RENDERED: JUNE 24, 2022; 10:00 A.M. TO BE PUBLISHED
Commonwealth of Kentucky Court of Appeals
NO. 2020-CA-1011-MR
DONNA POWERS APPELLANT
APPEAL FROM MCCRACKEN CIRCUIT COURT v. HONORABLE TIMOTHY KALTENBACH, JUDGE ACTION NO. 18-CI-00258
KENTUCKY FARM BUREAU MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY APPELLEE
OPINION AFFIRMING
** ** ** ** **
BEFORE: CALDWELL, GOODWINE, AND LAMBERT, JUDGES.
CALDWELL, JUDGE: Donna Powers and Fendol Carruthers, Jr. were involved
in a two-vehicle accident. Powers later filed suit against Carruthers and Kentucky
Farm Bureau (Farm Bureau), her underinsurance carrier. However, apparently
unbeknownst to Powers, Carruthers had died before Powers filed her complaint.
The trial court dismissed the claims against Carruthers as nullities, denied
Powers’s motion to revive her claims against Carruthers’s estate (the Estate) and to raise new claims, and granted summary judgment to Farm Bureau. After
examining the record and applicable law, we affirm.
RELEVANT FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
In November 2015, Carruthers and Powers were the drivers involved
in a two-vehicle accident in which Powers sustained injuries. It is uncontested that
at the time of the collision Carruthers was in violation of KRS1 189A.010, which
makes it a criminal offense to operate a motor vehicle under the influence of
intoxicating substances. Carruthers was insured by State Farm Mutual Automobile
Insurance Company (State Farm), with a policy limit of $50,000. As Powers
alleged damages exceeding that limit, she sought to recover via the underinsured
coverage of her Farm Bureau policy.
Carruthers died in March 2016. No formal estate for Carruthers was
established prior to the eventual filing of this lawsuit. Powers received her last
basic reparations benefit (BRB) payment in August 2016 and she filed this action
against Carruthers and Farm Bureau in the McCracken Circuit Court in April 2018,
apparently unaware that Carruthers was dead. Though the complaint was filed
more than two years after the collision, the Motor Vehicle Reparations Act
(MVRA) generally provides that an action under it may be filed within two years
1 Kentucky Revised Statutes.
-2- of the date of the last BRB payment. See KRS 304.39-230(6). Farm Bureau filed
an answer and a cross-claim against Carruthers.
In short, neither the complaint nor Farm Bureau’s answer/cross-claim
noted that Carruthers had died. Of course, being deceased, Carruthers did not file
an answer to Powers’s or Farm Bureau’s claims.
The record then is silent until May 2019, when the trial court issued a
notice requiring the parties to show cause why the case should not be dismissed for
lack of prosecution. Later in May 2019, Powers filed a response asserting that she
and State Farm had been engaged in ultimately unsuccessful settlement
negotiations. Powers’s response also noted that she had discovered Carruthers was
deceased at some unspecified point after filing her complaint.
Powers also filed a motion to appoint a public administrator for the
Estate. In June 2019, the trial court issued an order which allowed the case to
remain on the docket but denied Powers’s motion to appoint a public administrator
because such an action was within the district court’s exclusive jurisdiction.
In August 2019, the McCracken District Court appointed the Office of
the Public Administrator (the Administrator) to act as the administrator of the
Estate. In September 2019, Powers filed a motion pursuant to CR2 25.01 and KRS
2 Kentucky Rules of Civil Procedure.
-3- 395.278,3 seeking to substitute “The Office of Public Administrator, Executor of
the Estate of Fendol Carruthers, Jr., as Party Defendant for all purposes in this
matter and to revive this action.” Record (R.) at 49.
On behalf of the Estate, the Administrator opposed the motion,
arguing any claims against the Estate would be untimely. According to the
Administrator, the claims could not relate back under CR 15.03 because the Estate
could not possibly have known about them before the statute of limitations expired
in August 2018 (two years after the last BRB payment) because the Estate had not
come into existence by that date.4
By agreement, the action was then placed in abeyance pending the
issuance of the Kentucky Supreme Court’s decisions in two cases involving similar
issues. See Jackson v. Estate of Day, 595 S.W.3d 117 (Ky. 2020); Williams v.
Hawkins, 594 S.W.3d 189 (Ky. 2020). Soon after our Supreme Court issued its
3 In relevant part, CR 25.01(1) provides that “[i]f a party dies during the pendency of an action and the claim is not thereby extinguished, the court, within the period allowed by law, may order substitution of the proper parties.” KRS 395.278 provides in its entirety that “[a]n application to revive an action in the name of the representative or successor of a plaintiff, or against the representative or successor of a defendant, shall be made within one (1) year after the death of a deceased party.” 4 In relevant part, CR 15.03(2) states that an amended pleading “changing the party against whom a claim is asserted” may relate back to the date of the original pleading if “the party to be brought in by amendment (a) has received such notice of the institution of the action that he will not be prejudiced in maintaining his defense on the merits, and (b) knew or should have known that, but for a mistake concerning the identity of the proper party, the action would have been brought against him.”
-4- opinions in those cases, the Administrator filed a motion to remove this action
from abeyance.
