DECISION AND ORDER
LISA MARGARET SMITH, United States Magistrate Judge.
This case has been before me for supervision of discovery since May 24, 1996. The parties consented to have the matter before me for all purposes, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(c) by Order entered July 15, 1996. Kimberly Donato, as both plaintiff and defendant, and Matthew DeYoung, as plaintiff (hereinafter “proponents”) have applied to this Court for sanctions in connection with [77]*77defendant Orangetown’s 1 destruction of certain evidence, specifically the headlights of the police vehicle that were involved in the automobile crash which is the subject of this action. Proponents seek to have defendants Orangetown and Fitzgibbons’ Answers stricken, or a directed verdict against defendants Orangetown and Fitzgibbons, with a trial for damages only; or an instruction to the jury that the headlights were off at the time of the accident. Defendant Orangetown asserts that sanctions, if appropriate, should be limited to monetary sanctions.
As stated in my oral ruling from the bench on March-27, 1997, and for the reasons set forth herein, I grant proponents’ motion in part, and impose the sanctions of both payment of proponents’ costs in connection with this application and discovery efforts directed to the headlights, and a jury instruction at tidal which will permit the jury to draw an adverse inference from defendant Orange-town’s destruction of the evidence. I am well aware of the extraordinary nature of this remedy, but I am satisfied that no other sanction is sufficient to both punish the improper conduct and to put the proponents into a fair position for trial. In addition, for the reasons set forth below, I hereby reconsider plaintiff Fitzgibbons’ motion for a severance of Fitzgibbons v. Donato, 95 Civ. 4429(CLB)(LMS), and that motion is granted.
RELEVANT FACTS
Destruction of Evidence and Other Indicia of Bad Faith
This case has repeatedly caused me to be concerned about the appearance of bad faith by defendant Orangetown. As noted in my Order of July 16, 1996,2 relating to certain Orangetown documents submitted to me for in camera review, I was distressed by what appeared to me to be possible bad faith on the part of Orangetown in the discovery process. At that time I did not make a finding of bad faith, but I made my concerns in this regard clear. My level of distress has increased since that time, as I have been made aware of increasing numbers of instances 3 where items of discovery have been [78]*78provided belatedly, after specific statements have been made by Orangetown’s counsel denying the existence of those items. Every time one of these instances has taken place, counsel for Orangetown has attempted to explain the lapse, but every explanation has echoed the little boy who claimed that the dog ate his homework. Now, practically on the eve of trial, I am satisfied that my concerns have been completely founded.
This case is scheduled to proceed to trial on April 7, 1997. It has been scheduled for that date since July 12, 1996. On February 20,1997, at a conference before me, I specifically and emphatically directed Orangetown to make the headlights available for inspection within ten days, as they had failed to make them available on prior dates despite numerous requests. Counsel assured me he would comply with my direction. Six days later, on February 26, 1997, counsel for Orangetown first informed opposing counsel that the headlights from defendant Fitzgibbons’ police vehicle were no longer in the possession of the Police Department, and that they had been discarded. Counsel stated, “I have just learned upon inquiry from or to Detective Sergeant Johnson that the police department, insofar as he can determine, is no longer in possession of the headlights.” (Hoffman Deposition at 62.)
Incredibly, during Detective Sergeant Johnson’s deposition that very morning, he testified at length about his examination of the headlights, and his securing of the headlights and depositing them into the Police Department evidence room, yet he never informed any of the attorneys that the evidence was no longer available. It is abundantly clear, indeed it is admitted, that Detective Sergeant Johnson was fully aware, during his deposition, that the headlights had already been disposed of, and that he knew this as of June 18, 1996. (Johnson Affidavit at p. 6, 1119.) Despite this, he carefully fashioned his answers on February 26, 1997, to avoid providing this information, while not giving an affirmatively false answer:
Q. I’d like to ask you questions on the chain of custody of the headlamp from the time you tested it to the present time, if I may. Who has maintained custody of the headlamps?
