Hart, J.,
(after stating the facts). The case not being here on appeal, but upon prohibition, our consideration must be confined to the question of the power of the chancery court to appoint a receiver in a case of this sort. The office of the writ of prohibition is to restrain an inferior tribunal from proceeding in a matter not within its jurisdiction; but it is never granted unless the inferior tribunal has clearly exceeded its authority and the party applying for it has no other protection against the wrong that shall be done by such usurpation.. Russell v. Jacoway, 33 Ark. 191; and Monette Road Imp. Dist. v. Dudley, 144 Ark. 169, and cases cited.
In the latter case it was also held that the writ of prohibition lies where an inferior court is proceeding in a manner beyond its jurisdiction, and where the remedy by appeal, though available, is inadequate. The court said that the litigant is not bound to submit to the exercise of jurisdiction not authorized by law, even though he has the right of appeal after the exercise of the jurisdiction has been consummated and has resulted in a judgment from which he can appeal. The reason given was that, if the absence of the right of appeal was essential to the issuance of a writ of prohibition, then that remedy would be entirely unavailing in any case; for under our Constitution the right of appeal is granted in all judicial proceedings. In the same section of the Constitution giving the Supreme Court appellate jurisdiction, it is also invested with a general superintending control over all inferior courts of law and equity with power to issue writs of habeas corpus, prohibition, mandamus, quo warranto and other remedial writs and to hear and determine the same. The writ of prohibition is an appropriate remedy to restrain the exercise of jurisdiction by an inferior court over a subject-matter when, it has none, and over parties where it can acquire none.
It is a principle of elementary law that the pendency of a suit is an absolute prerequisite to the appointment of a receiver, and, unless made in a suit pending, the court is without jurisdiction and the order appointing the receiver is void. Standard Encyclopedia of Procedure, vol. 22, pp. 320 and 323 and cases cited; High on Receivers, 4 ed. § 17; Alderson on Receivers, § 107; 23 R. C. L. §§ 5 and 6; 34 Cyc. p. 28; Clark, The Law of Receivers, vol. 1, § 644; Harwell v. Potts, 80 Ala. 70; Merchants & M. Nat. Bank v. Circuit Judge, 43 Mich. 292; Guy v. Doak, 47 Kan. 236, 27 Pac.. 968; Pressley v. Harrison, 102 Ind. 14, I. N. E. 188; Winona, W. E. & S. B. Tract. Co. v. Collins, 162 Ind. 693, 69 N. E. 998; Baltimore Bargain House v. St. Clair, 58 W. Va. 565, 52 S. E. 660; Jones v. Bank of Leadville, 10 Colo. 464, 17 Pac. 272; Baker v. Backus, 32 Ill. 79; Stone v. Wetmore, 42 Ga. 601 ; Gold Hunter M. & S. Co. v. Holleman, 3 Idaho 99, 27 Pac. 413; State v. Ross, 122 Mo. 435, 25 S. W. 947, 23 L. R. A. 534; Popp v. Daisy Gold Min. Co., 27 Utah 83, 74 Pac. 426; Gray’s Harbor Com. Co. v. Fifer, 97 Wash. 380, 166 Pac. 770; and People v. Denver Dist. etc., 33 Col. 293, 80 Pac. 908.
In this connection we are not unmindful that this court has held that in exceptional oases a court of equity may appoint a receiver before service of summons upon the defendant and without notice to him. Excelsior White Lime Co. v. Rieff, 107 Ark. 554. This is done on the same principle that an injunction will sometimes be issued before actual service and before actual notice of the application is given. In other words, in such case it must appear that the relief and protection can he given in no other way. Since equity acts on the person, and since the appointment of a receiver is an equitable proceeding, and since equity does not act directly against the property, the court cannot appoint a receiver where there can be no legal service of summons against the defendant.
In the case at bar an attempt was made to sue District No. 21, United Mine Workers of America and the locals which are unincorporated associations by their society or company names. This court has held, however, that an unincorporated or voluntary association of persons has no legal entity and cannot be sued by its society name. Baskins v. United Mine Workers of America, 150 Ark. 398.
This is the rule at common law, and it is also conceded that there is no statute in this State changing the common law and authorizing an unincorporated association of persons to be sued in its society name. We are asked to overrule the case last cited under the authority of United Mine Workers of America v. Coronado Coal Co., 259 U. S. 344.
There is no Federal question involved in the matter, and consequently no reason why we should overrule our own opinion, except that it is wrong. We think the reasons assigned by the learned Chief Justice for a change of the rule addressed themselves to legislative bodies rather than courts. In the absence of a statute on the subject we are bound 'by the rule of the common law, which is in no sense opposed to any public policy of the State and which has become a part of the laws of the State. Hence we adhere to our former opinion that an unincorporated body of men or a voluntary association of persons can not be sued in their society name, in the absence of a statute to that effect.