Farm Bureau also filed a motion for summary judgment. That motion
asserted that Farm Bureau filed its answer and cross-claim against Carruthers
without knowing he was deceased but soon thereafter, Nicholas Jones, an attorney
who had formerly been employed in Powers’s counsel’s firm, told Farm Bureau’s
counsel that Carruthers had been dead for about two years. Thus, Farm Bureau
argued that the motion to revive should be denied because it was untimely and the
motion to substitute the Estate as a defendant was similarly time-barred. In turn,
according to Farm Bureau, that meant the underinsured claim was doomed because
there were no viable underlying claims against Carruthers or the Estate.
Attached to Farm Bureau’s motion was a May 2018 letter its counsel
sent to Jason Coltharp, who had been hired by State Farm to represent Carruthers.
That letter provided in relevant part: “Since Mr. Carruther’s [sic] estate is not yet a
party, I suppose I am in the same boat as the Plaintiff and waiting to see if an estate
is set up. I am okay with ‘wait and see’ if you are.” R. at 119.
In her response, Powers argued her claims were viable because the
statute of limitations had been tolled during settlement negotiations. Alternately,
she argued that Farm Bureau and the Administrator were estopped from relying
upon the statute of limitations. Powers also argued that Carruthers and the Estate
-5- had received adequate “virtual representation” since State Farm had participated in
the lawsuit and was the real party in interest.
In that same document, Powers also asked for leave to file an
amended complaint to raise a new claim via KRS 446.0705 against the Estate based
upon Carruthers’s violation of KRS 189A.010.6 Powers asserted that claim would
be governed by the five-year statute of limitations provided in KRS 413.120(2) for
“[a]n action upon a liability created by statute . . . .”
Powers also submitted an affidavit from her former attorney, Jones,
averring in relevant part:
2. This case was filed against Fendol Carruthers in April of 2018. While looking to see if the Complaint had been answered I discovered that Mr. Carruthers had died.
3. I received a call from Jason Coltharp who was representing Mr. Carruthers and State Farm. He felt with some medical documentation that we could settle the case. I in turn did not require him to file an answer at that time.
4. At this point I felt like any statute would be tolled while we attempted in good faith to work out a settlement.
5 KRS 446.070 provides that “[a] person injured by the violation of any statute may recover from the offender such damages as he sustained by reason of the violation, although a penalty or forfeiture is imposed for such violation.” 6 Powers did not tender a copy of her proposed amended complaint. Although our civil rules do not expressly require a party to tender a proposed amended pleading, doing so is “[g]ood practice . . . .” David V. Kramer, 6 Ky. Prac. R. Civ. Proc. Ann. Rule 15.01, Comment 3 (Sep. 2021 update).
-6- R. at 147. By his own admission, therefore, Powers’s counsel learned that
Carruthers had died soon after filing the complaint.
The Administrator opposed Powers’s motion. Attached to the
Administrator’s response was an affidavit from attorney Coltharp, who represented
the Estate and had previously been retained by State Farm to represent Carruthers,
explicitly denying that there had ever been a tolling agreement.
In July 2020, the trial court issued an omnibus order: 1) dismissing
Powers’s claims against Carruthers; 2) denying Powers’s motion to revive and to
substitute the Estate; 3) granting Farm Bureau’s motion for summary judgment;
and 4) denying Powers’s motion for leave to file an amended complaint. Powers
then filed this appeal, naming as appellees Carruthers, the Administrator as the
administrator of the Estate, Farm Bureau, and a law firm which formerly
represented Powers that had filed a notice of its lien.
On its own initiative, this Court issued an order requiring Powers to
show cause why the appeal should not be dismissed because she named as
appellees entities which were never made parties in circuit court. After Powers
filed her response, a motion panel dismissed Carruthers, the Administrator as
Administrator/Executor of the Estate, and the law firm.
-7- ANALYSIS
Standards of Review
The order at issue involves multiple rulings and, consequently,
multiple standards of appellate review. Though not specified in the order, it
appears that the trial court dismissed Powers’s claims against Carruthers for lack of
personal jurisdiction under CR 12.02(b).7 Because that issue presents a question of
law, our review is de novo. Auto Owners Ins. Co. v. Consumers Ins. USA, Inc.,
323 S.W.3d 781, 783 (Ky. App. 2010). The trial court denied Powers’s motion to
revive the action and substitute parties under CR 25.01 and KRS 395.278, which
we also generally review de novo. Estate of Benton by Marcum v. Currin, 615
S.W.3d 34, 36 (Ky. 2021). But we review the decision on a motion for leave to
amend a complaint under the deferential abuse of discretion standard. Kenney v.
Hanger Prosthetics & Orthotics, Inc., 269 S.W.3d 866, 869-70 (Ky. App. 2007).
The trial court granted summary judgment to Farm Bureau. Thus, our
focus is on:
whether the trial court correctly found that there were no genuine issues as to any material fact and that the moving party was entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
7 Kentucky “strongly discourages sua sponte dismissals under CR 12.02.” Doster v. Kentucky Parole Bd., 308 S.W.3d 231, 232 (Ky. App. 2010). Carruthers did not file a motion to dismiss the claims against him. Of course, being dead, he could not have done so. But the parties briefed the viability of Powers’s complaint and her request to substitute the Estate as a defendant. In other words, the trial court did not suddenly dismiss the claims against Carruthers out of the blue. Under these circumstances, we discern no reversible procedural error.
-8- The trial court must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, and summary judgment should be granted only if it appears impossible that the nonmoving party will be able to produce evidence at trial warranting a judgment in his favor. . . . The trial court must examine the evidence, not to decide any issue of fact, but to discover if a real issue exists. The word impossible . . . is meant to be used in a practical sense, not in an absolute sense. Because summary judgment involves only legal questions and the existence of any disputed material issues of fact, an appellate court need not defer to the trial court’s decision and will review the issue de novo.