A. The headlamp was put into evidence in the Orangetown Police Department evidence room.
Q. How has it become secured there? ... How have they become secured there?
A. I turned them over to the custody officer, and that’s where they were supposed to be kept.
Q. Do you know how they’re kept there? A. On a shelf.
Q. Sir, when ivas the last time you saw those lamps?
A. Probably when I put them into custody.
Q. Do you know where those lamps are presently located?
A. No.
(Johnson Deposition at 231-32) (emphases added.) Since, as we now know, the Detective Sergeant was aware that the lights had already been disposed of at the time he gave these answers, it is clear that his answers were intended to deceive, and that they succeeded.
Only after Detective Sergeant Johnson’s deposition was concluded, and after another Detective was deposed, did counsel for Orangetown reveal this crucial information to opposing counsel. The information was given to opposing counsel in a less than candid [79]*79and straightforward manner,4 despite a clear mandate expressed in two different courts, as set forth below, that the items were to have been retained.
Obligation to Preserve Evidence
Prior to the filing of this case (a portion of which was originally filed in state court), plaintiff DeYoung filed an Order to Show Cause in the Supreme Court, Rockland County, requesting preservation of the damaged vehicles. Respondents to that Order to Show Cause, including the Orangetown Police Department and the Town of Orange-town, apparently consented to the demand for preservation. Justice Bergerman stated, in an Order dated November 1, 1993, that “[t]o the extent the motion requests preservation of materials, respondents do not object to the extent the items requested are in existence and respondents are directed to continue to preserve the subject items.” (Emphasis added.)
There is no dispute that at the time of Justice Bergerman’s Order the headlights of the subject police vehicle were in existence and were in the possession of the Orange-town Police Department. There is also no dispute that counsel for Orangetown made no effort5 at that time to insure that the Court’s Order would be complied with in the future, by contacting the officer in charge of the property room at the Orangetown Police Department, Detective Sergeant Terence Hutmacher, or any other officer, or by making any other efforts to comply with his and his client’s responsibility.
Counsel’s responsibility to safeguard the evidence, which may be imputed to the town of Orangetown, was made even more clear by counsel’s stipulation on the record before the Honor-able Charles L. Brieant, United States District Judge, in February, 1996, that the headlight had been retained and would be produced, not only at depositions, but also for expert examination. Once again, there is no dispute that at that time the headlights were in existence and in the possession of the Orangetown Police Department. There is also no dispute that counsel again made no effort to insure that the stipulation, entered in federal court, would be complied with.
Counsel’s responsibility in this regard was reinforced many times during the appearances before me by repeated statements by counsel assuring that the headlights would be made available for inspection. Most incredibly, these statements were made despite the fact that Detective Sergeant Johnson knew as long ago as June 18, 1996, that the headlights were missing. (Johnson Affidavit at p. 6, 1119.) Detective Sergeant Johnson, an experienced and fully trained member of the Orangetown Police Department, was fully aware of the critical nature of this evidence in connection with this litigation, and yet he failed to inform counsel of this crucial problem. At that time, shortly after it is claimed that the headlights had been disposed of, a thorough search could have taken place, or other efforts could have been expended which might have evidenced good faith on the part of defendant Orangetown and its Police Department. No such efforts were made. Indeed, nothing about the behavior of defendant Orangetown during this litigation has reflected good faith.
By this decision I do not assume any intent on the part of counsel to prevent his adversaries from having access to the evidence. Indeed, I assume, as I always do, that counsel appearing before me is doing his or her best on behalf of the client, in accord with [80]*80ethical responsibilities. However, by my Order of July 16, 1996, I intended to send a clear message to counsel and to defendant Orangetown of the importance of complying carefully with their obligations in this case. Throughout this case I have also made it clear that Orangetown’s counsel may not simply rely on his client’s statements about items subject to discovery, because the client’s statements have shown themselves to be unreliable. Counsel and defendant Orangetown nevertheless have apparently chosen to disregard my warnings in this regard. This disregard further supports my conclusion that bad faith is present in the failure to safeguard the evidence; if counsel had taken the simple step of communicating with the Police Department about the need to insure the preservation of this evidence, then it would probably not have been destroyed. Counsel’s failure to take this simple precautionary measure is evidence of, at a minimum, gross negligence.
