition, the District Court declined to address the merits of his Sixth Amendment claim. We recently explained that, on the merits, four criteria need to be satisfied under Waller to “overcome [the] presumption” of openness created by the Sixth Amendment’s public trial guarantee and to “justify closure of a courtroom during a criminal proceeding: (1) ‘the party seeking to close the [proceeding] must advance an overriding interest that is likely to be prejudiced’; (2) ‘the closure must be no broader than necessary to protect that interest’; (3) ‘the trial court must consider reasonable alternatives to closing the [proceeding]’; and (4) the trial court ‘must make findings adequate to support the closure.’ ” United States v. Gupta, 650 F.3d 863, 866-67 (2d Cir.2011) (quoting Waller, 467 U.S. at 48, 104 S.Ct. 2210) (alterations in original).
1. Federal Review Under § 225U
Our function on habeas review of a state court proceeding is not to reenact the proceeding or peer over the shoulder of the state court judge ruling on questions of state law. See Estelle v. McGuire, 502 U.S. 62, 67-68, 112 S.Ct. 475, 116 L.Ed.2d 385 (1991). Instead, federal court review of a state’s application of its own rules is deferential. We recently reaffirmed that we are to determine only whether the state ruling falls within the state’s usual practice and is justified by legitimate state interests, not whether the state court ruling was correct. See Whitley v. Ercole, 642 F.3d 278, 286 (2d Cir.2011) (“Our task is not to determine whether [the state] ruling was correct, but to determine its adequacy to preclude federal habeas review.”) (quoting Cotto v. Herbert, 331 F.3d 217, 247 (2d Cir.2003)). We therefore “will not review questions of federal law presented in a habeas petition when the state court’s decision rests upon a state-law ground that ‘is independent of the federal question and adequate to support the judgment.’ ”1 Cone v. Bell, 556 U.S. 449, 129 S.Ct. 1769, 1780, 173 L.Ed.2d 701 (2009) (quoting Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. [102]*102722, 729, 111 S.Ct. 2546, 115 L.Ed.2d 640 (1991)).
The Appellate Division’s finding that Downs failed to preserve his Sixth Amendment claim for appellate review constitutes a state ground that is indisputably independent of the public trial right itself. We therefore consider only whether that finding is an adequate ground for decision. If the state ground for decision is adequate, “ ‘[a] federal habeas court will not review a claim rejected by [the] state court.’ ” Walker v. Martin, — U.S.-, 131 S.Ct. 1120, 1127, 179 L.Ed.2d 62 (2011) (quoting Beard v. Kindler, — U.S.-, 130 S.Ct. 612, 614, 175 L.Ed.2d 417 (2009)). Conversely, if the state ground for decision is inadequate, it “should not operate to bar federal review.” Garcia v. Lewis, 188 F.3d 71, 77 (2d Cir.1999).
We generally assess the adequacy of a state ground of decision by examining whether the rule upon which the state court relied is “ ‘firmly established and regularly followed,’ ” Walker, 131 S.Ct. at 1127 (quoting Kindler, 130 S.Ct. at 617), keeping in mind that, in “exceptional cases,” the “exorbitant application of a generally sound rule renders the state ground inadequate to stop consideration of a federal question.” Lee v. Kemna, 534 U.S. 362, 376, 122 S.Ct. 877, 151 L.Ed.2d 820 (2002); see Cotto, 331 F.3d at 239 (quoting Lee, 534 U.S. at 376, 381, 122 S.Ct. 877). To determine whether this case involves an exorbitant misapplication of a state rule, we look to see if the state’s application serves a legitimate state interest.2
2. New York’s Contemporaneous Objection Rule
With these principles in mind, we turn to New York’s contemporaneous objection rule, which the Appellate Division determined barred appellate review of Downs’s Sixth Amendment claim. The full rule, codified at Section 470.05 of New York’s Criminal Procedure Law, provides as follows:
For purposes of appeal, a question of law with respect to a ruling or instruction of a criminal court during a trial or proceeding is presented when a protest thereto was registered, by the party claiming error, at the time of such ruling or instruction or at any subsequent time when the court had an opportunity of effectively changing the same. Such protest need not be in the form of an “exception” but is sufficient if the party made his position with respect to the ruling or instruction known to the court, or if in reponse [sic] to a protest by a party, the court expressly decided the question raised on appeal. In addition, a party who without success has either expressly or impliedly sought or requested a particular ruling or instruction, is deemed to have thereby protested the court’s ultimate disposition of the matter or failure to rule or instruct accordingly sufficiently to raise a question of law with respect to such disposition or failure regardless of whether any actual protest thereto was registered.