Blackstone Mining Co. v. Travelers Ins. Co., 351 S.W.3d 193, 198 (Ky. 2010)
(internal quotation marks and citations omitted).8
The Claims Against Carruthers Were Void Ab Initio
It is uncontested that Carruthers had died well before Powers filed her
complaint. It also appears to be uncontested that Powers’s counsel learned of
Carruthers’s death after the complaint was filed in April 2018 but before the
MVRA’s statute of limitations expired in August 2018.
An action “filed against a party who is deceased at the time of filing is
a nullity as to that party.” Jackson, 595 S.W.3d at 123.9 That rule is premised
8 We have examined closely the parties’ briefs but have concluded any arguments presented in them which we do not address herein are irrelevant, moot, or otherwise without merit. 9 Though Jackson was issued after Powers filed her complaint, it reaffirmed extant precedent. See Gailor v. Alsabi, 990 S.W.2d 597, 600 (Ky. 1999) (“Although the action was filed within the period of limitations, the only defendant named in the complaint was deceased. Since the complaint did not name a party defendant over whom the circuit court could acquire jurisdiction, the complaint was a nullity.”).
-9- upon the tenet that a plaintiff “has an affirmative obligation to locate the proper
party defendant and determine their vital status. Whether the plaintiff has reason
to suspect a defendant may have died is largely irrelevant because the onus to
locate the defendant and determine that fact is on the plaintiff.” Williams, 594
S.W.3d at 195. Here, since Carruthers was dead when Powers filed her complaint,
the trial court correctly concluded that her claims against Carruthers were nullities.
The Trial Court Did Not Err in Denying Powers’s Motion to Substitute the Estate
Generally, though claims against already-deceased persons are
nullities, the claims may be viable by application of the relation back doctrine or
the timely filing of a proper amended complaint. See Jackson, 595 S.W.3d at 123.
Powers did not seek to amend her complaint prior to the expiration of the MVRA’s
statute of limitations. That statute of limitations expired in August 2018 but
Powers did not seek to substitute the Estate, via the Administrator, as a defendant
until September 2019 and did not file a motion to amend her complaint until June
2020. Thus, Powers fatally failed to act with requisite diligence. Williams, 594
S.W.3d at 195 (“If Williams had pursued her rights diligently, readily available
information would have allowed her to properly substitute parties and effectuate
service within the statute of limitations period.”).
Similarly, the relation back doctrine does not help Powers. Under
tightly circumscribed “limited circumstances,” that doctrine “permits an untimely
-10- amended complaint to relate back to the original complaint and to avoid a statute-
of-limitations defense.” Cabrera v. JBS USA, LLC, 568 S.W.3d 865, 875 (Ky.
App. 2019). Courts strictly construe the relation back doctrine’s requirements
against those seeking to use it. Id.
Our Supreme Court has held that:
Relation back is dependent upon four factors, all of which must be satisfied: (1) the basic claim must have arisen out of the conduct set forth in the original pleading; (2) the party to be brought in must have received such notice that it will not be prejudiced in maintaining its defense; (3) that party must or should have known that, but for a mistake concerning identity, the action would have been brought against it; and (4) the second and third requirements must have been fulfilled within the prescribed limitations period.
Schwindel v. Meade County, 113 S.W.3d 159, 169-70 (Ky. 2003) (quoting
Schiavone v. Fortune, 477 U.S. 21, 29-30, 106 S. Ct. 2379, 2384, 91 L. Ed. 2d 18
(1986)).
Powers cannot show that the Estate had timely notice because the
Estate was not created until after the MVRA’s two-year limitations period had
already expired. Jackson addressed this precise scenario:
Here, Day passed away almost a full year before Marshall and Jackson filed their initial complaint, and it was not until after the statute of limitations expired that they petitioned for the appointment of a public administrator. The period of limitations for Marshall and Jackson expired on May 30, 2016 and July 1, 2016, respectively, and an administrator was not appointed
-11- until September 7, 2016. Thus, the Estate could not have known about the proceedings against it during the applicable limitations period as required by CR 15.03, i.e., the Estate did not exist during that time frame. Marshall and Jackson emphasize that the Estate has never alleged any prejudice in maintaining its defense to the claims on the merits, but the absence of prejudice is only one aspect of CR 15.03(2)(a). The subsection requires sufficient notice such that no prejudice will result, and in this case notice was impossible . . . . While actual, formal notice may not be necessary, the new party must have knowledge of the proceedings, gained during the statutory period. To reiterate, CR 15.03(2) mandates that a party either knew, or should have known, that the action would have been brought against him during the limitations period. Because the Estate did not legally exist until after the statute of limitations expired, this requirement simply cannot be met.
Jackson, 595 S.W.3d 122, 125 (paragraph break and citations omitted).
Powers argues her claims were timely filed under KRS 396.011(1),
which provides in relevant part that “claims against a decedent’s estate which arose
before the death of the decedent” are, “if not barred earlier by other statute of
limitations[,] . . . barred against the estate . . . unless presented within six (6)
months after the appointment of the personal representative . . . .”10 Our Supreme
Court rejected the same core argument in Williams:
Williams states that her claim was timely filed under [KRS 396.011] because it was filed one day after the administratrix was appointed. However, the statute expressly provides “if not barred earlier by other statute
10 That statute has been amended twice during the pendency of this action. We quote the current version but neither the 2020 nor 2021 amendments substantively impact this case.