The failure of defendant Orangetown to safeguard this evidence is even more egregious because the Orangetown Police Department is, or should be, in the business of insuring that evidence is handled properly. This is not a situation where an organization unaccustomed to the requirements of maintaining chain of custody and retaining important evidence has failed to preserve and protect items relevant to litigation. See Turner v, Hudson Transit Lines, Inc., 142 F.R.D. at 76 (company had some document retention policy related to federal regulations but was “not sensitive to obligations arising from litigation.”) Rather, the town of Orangetown, through its Police Department, is experienced, and has procedures in place, with regard to retaining and safeguarding evidence. There is no excuse for their failure in this instance.
I find it incredible that Detective Sergeant Hutmacher, an experienced police officer, disposed of property without waiting to hear from the officer who had deposited that property. (See Hutmacher Affidavit at p. 4, 111114-15.) If the property had been connected with a criminal case being prosecuted by the County with the assistance of the Police Department, I am certain that it would not have been handled so cavalierly. Rather, in this case, the Police Department had no incentive to safeguard the property because they, and one of their officers, were the ones being accused of wrongdoing. Thus, as evidenced by the history of bad faith in the discovery process, I conclude that the intent of those responsible for retaining the evidence was to obfuscate and impede the process at every step. Under all these circumstances, I conclude that the failure to safeguard the evidence in question constitutes gross negligence on the part of defendant Orangetown.
Significance of the Evidence
It should be noted that despite defendant Orangetown’s argument to the contrary, there is no real question that the headlights themselves are significant to this litigation. Not only have they been the subject of discovery requests since before the litigation began, but they have been the subject of examination by Detective Sergeant Johnson, of photographs, and of proposed expert testimony. Furthermore, defendant Orange-town’s counsel’s argument to the contrary is belied by his own words to his adversaries at the time he revealed the destruction of the evidence: “We’ll cooperate in every way that we can and there’s no willful intention here to obstruct the production of the headlight, because the bottom line is in order for us to use the headlight or have testimony by an expert witness at the time of trial concerning it, I know that we will have to make it available. ” (Hoffman Deposition at 67) (emphasis added.) The significance of the headlights is and has been clear, even to Orange-town’s counsel.
Defendant Orangetown also claims that the actual headlights are not necessary in order for the experts to make a determination. Detective Sergeant Johnson has suggested that “any person retained to given [sic] an opinion concerning these headlamps should be able to do so simply based upon the numerous color photographs depicting of [sic] the bulbs and filament’s condition.” (Johnson Affidavit at p. 6, 1122.) Plaintiffs expert, by contrast, states that “I am also able to state with a reasonable degree of engineering certainty that it is impossible for [81]*81me or any other qualified expert to reach any conclusions with a reasonable degree of certainty based upon our evaluation of photographs.” (McManus Affidavit at p. 4, 119.) As set forth in more detail below, I do not credit Detective Sergeant Johnson’s assessment of the evidence, and I do credit that of plaintiffs expert. More importantly, plaintiff has provided to me laser color photocopies which Detective Sergeant Johnson describes as “clearly depicting the condition of those bulbs[.]” (Johnson Affidavit at p. 5, K18.) In fact, those laser photocopies are blurry, and far from distinct. Even as a layperson, I am satisfied that such photocopies are not sufficient to permit expert analysis of the state of the headlight bulbs after the accident.