N.Y.Crim. Proc. L. § 470.05(2) (McKinney 2009). In effect, an objection is preserved if the objecting party (1) made his or her position regarding the ruling known to the [103]*103trial court; (2) made a protest, and the trial court “expressly decided the question raised on appeal”; or (3) “without success ... either expressly or impliedly sought or requested a particular ruling.” Id. The relevant part of the contemporaneous objection rule for our purposes provides that, with a few exceptions not applicable here, New York appellate courts will review only those errors of law that are presented at a time and in a manner that reasonably prompted a judge to correct them during criminal proceedings. As we recently explained in Whitley, the rule
has been interpreted by New York courts to require, “at the very least, that any matter which a party wishes” to preserve for appellate review be “brought to the attention of the trial court at a time and in a way that gave [it] the opportunity to remedy the problem and thereby avert reversible error.” A “general objection is not sufficient,” because, as “New York’s highest courts uniformly instruct,” to preserve a claim, a defendant must “specifically focus on the alleged error.”
Whitley, 642 F.3d at 286 (emphasis added) (citations omitted).
Downs argues that New York courts do not regularly rely on the contemporaneous objection rule and that the state’s application of the contemporaneous objection rule here is an inadequate ground for rejecting his public trial claim. See Garcia, 188 F.3d at 77 (a pre-Lee case, reviewing adequacy by reference to whether the state invokes a procedural rule that it does ‘“not apply evenhandedly to all similar claims’ ”) (quoting Hathom v. Lovorn, 457 U.S. 255, 263, 102 S.Ct. 2421, 72 L.Ed.2d 824 (1982)). We disagree. As an initial matter, we doubt New York courts have exhibited the tendency that Downs attributes to them. As Downs acknowledges, “there is no mention of an objection being raised by defense counsel” in the cases he cites. See People v. Gomez, 256 A.D.2d 589, 685 N.Y.S.2d 448, 449 (2d Dep’t 1998); People v. James, 229 A.D.2d 315, 645 N.Y.S.2d 300, 301 (1st Dep’t 1996); People v. Miller, 224 A.D.2d 639, 639 N.Y.S.2d 50, 51 (2d Dep’t 1996); People v. Cole, 207 A.D.2d 273, 615 N.Y.S.2d 393, 394 (1st Dep’t 1994). Moreover, we expect some variation is inevitable in the application of any procedural rule. Such variation just as easily reflects at least the proper exercise of appellate court discretion as it does the lack of a firmly established and regularly followed rule. In turn, the exercise of discretion by New York courts hardly proves that they fail to regularly follow the state’s contemporaneous objection rule, any more than the occasional excusal of a waiver or forfeiture by this Court proves that we do not generally require that arguments advanced on appeal be raised in the lower court. See Walker, 131 S.Ct. at 1130 (“A discretionary rule ought not be disregarded automatically upon a showing of seeming inconsistencies. Discretion enables a court to home in on case-specific considerations and to avoid the harsh results that sometimes attend consistent application of an unyielding rule.” (citations omitted)). Here, the Appellate Division exercised limited discretion in finding Downs’s public trial claim unpreserved for appeal.