-12- of limitations . . . .” Williams’s claim is clearly barred by the MVRA statute of limitations, KRS 304.39-230(6), rendering KRS 396.011(1) inapplicable. KRS 396.011, by its plain terms, cannot extend a limitations period that has already run.
Williams, 594 S.W.3d at 195-96 (footnote omitted).
Other Tolling or Equitable Principles Do Not Apply
Powers argues other equitable principles should save her complaint.
First, Powers contends that the parties agreed to toll the statute of limitations. KRS
413.265 provides in relevant part that “[w]ritten agreements entered into in good
faith and at arms length to extend limitations periods for the filing of civil actions
. . . shall be valid and enforceable according to their terms.” However, Powers has
pointed to no written tolling agreement. Instead, Powers relies upon the affidavit
of Jones, her former counsel, who only avers that he “felt like any statute would be
tolled while we attempted in good faith to work out a settlement.” R. at 147.
Counsel’s one-sided, subjective feelings do not satisfy KRS 413.265.
First, Powers has not shown there was a mutual agreement to toll the limitations
period. Jones’s affidavit only asserts that he subjectively felt that the limitations
period would be tolled. Of course, an agreement requires mutual assent and
Coltharp’s affidavit explicitly denies even discussing tolling with Powers’s
counsel. See R. at 167 (“During none of these [settlement] conversations with
-13- Plaintiff’s counsel was the applicable statute of limitations or the possibility of a
tolling agreement ever discussed.”).
Second, KRS 413.265 explicitly requires a written tolling agreement.
We must construe an unambiguous statute according to its terms and so “are not
free to insert words or add a provision even if it may be just or desirable to do so.”
Lee v. Kentucky Department of Corrections, 610 S.W.3d 254, 262 (Ky. 2020).
Powers cannot point to any written tolling agreement, a baseline requirement for
application of KRS 413.265. Consequently, her arguments regarding application
of KRS 413.265 are without merit.11
We similarly reject Powers’s argument that the limitations period was
tolled via equitable tolling or equitable estoppel. “Equitable tolling pauses the
running of, or tolls, a statute of limitations when a litigant has pursued his rights
diligently but some extraordinary circumstance prevents him from bringing a
timely action.” Williams, 594 S.W.3d at 193 (internal quotation marks and citation
omitted). To apply equitable tolling, Powers must show “(1) that [s]he has been
pursuing [her] rights diligently, and (2) that some extraordinary circumstance stood
11 Relatedly, we reject Powers’s argument that she should have been able to conduct more discovery. Powers asks for discovery on matters which she or her counsel already knew, or reasonably should have known. For example, Powers should know when she learned of Carruthers’s death or when and how she allegedly agreed to toll the statute of limitations with opposing counsel. This case had been pending for over two years when the trial court issued its final decision. The trial court did not err by declining to let Powers engage in fishing expedition- type discovery before issuing its ruling.
-14- in [her] way and prevented timely filing . . . .” Williams, 594 S.W.3d at 194
(internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Powers cannot show that she
pursued her rights diligently because, like the plaintiff in Williams, if she had done
so “readily available information would have allowed her to properly substitute
parties and effectuate service within the statute of limitations period.” Id. at 195.
Powers also has not shown any extraordinary circumstance which
prevented her from acting sooner, especially since her counsel knew about
Carruthers’s death before the expiration of the statute of limitations. Thus, “this
case does not involve a procedural technicality nor circumstances beyond
[Powers’s] control. The information necessary to pursue a timely claim against
[Carruthers’s] estate was readily and publicly available and no extraordinary
circumstances exist to justify equitable tolling.” Id. at 196.
Powers also is not entitled to benefit from equitable estoppel. “Under
Kentucky law, equitable estoppel requires both a material misrepresentation by one
party and reliance by the other party . . . .” Id. “[M]ere silence with respect to the
operative fact is insufficient. There must be an affirmative act by the party
charged.” Gailor, 990 S.W.2d at 603. Powers has not shown that any opposing
party affirmatively concealed anything material.
Powers argues that Jones’s affidavit and a May 2018 letter from Farm
Bureau’s counsel to Coltharp “both establish that State Farm represented that there
-15- would be no need to open or substitute the Estate because settlement was
imminent.” Appellant’s brief, p. 20. Neither document bears the heavy weight
placed upon it by Powers. The May 2018 letter, which was sent roughly three
months before the statute of limitations expired, was not sent to Powers’s counsel.
Instead, it appears uncontested that Powers’s counsel obtained it in discovery after
the statute of limitations had expired. How can Powers have timely relied upon a
letter she did not receive prior to the expiration of the limitations period? Of
course, the letter states that Farm Bureau’s counsel knew soon after the action was
filed that Carruthers had died – but it states he was told that fact by Powers’s
counsel!