Although Detective Sergeant Johnson suggests that the photographs themselves are more clear than the photocopies, no effort has been made to produce those photographs for my review, thus I am left to reach my conclusion on the basis of the submitted photocopies. Moreover, Detective Sergeant Johnson has affirmatively adopted the photocopies as “clearly depicting the condition of those bulbs[.]” (Johnson Affidavit, p. 5 1118.) I conclude, therefore, that the photographs, or the photocopies of the photographs, are insufficient to permit expert examination in preparation for trial. The headlights themselves are the significant and irreplaceable evidence which could and should have been preserved for expert analysis prior to trial.
ANALYSIS
Appropriateness of Sanctions
It is well settled that the Court has the inherent power to sanction a party that destroys relevant and discoverable evidence. Shaffer v. RWP Group, Inc., 169 F.R.D. 19, 24 (E.D.N.Y.1996); Turner v. Hudson Transit Lines, Inc. 142 F.R.D. 68, 72 (S.D.N.Y.1991), aff'd, 89 Civ. 4252(PKL), 1992 WL 51570 (S.D.N.Y. Mar.9, 1992). The Court’s authority to impose sanctions derives from two sources — Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 37(b) and a court’s “inherent power to regulate litigation, preserve and protect the integrity of proceedings before it, and sanction parties for abusive practices.” Capellupo v. FMC Corp., 126 F.R.D. 545, 551 (D.Minn.1989) (quoted with approval in Turner v. Hudson Transit Lines, Inc., 142 F.R.D. at 72). The decision to impose sanctions, as well as the appropriate sanction to be fashioned, lie within the sound discretion of the trial court. Shaffer v. RWP Group, Inc., 169 F.R.D. at 24.
In determining whether to exercise its authority to impose sanctions for spoliation of evidence, the court must initially determine whether the party had any obligation to preserve the evidence. As set forth in detail above, defendant Orangetown had an absolute obligation, imposed by its knowledge of the litigation, its knowledge of the importance of the evidence, an Order to preserve emanating from a state court and a stipulation entered into in federal court, and its obligations to comply with my discovery Orders. Having found that defendant Town of Orangetown had an affirmative obligation to preserve the headlights, and failed to do so in an egregious fashion, as a result of gross negligence and during a pattern of bad faith during the discovery process, I must determine the appropriate sanction.
The potential sanctions range from the most extreme — dismissing defendant Orangetown’s answer — to the least effective — instructing them never to repeat such a practice. In the middle of these alternatives is the one which I believe is most appropriate — permitting the jury to draw an adverse inference against defendant Orangetown because of its conduct.6
An adverse inference charge serves two purposes — remediation and punishment. Shaffer v. RWP Group, Inc., 169 F.R.D. at 25; Turner v. Hudson Transit Lines, Inc., 142 F.R.D. at 74. The remedial [82]*82purpose of the sanction serves to place the prejudiced party in the same position with regard to its ability to prove its case as it would have been in if the evidence had not been destroyed. Id. The punitive purpose both deters parties from destruction of relevant evidence and directly punishes the party responsible for spoliation. “ ‘[T]he law, in hatred of the spoiler, baffles the destroyer, and thwarts his iniquitous purpose, by indulging a presumption which supplies the lost proof, and thus defeats the wrongdoer by the very means he had so confidentially employed to perpetrate the wrong.’ ” Turner v. Hudson Transit Lines, Inc., 142 F.R.D. at 74 (quoting Pomeroy v. Benton, 77 Mo. 64, 86 (1882)). Both principles provide guidance to the Court as it considers “the two objective factors that weigh most heavily in determining the appropriateness of an adverse inference: the intent of the party responsible for the destruction and the content of the evidence destroyed.” Turner v. Hudson Transit Lines, Inc., 142 F.R.D. at 74.