An attempt was also made to obtain service on the defendant under § 1098 of Crawford & Moses’ Digest. That section provides that where the question is one of common or general interest of many persons, or where the parties are numerous, and it is impracticable to bring them all before the court within a reasonable time, one or more may sue or defend for the benefit of all.
It will be remembered that this suit originated as an equity proceeding, and it may be here stated that the section of the statute just referred to is so far as equity is concerned an adoption by the Legislature of the doctrine of virtual representation, which was in accordance with the existing practice of courts of equity, at the time of the adoption of our Constitution.
The case at bar as a primary matter involves tort. This suit was brought in equity by certain coal operators to recover unliquidated damages for personal injuries to their servants and for injuries to their property, which they allege was caused by the wrongs of the members of the unincorporated associations named in the bill and by the individuals named therein. Equity will not by an original action take jurisdiction of a case involving a question of unliquidated damages arising from a tort. Brown v. Wabash Railway Co., 96 Ill. 297.
The doctrine is well stated in Story’s Equity Jurisprudence, 14 ed., vol. 2, § 108s2, as follows:
“It maybe stated, as a general proposition, that for breaches of contract, and other wrongs and injuries cognizable at law, courts of equity do not entertain jurisdiction to give redress by way of compensation or damages where these constitute the sole objects of the bill. Flor wherever the matter of the bill is merely for damages, and there is a perfect remedy therefor at law, it is far better that they should be ascertained by a jury than by the conscience of an equity judge. And indeed the just foundation of equitable jurisdiction falls in all such cases, as there is a plain, complete, and adequate remedy at law.”
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Hart, J.,
(after stating the facts). The case not being here on appeal, but upon prohibition, our consideration must be confined to the question of the power of the chancery court to appoint a receiver in a case of this sort. The office of the writ of prohibition is to restrain an inferior tribunal from proceeding in a matter not within its jurisdiction; but it is never granted unless the inferior tribunal has clearly exceeded its authority and the party applying for it has no other protection against the wrong that shall be done by such usurpation.. Russell v. Jacoway, 33 Ark. 191; and Monette Road Imp. Dist. v. Dudley, 144 Ark. 169, and cases cited.
In the latter case it was also held that the writ of prohibition lies where an inferior court is proceeding in a manner beyond its jurisdiction, and where the remedy by appeal, though available, is inadequate. The court said that the litigant is not bound to submit to the exercise of jurisdiction not authorized by law, even though he has the right of appeal after the exercise of the jurisdiction has been consummated and has resulted in a judgment from which he can appeal. The reason given was that, if the absence of the right of appeal was essential to the issuance of a writ of prohibition, then that remedy would be entirely unavailing in any case; for under our Constitution the right of appeal is granted in all judicial proceedings. In the same section of the Constitution giving the Supreme Court appellate jurisdiction, it is also invested with a general superintending control over all inferior courts of law and equity with power to issue writs of habeas corpus, prohibition, mandamus, quo warranto and other remedial writs and to hear and determine the same. The writ of prohibition is an appropriate remedy to restrain the exercise of jurisdiction by an inferior court over a subject-matter when, it has none, and over parties where it can acquire none.
It is a principle of elementary law that the pendency of a suit is an absolute prerequisite to the appointment of a receiver, and, unless made in a suit pending, the court is without jurisdiction and the order appointing the receiver is void. Standard Encyclopedia of Procedure, vol. 22, pp. 320 and 323 and cases cited; High on Receivers, 4 ed. § 17; Alderson on Receivers, § 107; 23 R. C. L. §§ 5 and 6; 34 Cyc. p. 28; Clark, The Law of Receivers, vol. 1, § 644; Harwell v. Potts, 80 Ala. 70; Merchants & M. Nat. Bank v. Circuit Judge, 43 Mich. 292; Guy v. Doak, 47 Kan. 236, 27 Pac.. 968; Pressley v. Harrison, 102 Ind. 14, I. N. E. 188; Winona, W. E. & S. B. Tract. Co. v. Collins, 162 Ind. 693, 69 N. E. 998; Baltimore Bargain House v. St. Clair, 58 W. Va. 565, 52 S. E. 660; Jones v. Bank of Leadville, 10 Colo. 464, 17 Pac. 272; Baker v. Backus, 32 Ill. 79; Stone v. Wetmore, 42 Ga. 601 ; Gold Hunter M. & S. Co. v. Holleman, 3 Idaho 99, 27 Pac. 413; State v. Ross, 122 Mo. 435, 25 S. W. 947, 23 L. R. A. 534; Popp v. Daisy Gold Min. Co., 27 Utah 83, 74 Pac. 426; Gray’s Harbor Com. Co. v. Fifer, 97 Wash. 380, 166 Pac. 770; and People v. Denver Dist. etc., 33 Col. 293, 80 Pac. 908.