Similarly, the letter states that since Carruthers’s Estate was not yet a
party, Farm Bureau’s counsel was “waiting to see if an estate is set up. I am okay
with ‘wait and see’ if you are.” R. at 119. Though stressed by Powers, that
anodyne language did not conceal anything from her or contain any falsities, her
arguments to the contrary notwithstanding. It is a simple acknowledgement that
Farm Bureau was waiting to see if Powers would timely seek to substitute the
Estate as a defendant. Farm Bureau could have moved to substitute the Estate as a
defendant for its cross-claim before the expiration of the statute of limitations, but
its failure to do so impacts only its own claims’ viability, not those of Powers. The
burden to act with diligence to save her claims was on Powers and nothing in the
-16- letter obviated or diminished that burden. Moreover, contrary to Powers’s
assertions, nothing in the letter says a settlement is imminent.12
Powers’s claims regarding the affidavit of Jones, her former counsel,
are similarly unavailing. That affidavit states that, on an unspecified date, Coltharp
stated to Jones that “with some medical documentation . . . we could settle the
case.” R. at 147. That alleged statement by Coltharp contains no omissions or
falsities designed to make Powers remain fixed until the statute of limitations
expired. It also made no settlement promises – “could” is a word expressing only a
possibility that something might occur. Indeed, the letter notes that Coltharp
needed to review medical documents before a settlement could be reached. In
other words, the letter only showed ongoing settlement negotiations. “Mere
12 To show the lack of settlement language, we set forth the entirety of the body of the letter:
Nick Jones advised that State Farm was the insurer of Fendol Carruthers and that you have been hired to represent the defense.
Nick also advised that Mr. Carruthers passed away in 2016. He is hopeful that you all can resolve the claims against Defendant Carruthers without an estate having to be set up. He indicated to me that he was going to continue to get medical records to send to you and that he will copy me on them, as well.
Enclosed is my Answer and Crossclaim that I filed on behalf of Kentucky Farm Bureau. Since Mr. Carruther’s [sic] estate is not yet a party, I suppose I am in the same boat as the Plaintiff and waiting to see if an estate is set up. I am okay with “wait and see” if you are.
I look forward to working with you.
R. at 119.
-17- negotiations looking toward amicable settlement do not afford a basis for estoppel
to plead limitations.” Gailor, 990 S.W.2d at 603.
In sum, Powers points to nothing specific in the record showing that
any opposing counsel or party took any specific affirmative act(s) designed to
deceive or mislead her from acting before the statute of limitations expired.
Accordingly, Powers has not shown an entitlement to estoppel.
Though Powers asks us to allow her to have more time for discovery,
she already had an opportunity to submit proof. Neither we nor Powers are, of
course, privy to all statements and acts made in private by any named or proposed
defendant. But that does not matter here because, for equitable estoppel to apply,
Powers had to rely upon the material misrepresentation(s). Williams, 594 S.W.3d
at 196. And it is beyond logical dispute that Powers could not have relied upon
any hypothetical misrepresentations which she may uncover in discovery because
she could not have relied upon a misrepresentation of which she was unaware.
In sum, though they largely align, even if we were to recognize any
minor quibbles between the versions of events in the record (such as in the
affidavits of Jones and Coltharp), Powers cites to nothing showing any actionably
specific misrepresentations by anyone.
-18- Virtual Representation Does Not Apply
We turn to Powers’s argument that the trial court should have
permitted her to amend her complaint to substitute the Estate as a defendant
pursuant to the virtual representation doctrine. As summarized in Jackson, that
doctrine “recognizes that a party joined in a law suit [sic] may effectively represent
another not so joined, where they have a common interest and the former may be
depended upon to present the merits of the controversy which would protect the
rights of the latter.” Jackson, 595 S.W.3d at 125-26 (internal quotation marks and
citations omitted). The upshot of the doctrine here would be that State Farm –
though not a named party – has actually virtually represented the Estate’s interests
all along.
Powers bases her virtual representation argument on Harris v.
Jackson, 192 S.W.3d 297 (Ky. 2006). Harris, as here, involved a suit based upon
injuries allegedly sustained in a vehicular accident. After the case had been
pending a little over a year, the defendant died. Though defense counsel knew of
the defendant’s death, counsel remained silent. Thus, the plaintiff did not learn of
the defendant’s death until after the expiration of the one year allotted for revival
by KRS 395.278. Consequently, the trial court dismissed the claims.
On appeal, our Supreme Court held that the deceased defendant’s
insurance carrier was the real party in interest but was “not a recognized party
-19- under our long standing [sic] precedent.” Harris, 192 S.W.3d at 303. The Court
then concluded that the dead defendant’s estate’s interests had been virtually
represented by the insurance carrier all along because it had “the duty to defend,
and pay the defense’s costs, as well as the right to settle as it consider[s]
appropriate. In every sense of the word, State Auto is a real party in interest . . . .
Thus, we are assured . . . that adequate ‘virtual representation’ has been provided.”
Id. at 304. The Harris Court also found that the defendant’s estate was estopped
from relying upon the expiration of the statute of limitations due to counsel’s
silence after learning of the defendant’s death.
Harris is materially distinguishable. First, unlike in Harris, the
defendant here had already died before the action was filed.13 Jackson
distinguished Harris on similar grounds. See Jackson, 595 S.W.3d at 124.
Second, the “primary issue to be addressed” in Harris was the impact of counsel’s
silence about his client’s death, 595 S.W.3d at 123, an issue which is not present
here.
Third, the concept of virtual representation is premised upon it being
impracticable to join as a party everyone who might have an interest in the action.
13 It is unclear how Coltharp could properly have been hired to represent an already-deceased client. See, e.g., Kentucky Bar Ass’n v. Geisler, 938 S.W.2d 578, 579 (Ky. 1997) (citing favorably an opinion from the American Bar Association which held that “[w]hen . . . death occurs, however, the lawyer ceases to represent that identified client.”). Though interesting, we need not explore that matter further to resolve the issues in this appeal.