Intent
I conclude, on the basis of the entire history of this litigation, the repeated failures to produce discovery in a timely fashion with only meager excuses, the failure of counsel to insure that the agreements he made to secure evidence were being complied with by his client, and especially by the belated and inappropriate provision of the information about the missing headlights, that defendant Orangetown disposed of the headlights through gross negligence. Furthermore, I conclude that the entire history supports a finding that defendant Orangetown has been handling its responsibilities in connection with this litigation in bad faith. I do not go so far as to conclude that anyone at the Police Department made a specific decision or had the specific intention7 to destroy this evidence in order to remove it from use during this case. I specifically reject claims made by proponents that defendant Orange-town and its employees engaged in some kind of conspiracy in connection with the evidence in this case. However, my finding of bad faith throughout the discovery process, and gross negligence leading to the destruction of the property, is sufficient to merit significant deterrent action.
I conclude that the bad faith and gross negligence of defendant is sufficient basis to permit imposition of the extraordinarily harsh sanction of an adverse inference, even though I have not found that defendant town of Orangetown intentionally destroyed the property.8 As noted by my learned eol[83]*83league, Magistrate Judge Francis, in his opinion in Turner v. Hudson Transit Lines, Inc., the sanction of adverse inference “should be available even for the negligent destruction of [evidence] if that is necessary to further the remedial purpose of the inference. It makes little difference to the party victimized by the destruction of the evidence whether that act was done willfully or negligently. The adverse inference provides the necessary mechanics for restoring the evidentiary balance. The inference is adverse to the destroyer not because of any finding of moral culpability, but because the risk that the evidence would have been detrimental rather than favorable should fall on the party responsible for its loss.” 142 F.R.D. at 75.
The Destroyed Evidence
Defendant town of Orangetown argues that there is no evidence to support proponents’ argument that the headlights may have been off at the time of the accident, and that the credible evidence could only lead a finder of fact to conclude that the lights were on at the time of the accident. Defendant argues, therefore, that an adverse inference charge cannot be given in this case, even if the destruction of the evidence was in bad faith. See Turner v. Hudson Transit Lines, Inc., 142 F.R.D. at 76 (“[C]ourts have generally required some greater showing of the content of the destroyed evidence before drawing an adverse inference.”)
Defendant Orangetown relies on the testimony of Detective Sergeant Johnson for the proposition that the headlight must have been on at the time of the accident. He has provided an affidavit to this Court, in which he states, in part, “[b]ased upon my inspection of the headlamps, I formed an opinion to a reasonable degree of certainty that both lamps on Officer FITZGIBBON’s vehicle were burning at the time of this accident.” (Johnson Affidavit at p. 4,1114.) That affidavit echoed the deposition testimony. That testimony is not reliable. First, I am not satisfied that Detective Sergeant Johnson’s credentials as an expert are comparable to those of the expert proffered by plaintiff Donato, John McManus. Mr. McManus has informed the Court that a microscopic examination of the headlights would have been necessary in order to determinatively assess whether the lights were on or off at the time of the accident. In addition, Mr. McManus has produced an article from a Northwestern University publication entitled “Lamp Examination for ON or OFF in Traffic Accidents,” by J. Stannard Baker and Thomas Lindquist, which further supports the need for microscopic examination of the damaged headlights. Detective Sergeant Johnson conducted no such microscopic examination, nor does he consider such an examination necessary (Johnson Affidavit at pp. 7-8, 111124-29), and I conclude on this basis alone that Detective Sergeant Johnson’s conclusions are not so reliable that they preclude the possibility that the lights were off at the time of the accident.
Second, Detective Sergeant Johnson has an incentive to lie, or at least to color his testimony, because of his relationship to the town of Orangetown, and his relationship to Police Officer Fitzgibbons, who is a fellow member of the force. Thus, his testimony is not that of an unrelated, objective observer. In addition, Detective Sergeant Johnson has betrayed his bias by his failure to bring the missing evidence to the attention of counsel, or even to mention it during his deposition. The testimony of Detective Sergeant Johnson in this regard is therefore subject to significant attack, and is not sufficiently credible to support defendant Orangetown’s position.
By contrast, witnesses, including independent non-parties, have given conflicting statements about the state of the headlights at the time of the accident.9 There is at least a [84]*84reasonable likelihood that the headlights were, in fact, off at the crucial time. That reasonable likelihood could have been established, one way or the other, had it not been for the gross negligence of the town of Orangetown and its officers.