The contemporaneous objection rule authorizes New York state courts of appeal to determine whether the rule’s curative purpose is satisfied and enables them to recognize counsel’s statement as an objection, or not, consistent with the rule’s purpose. See People v. Gray, 86 N.Y.2d 10, 629 N.Y.S.2d 173, 652 N.E.2d 919, 922 (1995) (citing People v. Narayan, 54 N.Y.2d 106, 444 N.Y.S.2d 604, 429 N.E.2d 123, 126 (1981)). Employing that flexible approach, state courts find that [104]*104issues are preserved for appellate review in some cases but not in others. Compare People v. Martinez, 172 A.D.2d 428, 568 N.Y.S.2d 940, 941 (1st Dep’t 1991) (holding that counsel’s sarcastic question, “[W]ould you declare a mistrial if I had an objection?” after the judge’s exclusion of the defendant’s family, “while not in proper form, ... sufficiently preserved the issue for appeal”), and People v. Richardson, 296 A.D.2d 334, 744 N.Y.S.2d 407, 407 (1st Dep’t 2002) (finding that the defendant’s objection to exclusion of family members without “specific reference to the right to a public trial” sufficiently preserved the issue for appeal), with People v. Doster, 13 A.D.3d 114, 786 N.Y.S.2d 166, 167 (1st Dep’t 2004) (rejecting argument that the trial judge’s failure to make specific findings required a new trial because an objection when the trial court “employed a narrowly tailored closure of the courtroom .... would have permitted the court to rectify the situation instantly by making express findings.”). Regardless of the resulting variation, the critical factor under this approach is whether the timing or manner of the objection sufficed to prompt the trial judge to address the specific error pressed on appeal. See Whitley, 642 F.3d at 286.
Accordingly, we have held repeatedly that the contemporaneous objection rule is a firmly established and regularly followed New York procedural rule. Kg., Whitley, 642 F.3d at 286-87; Richardson v. Greene, 497 F.3d 212, 219 (2d Cir.2007); Garvey v. Duncan, 485 F.3d 709, 718 (2d Cir.2007); Taylor v. Harris, 640 F.2d 1, 2 (2d Cir. 1981) (per curiam). In a somewhat different context, we have also held, prior to Lee, that the contemporaneous objection rule constitutes an independent and adequate state law ground for disposing of a claim that the defendant’s Sixth Amendment right to a public trial has been violated. Garcia, 188 F.3d at 82.
Having determined that the rule constituted an independent ground for disposing of Downs’s claim, and that the rule is firmly established and regularly followed in these circumstances, we review the only remaining basis for Downs to be entitled to habeas corpus relief: the Appellate Division’s application of the rule in this case must fall within Lee’s “limited category” of “exorbitant” misapplications of state law that serve no legitimate state interest. For the reasons that follow, we conclude it does not.
3. Adequacy of the Appellate Division’s Finding
The record pertaining to the state trial judge’s request that Clarke leave the courtroom is, to say the least, poorly developed. To begin with, there is no clear contemporaneous record that the trial judge in fact ordered Clarke’s exclusion from the courtroom. After Downs was convicted and sentenced, Downs’s counsel and his mother submitted affidavits to the Appellate Division alleging that the trial judge ordered Clarke to leave the courtroom because of his age.
Even assuming, as we do, that Clarke was excluded by order of the trial court, the record is ambiguous as to whether Downs raised an objection, acquiesced in the exclusion, or merely took issue with the judge’s prediction that Clarke would disturb the proceedings. His counsel “note[d] for the record that there was a young man who ... had been asked by the Court to leave because of his age,” and “note[d], for the record, that ... the young man is a suitable age and that he would not have been an obstruction to the proceedings.” But counsel also explained he had “informed the family of that and [was] sure they [would] comply,” then turned immediately to other matters. By making [105]*105the comment, counsel arguably acquiesced in the order excluding Clarke, and thereby necessarily failed to register the “protest” required by Section 470.05(2). It is equally unclear whether counsel’s statement was directed to the court’s failure to make the findings required by Waller or instead reflected a factual disagreement with the judge’s off-the-record prediction that Clarke would disturb the trial. If, as we believe, the latter seems more likely since counsel never referred to the judge’s lack of findings that might justify the exclusion, then counsel failed to preserve the specific claim Downs advanced on appeal. See Whitley, 642 F.3d at 286 (to preserve a question of law for appeal, the defendant “must ‘specifically focus on the alleged error’ ” (quoting Garvey, 485 F.3d at 714)). In any event, counsel failed to solicit comment from the prosecutor or judge during his statement. Cf People v. Pollock, 50 N.Y.2d 547, 429 N.Y.S.2d 628, 407 N.E.2d 472, 474 (1980) (argument not preserved by vague objection without disputing prosecution’s assertion or requesting a hearing).