-20- Carroll v. First Nat’l Bank & Tr. Co. of Lexington, 312 Ky. 380, 381, 227 S.W.2d
410, 410 (1950) (“The doctrine of virtual representation . . . acknowledges the
impracticability, in certain types of proceedings, of making all persons parties who
might have a contingent or remote interest in the subject matter.”). For example, it
was impracticable for the plaintiff in Harris to join timely the deceased
defendant’s estate as a party because plaintiff’s counsel did not timely learn of the
defendant’s death. Here, Powers could have sought to substitute timely the Estate
for Carruthers prior to the expiration of the statute of limitations. Jackson, 595
S.W.3d at 126 (“We note that in Marshall and Jackson’s case, it was not
impracticable to properly substitute the Estate for Day given the sheriff’s return of
service noting that Day was deceased before the statute of limitations had run on
either Marshall or Jackson’s claim.”). Virtual representation is not intended to
protect a party from its failure to act with due speed and diligence.
Because the Underlying Claims Fail, the Underinsured Claims Must Also Fail
The question then becomes whether an underinsured claim may lie if
there are no viable underlying claims. The answer is no.
Powers’s policy with Farm Bureau stated in relevant part that Farm
Bureau would pay underinsured benefits which Powers was “legally entitled to
recover from the owner or operator of an underinsured motor vehicle because of
bodily injury . . . .” R. at 122 (emphasis omitted). Farm Bureau contends Powers
-21- cannot recover under that clause because she is not legally entitled to recover
anything from Carruthers or the Estate. Though Powers argues strenuously to the
contrary, we agree with a treatise on Kentucky motor vehicle insurance laws that
our Supreme Court in Jackson left “no doubt” that Farm Bureau is correct. See
Robert D. Monfort, Kentucky Handbook Series, Ky. Motor Veh. Ins. Law § 13:8,
n.14 (Dec. 2021 update).
Powers sued Carruthers and Farm Bureau prior to the expiration of the
two-year statute of limitations. But, as previously explained, the claims against
Carruthers were nullities and Powers did not timely seek to substitute the Estate as
a defendant. Therefore, the sole remaining claim is the underinsurance claim
against Farm Bureau. Though Powers unsuccessfully argues to the contrary, that is
the same core scenario present in Jackson.
In Jackson, a two-car vehicle accident occurred and, several months
before the expiration of the two-year MVRA limitations period, the occupants of
one vehicle sued the other vehicle’s driver. “Unbeknownst to all parties, [the
defendant-driver] had died almost a full year earlier . . . .” Jackson, 595 S.W.3d at
120. A few months before the limitations period expired, the plaintiffs amended
their complaint to add underinsured claims.
After the statute of limitations had expired, the plaintiffs obtained the
appointment of a public administrator for the defendant-driver’s estate. The
-22- plaintiffs then received permission to file an amended complaint substituting as a
defendant the defendant-driver’s estate. Soon thereafter, the underinsurance carrier
moved for summary judgment, arguing the claims against the other driver and his
estate were untimely and thus doomed the underinsured claim. And the defendant-
driver’s estate, via the public administrator, moved for summary judgment on
statute of limitations grounds. The trial court granted summary judgment to the
underinsurance carrier and the other driver’s estate. Id. at 119-21.
Unusually, our Supreme Court decided to address the viability of an
underinsured claim without an accompanying viable claim against the tortfeasor –
even after admitting “this issue is not properly before the Court on discretionary
review.” Id. at 128. The parties disagree about whether that analysis is binding.
We begin by noting the obvious: our Supreme Court’s decision to
address the underinsured issue at all is extremely unusual. In fact, in the same
opinion the Court had already declined to review a virtual representation argument
because it was not properly before the Court. Id. at 126. Therefore, it is
inescapable our Supreme Court fervently wanted subsequent courts to utilize its
underinsured discussion.
We agree with Powers that the underinsured discussion in Jackson is
dicta. See, e.g., Cawood v. Hensley, 247 S.W.2d 27, 29 (Ky. 1952) (“A statement
in an opinion not necessary to the decision of the case is obiter dictum.”). Indeed,
-23- the Court implicitly acknowledged as much by noting that the issue was not
properly before it. And we also agree with Powers that dicta is not binding
precedent. See, e.g., Board of Claims of Kentucky v. Banks, 31 S.W.3d 436, 439
n.3 (Ky. App. 2000). However, dicta may be “persuasive or entitled to respect” if
it was “intended to lay down a controlling principle.” Cawood, 247 S.W.2d at 29.
In other words, even dicta can be helpful.
Here, our Supreme Court must have intended to illuminate the bench
and bar about the viability of underinsured claims without viable underlying claims
(i.e., it intended to lay down a controlling principle) because it chose “for clarity”
to address the issue after declining to do so for another issue. Jackson, 595 S.W.3d
at 128. In short, even though the underinsured discussion in Jackson is dicta, we
deem it to be helpful and entitled to respect.
To understand its impact here, we set forth the underinsured
discussion in Jackson in full:
In its order granting summary judgment, the trial court also held that because a tortfeasor’s liability is an element of an underinsured motorist (UIM) claim, Coots v. Allstate Ins. Co., 853 S.W.2d 895, 898 (Ky. 1993), and because [deceased defendant] Day is not liable based on the statute of limitations, [plaintiffs] Marshall and Jackson were precluded from recovering UIM [underinsured] benefits from USAA. The Court of Appeals adopted the trial court’s opinion verbatim. Although USAA was named as a respondent and filed a reply brief addressing the UIM issue, this issue is not properly before the Court on discretionary review.