In addition, since I have found that the headlights were destroyed as a result of gross negligence, and during a pattern of bad faith behavior, that in itself is some evidence for the inference that the destroyed evidence may have been detrimental to defendant Orangetown. “[A] party who has notice that [evidence] is relevant to litigation and who proceeds to destroy the [evidence] is more likely to have been threatened by the [evidence] than is a party in the same position who does not destroy the [evidence].” Nation-Wide Check Corp. v. Forest Hills Distributors, Inc., 692 F.2d 214, 218 (1st Cir. 1982). I am satisfied under these circumstances that the adverse inference is commensurate with the evidence of the headlights being off at the time of the accident.
Appropriate Sanction
Harsh sanctions are necessary, but even the degree of bad faith and gross negligence shown here does not merit striking the answer, or directing a verdict, or directing the jury to conclude as a matter of fact that the headlights were off at the time of the accident. Rather, I hereby preclude defendant town of Orangetown from submitting any expert testimony whatsoever about the state of the headlights after the accident, and specifically I preclude Detective Sergeant Johnson from testifying about his observations of the headlights and any conclusions he drew. In addition, at trial I will inform the jury that the headlights cannot be definitively .examined by experts for purposes of this trial, because even though the headlights were removed from the police vehicle for purposes of examination after the accident, the town of Orangetown Police Department failed to safeguard the headlights, and destroyed them. I will further instruct the jury that they may conclude, but do not have to conclude, that the destruction of the headlights was in bad faith, and that such destruction was done because an examination may have concluded that the headlights were, in fact, off at the time of the accident. I will also permit the proponents to present expert testimony to the effect that an examination could have been conducted which would have led to a conclusion about whether the headlights were on or off at the time of the accident.
I will not permit evidence to be offered about the reasons for the destruction of evidence, or the circumstances surrounding-such destruction. Such a mini-trial would interfere with the jury’s ability to focus on the relevant facts, would be unduly confusing, and would undermine the purposes effected by an adverse inference instruction.
In addition, proponents’ counsel are to submit a bill of costs to me within 5 business days of the date of entry of this written Order, identifying all time expended in connection with this issue since June 18, 1996, and all other related expenses. Such a bill of costs should include the time expended on this application and any other discovery efforts directed to the headlights. Defendant Orangetown will be sanctioned the costs associated with their grossly negligent behavior of failing to safeguard the headlights, which resulted in part from the pattern of bad faith which they have shown during the entire discovery process.
APPLICATIONS BY PLAINTIFF FITZGIBBONS
In light of this ruling, as stated orally on March 27, 1997, counsel for plaintiff John Fitzgibbons made several oral applications, some of which I ruled on, and some of which I reserved decisión-on. Plaintiff Fitzgibbons’ counsel correctly noted that this ruling, which is intended to sanction defendant Orangetown, impacts on plaintiff Fitzgibbons, because the issue of the state of the headlights is crucial to any factual determination of liability. On that ground he made a motion to sever Fitzgibbons v. Donato, 95 Civ. 4429(CLB)(LMS), which I denied. He also moved for permission to belatedly identify an expert who would be called to testify on [85]*85the issue of whether the headlights themselves were necessary in order for an expert to make a determination of the state of the headlights. He asked for permission to have Police Officer Fitzgibbons explain that he had' no responsibility for the retention and safeguarding of the headlights. He also sought an instruction to the jury directing that any adverse inference is only to be drawn against defendant Orangetown, and should not be drawn against plaintiff Fitzgibbons. Counsel for defendant Donato has opposed all of these applications.