The dissent relies principally on three decisions to assert that the Appellate Division does not require a specific form of objection in order to find a Sixth Amendment public trial claim preserved for appeal. In two cases, however, defense counsel used either the term “objection,” People v. Martinez, 568 N.Y.S.2d at 941, or the phrase “I object,” Brief of Defendant-Appellant, 2002 WL 34359549, at *6, People v. Richardson, 744 N.Y.S.2d at 407 (quoting trial transcript in which counsel states “I object to the court not allowing them to stay in the courtroom”). In the third case, the prosecutor and the trial court immediately understood defense counsel’s statement to constitute an objection, and the court observed, “So you have an objection to that.” People v. Spence, 239 A.D.2d 218, 657 N.Y.S.2d 645, 646 (1st Dep’t 1997).3
Downs argues, and the dissent asserts, that he nevertheless complied with the requirements of Section 470.05(02) by twice employing the phrase “on the record.” He claims that the phrase is a shorthand form of implied objection contemplated by the rule. Were we sitting as judges of the Appellate Division, we may well have found Downs’s claim preserved. But “it is not the province of a federal habeas court to reexamine state-court determinations on state-law questions.” Estelle, 502 U.S. at 67-68, 112 S.Ct. 475. Without a clear indication that New York courts have consistently construed statements “for the record” as forms of objection, we are hard pressed to say that the Appellate Division’s ruling reflected or imposed an extreme, novel, or unforeseeable requirement “ ‘without fair or substantial support in prior state law.’ ” Walker, 131 S.Ct. at 1130 (quoting 16B Charles A. Wright, et al., Federal Practice and Procedure § 4026 (2d ed.1996)); see also Garcia, 188 F.3d at 82 (“[A]s we can discern ‘no pretence that the [state] Court adopted its view in order to evade a constitutional issue, and the case has been decided upon grounds that have no relation to any feder[106]*106al question, [we will] accept[] the [state court] decision whether right or wrong.’ ”) (quoting Wolfe v. North Carolina, 364 U.S. 177, 195, 80 S.Ct. 1482, 4 L.Ed.2d 1650 (1960)) (alteration in original). Given the ambiguity of counsel’s comments and the limited state-court record, the Appellate Division had a legitimate basis to conclude that Downs’s Sixth Argument claim on appeal was not preserved.
In addition to its basis in the record, the Appellate Division’s finding that Downs’s public trial claim was not preserved for appeal was grounded in legitimate state interests. In general, New York’s contemporaneous objection rule seeks “to ensure that ‘parties draw the trial court’s attention to any potential error while there is still an opportunity to address it,’ and to prevent those who fail to do so from ‘sandbagging’ the opposing party and the trial court on appeal.” Whitley, 642 F.3d at 288 (citations omitted) (quoting Cotto, 331 F.3d at 245, and Garcia, 188 F.3d at 82). If the court acknowledges an objection to a ruling but persists in the ruling, the objection is likely preserved. Under the circumstances, we may regard the Appellate Division’s decision not to review Downs’s public trial claim as reinforcing New York’s interest in motivating parties to prompt judges to justify a courtroom exclusion and, more generally, to create a fully developed trial record. In People v. Martinez, for example, the Appellate Division found a public trial objection preserved for appeal when the trial court specifically responded to defense counsel’s sarcastic question, “[W]ould you declare a mistrial if I had an objection?” by saying, “I’m going to do what I’m going to do anyway....” 568 N.Y.S.2d at 941. Here, by contrast, the trial court offered no response at all to counsel’s statement about Clarke. We cannot say that the Appellate Division’s ruling that Downs failed to preserve his claim, like the state court ruling in Lee, “serve[d] no perceivable state interest” in this case, 534 U.S. at 378, 122 S.Ct. 877 (internal quotation marks omitted), or represented an “unyielding application of the general rule” regarding objections. Cotto, 331 F.3d at 246. Far from representing an “exorbitant” application of New York law, the Appellate Division’s ruling reflects important state interests in demanding more of counsel than arguable acquiescence.
Our conclusion by no means forecloses the possibility that, in a different context, a state court’s rejection of a federal Sixth Amendment claim may rest on an exorbitant application of a state procedural bar. As an example of such a result, we need look no further than Lee, where the Supreme Court held that the Missouri state court’s application of a rule requiring written motions for a continuance to deny the defendant’s federal due process claim was exorbitant. 534 U.S. at 366, 122 S.Ct. 877.