-24- CR 76.20(3)(d) requires that a motion for discretionary review contain the questions of law involved. Despite noting that their UIM claim was dismissed because the claims against the Estate were dismissed, Marshall and Jackson did not identify the UIM argument as a question of law for this Court to review and they did not address it in their brief. Under these circumstances, we generally decline review. Indiana Ins. Co. v. Demetre, 527 S.W.3d 12, 41 (Ky. 2017).
However, for clarity, we will reiterate that a UIM carrier is “liable only for damages for which the insured would have been compensated but for the fact that the tortfeasor was underinsured . . . . [I]f the underinsured tortfeasor could not be held liable for an item of damages, that item is not ‘uncompensated damages’ payable by the UIM carrier.” Cincinnati Ins. Co. v. Samples, 192 S.W.3d 311, 316 (Ky. 2006). Therefore, proof that the tortfeasor is an underinsured motorist[14] is an essential fact that must be proved before the insured can recover judgment in a lawsuit against the UIM insurer. Coots, 853 S.W.2d at 899.
Jackson, 595 S.W.3d at 127-28.
Though the Court did not explicitly say “an underinsured claim fails if
the plaintiff sues a deceased tortfeasor and fails to add/substitute the dead
tortfeasor’s estate prior to the expiration of the statute of limitations,” that is the
14 Here, Jackson contains the following footnote: “KRS 304.39-320(1) defines underinsured motorist as ‘a party with motor vehicle liability insurance coverage in an amount less than a judgment recovered against that party for damages on account of injury due to a motor vehicle accident.’” 595 S.W.3d at 128 n.9.
-25- clear implication from the opinion. This is a view of Jackson shared by at least
one treatise. See Ky. Motor Veh. Ins. Law § 13:8 n.14.
This “no potentially liable tortfeasor, no underinsured claim” principle
impacts the case before us. Powers’s policy provides that Farm Bureau is required
to pay underinsured damages which Powers is “legally entitled to recover from the
owner or operator of an underinsured motor vehicle . . . .” R. at 122 (emphasis
omitted). Here, Powers is not legally entitled to recover any judgment against
Carruthers or the Estate. So, because Powers’s claims against Carruthers and the
Estate fail, so do her underinsured claims against Farm Bureau.
Powers stresses a contradictory unpublished opinion we issued prior
to Jackson, Shackelton v. Estate of Fries, No. 2017-CA-000121-MR, 2019 WL
3987760 (Ky. App. Aug. 2, 2019). In Shackelton, we held that:
the circuit court erred in finding Shackelton’s UIM claim hinged on the legal viability of his tort lawsuit against Fries [the underinsured tortfeasor]. Appellees are correct that UIM benefits are not available if the plaintiff cannot prove the tortfeasor’s fault . . . . But we see nothing preventing Shackelton from doing so in this case. Establishing “legal liability” does not require Shackelton to obtain a judgment against Fries. It does not even require Shackelton to file a lawsuit against Fries. The UIM case stands on its own. The dismissal of Shackelton’s negligence action against Fries does not prevent him from proving Fries’ legal liability, i.e., fault and damages, in the UIM action against State Farm.
Id. at *8 (citation omitted).
-26- Although Jackson did not overrule Shackelton (in fact, Jackson does
not mention Shackelton), the two opinions conflict. We choose to follow Jackson
because it is published, more recent, and was issued by our state’s highest court.
Indeed, our Supreme Court depublished Shackelton15 and unpublished opinions are
not binding authority. Kendall v. Godbey, 537 S.W.3d 326, 335 (Ky. App. 2017).
We are not persuaded by Powers’s arguments to the contrary. Briefly,
we agree with Powers that it is not absolutely necessary for the tortfeasor to be
sued for an insured to raise a viable underinsured claim. By stressing the
requirement that underinsured damages are available only if the underinsured
tortfeasor can be held liable, Jackson effectively holds that a tortfeasor must be
able to be held liable for an underinsured claim to be viable, even if the plaintiff
does not actually try to hold the tortfeasor liable. In other words, the tortfeasor
does not necessarily have to be named as a defendant in a suit seeking
underinsured benefits, but underinsured claims cannot properly lie if the potential
claims against the tortfeasor are inviable. Here, the claims against Carruthers and
the Estate are inviable, for the reasons we have discussed. Consequently, we
affirm the trial court’s grant of summary judgment to Farm Bureau.
15 We are aware that CR 76.20(9)(a) provides that denial of discretionary review “does not indicate approval of the opinion or order sought to be reviewed and shall not be cited as connoting such approval.” We do not know why the Court ordered Shackelton to be depublished but are confident it would not have done so if it wished Shackelton to be binding authority.
-27- The Trial Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion When It Denied Powers’s Motion to Amend Her Complaint
Finally, Powers asserts that the trial court erred by denying her request
to amend her complaint to assert a new claim for Carruthers’s violation of KRS
189A.010. That claim would be brought under KRS 446.070, which permits
someone “injured by the violation of any statute” to “recover from the offender
such damages as he sustained by reason of the violation . . . .” According to
Powers, the claim would be timely because KRS 413.120(2) provides a five-year
statute of limitations for “[a]n action upon a liability created by statute, when no
other time is fixed by the statute creating the liability.”