I am concerned about the possible spillover effect of my adverse inference ruling on plaintiff Fitzgibbons,10 who has no responsibility for the spoliation of the evidence. Notwithstanding this concern, at the time of the oral application, I believed that the only appropriate choice was to deny essentially all of plaintiff Fitzgibbons’ applications for relief. I did so primarily because of my concern that severing these cases at this stage would further delay an already old ease, and would require an expenditure of scarce judicial resources, as well as repetition of testimony by many of the same experts and witnesses. However, upon further consideration, I sua sgonte grant reconsideration of the motion to sever, and upon due consideration, the motion to sever Fitzgibbons v. Donato, 95 Civ. 4429(CLB)(LMS), is granted.
This Court has broad discretion to order separate trials to avoid delay or prejudice. Smith v. Lightning Bolt Productions, Inc., 861 F.2d 363 (2d Cir.1988); United States v. 499.472 Acres of Land More or Less, 701 F.2d 545 (5th Cir.1983); Fed. R.Civ.P. 42(b) (court may order separate trials “in furtherance of convenience or to avoid prejudice”); Fed.R.Civ.P. 20(b) (court “may order separate trials or make other orders to prevent delay or prejudice.”) A court may order separate trials for three reasons: to avoid prejudice, to provide for convenience, or to expedite the proceedings and economize the use of resources. Only one of these conditions is required in order to support a court’s severance order. Ismail v. Cohen, 706 F.Supp. 243, 251 (S.D.N.Y.1989), aff'd, 899 F.2d 183 (2d Cir.1990).
I conclude that in this case a joint trial, including the adverse inference instruction noted above, would prejudice plaintiff Fitzgibbons unfairly, and with no finding of fault on his part. I conclude that there is no instruction to the jury that could avoid the possibility that the adverse inference against Orangetown would “contaminate” the mind of the fact finder in its consideration of plaintiff Fitzgibbons’ claims. See Id. Despite any instruction I might give, it is not reasonable to expect a jury to find a fact one way as to a defendant, and to find that same fact another way as to a plaintiff in a related action. Any instruction which may suggest such a possibility would be unduly confusing for the jury. Thus, plaintiff Fitzgibbons would bear the burden of the adverse inference, although he is not properly the focus of my ruling in that regard. I therefore grant the motion to sever.
I note that the need for repetitive testimony in the trial of Fitzgibbons v. Donato is not as great as I initially feared. For example, the medical testimony regarding plaintiff Fitzgibbons’ injuries would be admissible only in the second case, and the medical testimony regaining plaintiff Donato’s injuries would be admissible only in the first case. While there will be some repetition of testimony, it is not so great that it mitigates against severance.
In order to minimize any delay which will result from this severance, I further order that the trial of Fitzgibbons v. Donato, 95 Civ. 4429, take place at a time in the future, to be set by the Court on forty-eight hours’ notice to the parties. I recognize that this [86]*86imposes some prejudice on defendant Dona-to, who will be required to proceed to trial on short notice through no fault of hers, after already defending defendant Donato in the action brought by plaintiff DeYoung, but I conclude that this is the least prejudicial alternative to all parties.
Despite this ruling reconsidering and granting the severance, I will not permit plaintiff Fitzgibbons to belatedly identify and call an expert at trial. To permit plaintiff Fitzgibbons to identify and call an expert at trial, where plaintiff Fitzgibbons chose not to declare an expert during the process of discovery, would unfairly prejudice defendant Donato. Plaintiff Fitzgibbons chose to rely on defendant Orangetown’s plan to call an expert, and he must therefore be bound by the impropriety which led to the preclusion of that very expert.
Under the circumstances of the severance there is no need to instruct the jury to draw a different factual inference as to plaintiff Fitzgibbons than as to defendant Orange-town, and that application is therefore denied as moot. I will also not permit plaintiff Fitzgibbons to testify that he had no responsibility for the collection, retention, and safeguarding of the evidence. Rather, there will be no evidence whatsoever at the Fitzgibbons v. Donato trial about the whereabouts of the headlights after the accident. Both parties will be bound by whatever testimony the witnesses may give about the state of the headlights at the time of the accident.
This constitutes the Decision and Order of the Court.
SO ORDERED.