This appeal, however, differs from Lee in three important respects.4 First, in [107]*107contrast to the state court ruling in Lee, which demanded formally perfect compliance with the state’s procedural rule without regard to its underlying objectives, the Appellate Division’s ruling here advanced New York’s legitimate interest in prompting counsel “to call the court’s attention to [the error] and permit [the court] to correct what counsel believes is an erroneous ruling.” Namyan, 444 N.Y.S.2d 604, 429 N.E.2d at 126. Without more, we cannot describe the Appellate Division’s holding as requiring perfect compliance with the contemporaneous objection rule. Second, while in Lee, “no published Missouri decision demanded] unmodified application of the Rules in the urgent situation Lee’s case presented,” 534 U.S. at 387, 122 S.Ct. 877, New York courts regularly deny claimed violations of the Sixth Amendment public trial right based on insufficient objections.5 Third, we cannot confidently say, as the Supreme Court did in Lee, that the defendant “substantially complied” with the state’s “key [r]ule.” Id. at 382, 122 S.Ct. 877. Doing so would ignore the real possibility that Downs acquiesced in the trial judge’s order or that his statement addressed the trial court’s assumption that Clarke would disturb proceedings rather than its failure to make the Waller findings. Indeed, the dissent acknowledges that “perhaps” counsel acquiesced in the order excluding Clarke, but explains that “it is much more likely, in my view, that defense counsel was objecting.” Even if we agreed with the dissent that its characterization of counsel’s statement was “more likely,” the existence of a plausible contrary view leads us to conclude that the application of the rule is not exorbitant. Because the finding of non-preservation fell within the boundaries of the normal application of New York’s contemporaneous objection rule, and the finding serves legitimate state interests and is reasonable in light of the limited record evidence, it precludes federal review of Downs’s Sixth Amendment claim. Unlike the Missouri court’s decision in Lee, the Appellate Division’s application of New York law in this case fails to rise to the level of exorbitance. [108]*108See Lee, 534 U.S. at 376, 383, 122 S.Ct. 877 (describing application of Missouri’s -written application rule as “bizarre” in light of the “extraordinary circumstances” presented by that case).
Finally, relying on the Supreme Court’s per curiam decision in Presley v. Georgia, — U.S.-, 130 S.Ct. 721, 175 L.Ed.2d 675 (2010), Downs argues that the contemporaneous objection rule cannot be used to bar review of his Sixth Amendment- claim because the trial court was independently required to justify and consider alternatives to the courtroom closure, even without an objection from Downs. Whatever tension exists between a court’s independent duty to justify courtroom closure and the contemporaneous objection rule, Presley and its predecessors do not resolve it in Downs’s favor. In Presley, the Court held that “trial courts are required to consider alternatives to closure even when [the alternatives] are not offered by the parties,” but specifically noted that the trial court in that case erred when it closed the courtroom over the defendant’s objection. Id. at 724 (discussing Waller, 467 U.S. at 45, 48, 104 S.Ct. 2210; Press-Enter. Co. v. Super. Court of Cal., Riverside Cnty., 464 U.S. 501, 511, 104 S.Ct. 819, 78 L.Ed.2d 629 (1984)). Similarly, in Waller, the Court held “that under the Sixth Amendment any closure of a suppression hearing over the objections of the accused must meet the tests set out in Press-Enterprise and its predecessors.” 467 U.S. at 47, 104 S.Ct. 2210 (emphasis added); see also Press-Enter., 464 U.S. at 503, 104 S.Ct. 819 (objection by newspaper to courtroom closure under First Amendment). As both Presley and Waller involved a trial court’s response to a registered objection, neither decision requires courts to justify or consider alternatives to closure when, as the Appellate Division reasonably found here, no objection is made.
CONCLUSION
The sparse record in this case prevents us from saying definitively that defense counsel properly objected or requested that Clarke remain in court. Moreover, the Appellate Division’s ruling reinforced valid state interests in this case, and it does not fall within the “limited category” of “exceptional cases” contemplated by Lee, 534 U.S. at 376, 122 S.Ct. 877. We therefore AFFIRM the judgment of the District Court.6