The parties have not cited, nor have we independently located,
precedent discussing the viability of such a proposed claim. Under these facts, we
affirm the trial court’s decision to deny Powers’s motion for leave to amend her
complaint for reasons not addressed by the trial court or parties. Mark D. Dean,
P.S.C. v. Commonwealth Bank & Tr. Co., 434 S.W.3d 489, 496 (Ky. 2014).16
For nearly eighty years, the rule in Kentucky has been that the
language of KRS 413.120(2) providing a five-year limitations period for actions
16 KRS 446.070, the mechanism by which Powers sought to bring her claims regarding KRS 189A.010, does not provide a private right of action for all persons for all violations of all Kentucky statutes. Instead, KRS 446.070 “creates a private right of action in a person damaged by another person’s violation of any statute that is penal in nature and provides no civil remedy, if the person damaged is within the class of persons the statute intended to be protected.” Hargis v. Baize, 168 S.W.3d 36, 40 (Ky. 2005). We decline to examine whether Powers satisfies those criteria because her claim would be untimely, regardless of whether it otherwise would be viable.
-28- “upon a liability created by statute” does not apply to mere codification of common
law claims; instead KRS 413.120(2) is “designed to deal with new liabilities
created by statute[,]” and not to “repeal” or “pre-empt” existing limitations periods.
Robinson v. Hardaway, 293 Ky. 627, 629, 169 S.W.2d 823, 824 (1943). The same
basic reasoning was recently reaffirmed by our Supreme Court. Specifically, the
Court held: “The five-year limitation period provided by KRS 413.120(2) for
claims brought pursuant to a statute does not apply to claims based on a statutory
provision that ‘merely codifies common law liability and does not create a new
theory of liability.’” Overstreet v. Kindred Nursing Centers Limited Partnership,
479 S.W.3d 69, 73-74 (Ky. 2015) (quoting Toche v. American Watercraft, 176
S.W.3d 694, 698 (Ky. App. 2005)).
After all, as our Supreme Court explained, “a theory of liability
cannot be regarded as having been ‘created by statute’ as stated in KRS 413.120(2)
if it otherwise existed at common law prior to the enactment of the statute.”
Overstreet, 479 S.W.3d at 74. So, we must determine if Powers’s proposed claim
already existed at common law or sprang into being with the enactment of KRS
189A.010. See 54 C.J.S. Limitations of Actions § 118 (2022) (“A ‘liability created
by statute,’ within meaning of a statute of limitations for claims based upon
liability created by statute, is a liability which comes into being solely by statute,
and one which had no existence prior to the enactment creating it.”).
-29- As two leading cases show, in determining whether Powers’s
proposed claim could have been brought prior to the enactment of KRS 189A.010,
we must distill Powers’s proposed claim to its fundamental essence.
First, in Overstreet, the administrator of the estate of a former long-
term care facility resident sued the facility for violating several provisions of KRS
216.515, which is a bill of rights for residents of long-term care facilities. Because
the action was filed three years after the former resident’s death, the “central
question” was whether the five-year statute of limitations contained in KRS
413.120(2) applied. Overstreet, 479 S.W.3d at 73.
Our Supreme Court concluded that some aspects of KRS 216.515
created whole new causes of action unknown at common law, such as alleging a
facility breached its duty to allow a resident to wear his or her own clothing. Id. at
75-76. However, the Court concluded that it was “obvious” that other claims –
though based on the specific language of KRS 216.515(6) – presented “nothing
other than a common law personal injury claim.” Id. at 76. For example, KRS
216.515 required residents to be kept free from mental and physical abuse; the
Court concluded that merely “encompasses, in the context of a nursing home
environment, the traditional common law duty to avoid negligently or intentionally
injuring another person” and thus did not “present a new theory of liability.”
Overstreet, 479 S.W.3d at 76.
-30- Second, this Court took the same basic approach in Toche. In that
case, a plaintiff argued that her claims against others who caused her injuries by
violating a statute governing civil liability for negligent operation of a watercraft
were claims based on a statute and thus were within the scope of KRS 413.120(2).
Toche, 176 S.W.3d at 696-97. We summarily rejected that argument, succinctly
holding the watercraft statute “merely codifies common law liability and does not
create a new theory of liability. Toche’s claim is still a basic personal injury claim
under common law.” Id. at 698. Similarly, we likewise rejected Toche’s argument
that KRS 413.120(2) applied to her claims brought under KRS 446.070 against
persons who allegedly had violated a federal boating regulation: “KRS 446.070
does not create a new theory of liability. . . . Toche’s claim is a basic personal
injury claim under common law.” Id. (citation and footnote omitted).
Application of the rationale in Overstreet and Toche dooms Powers’s
proposed new claim. The enactment of KRS 189A.010 did not suddenly give
Powers the ability to sue Carruthers for her injuries. To the contrary, Powers
would have been able to bring a common law personal injury claim against
Carruthers if KRS 189A.010 had never been enacted. In short, the heart of
Powers’s proposed claim is a common law personal injury claim so the limitations
-31- period of KRS 413.120(2) does not apply. Thus, since Powers’s proposed claims
were untimely, the trial court did not err in declining to permit her to raise them.17
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the McCracken Circuit Court is affirmed.
ALL CONCUR.
BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT: BRIEF FOR APPELLEE:
Daryl T. Dixon Mike Moore Paducah, Kentucky Paducah, Kentucky
Kevin C. Burke Jamie K. Neal Louisville, Kentucky
17 Our conclusion that all of Powers’s claims fail renders moot her assertion that the motion panel erred in dismissing Carruthers and the Administrator as appellees.
-32-