In this connection we are not unmindful that this court has held that in exceptional oases a court of equity may appoint a receiver before service of summons upon the defendant and without notice to him. Excelsior White Lime Co. v. Rieff, 107 Ark. 554. This is done on the same principle that an injunction will sometimes be issued before actual service and before actual notice of the application is given. In other words, in such case it must appear that the relief and protection can he given in no other way. Since equity acts on the person, and since the appointment of a receiver is an equitable proceeding, and since equity does not act directly against the property, the court cannot appoint a receiver where there can be no legal service of summons against the defendant.
In the case at bar an attempt was made to sue District No. 21, United Mine Workers of America and the locals which are unincorporated associations by their society or company names. This court has held, however, that an unincorporated or voluntary association of persons has no legal entity and cannot be sued by its society name. Baskins v. United Mine Workers of America, 150 Ark. 398.
This is the rule at common law, and it is also conceded that there is no statute in this State changing the common law and authorizing an unincorporated association of persons to be sued in its society name. We are asked to overrule the case last cited under the authority of United Mine Workers of America v. Coronado Coal Co., 259 U. S. 344.
There is no Federal question involved in the matter, and consequently no reason why we should overrule our own opinion, except that it is wrong. We think the reasons assigned by the learned Chief Justice for a change of the rule addressed themselves to legislative bodies rather than courts. In the absence of a statute on the subject we are bound 'by the rule of the common law, which is in no sense opposed to any public policy of the State and which has become a part of the laws of the State. Hence we adhere to our former opinion that an unincorporated body of men or a voluntary association of persons can not be sued in their society name, in the absence of a statute to that effect.
An attempt was also made to obtain service on the defendant under § 1098 of Crawford & Moses’ Digest. That section provides that where the question is one of common or general interest of many persons, or where the parties are numerous, and it is impracticable to bring them all before the court within a reasonable time, one or more may sue or defend for the benefit of all.
It will be remembered that this suit originated as an equity proceeding, and it may be here stated that the section of the statute just referred to is so far as equity is concerned an adoption by the Legislature of the doctrine of virtual representation, which was in accordance with the existing practice of courts of equity, at the time of the adoption of our Constitution.
The case at bar as a primary matter involves tort. This suit was brought in equity by certain coal operators to recover unliquidated damages for personal injuries to their servants and for injuries to their property, which they allege was caused by the wrongs of the members of the unincorporated associations named in the bill and by the individuals named therein. Equity will not by an original action take jurisdiction of a case involving a question of unliquidated damages arising from a tort. Brown v. Wabash Railway Co., 96 Ill. 297.
The doctrine is well stated in Story’s Equity Jurisprudence, 14 ed., vol. 2, § 108s2, as follows:
“It maybe stated, as a general proposition, that for breaches of contract, and other wrongs and injuries cognizable at law, courts of equity do not entertain jurisdiction to give redress by way of compensation or damages where these constitute the sole objects of the bill. Flor wherever the matter of the bill is merely for damages, and there is a perfect remedy therefor at law, it is far better that they should be ascertained by a jury than by the conscience of an equity judge. And indeed the just foundation of equitable jurisdiction falls in all such cases, as there is a plain, complete, and adequate remedy at law.”
Professor Pomeroy states the rule as follows:
“Where the primary right of the plaintiff is purely legal, arising either from the non-performance of a contract or from a tort, and the money is sought to be recovered as a debt or as damages, and the right of action is not dependent upon or connected with any equitable feature or incident, such as fraud, mistake, accident, trust, accounting, or contribution, and the like, full and certain remedies are afforded by actions at law, and equity has no jurisdiction; these are cases especially within the sole cognizance of the law.” Pomeroy’s Equity Jurisprudence, 3rd ed., vol. 1, § 178.
The text of these learned writers has been followed by this court. In Dugan v. Cureton, 1 Ark. 31, it was held that the question of damages is purely legal, and that parties can not come into chancery to have their unliquidated damages assessed and set off against a judgment at law. Chief Justice Ringo in discussing the question said: “In this ease the appellees do not seek to rescind or avoid the contract of sale, but expressly affirm it, and ask a compensation in damages for the alleged breach of the contract on the part of the appellant, without showing any obstacle whatsoever to their recovery in a court of law, or even alleging that they will suffer a great or irreparable loss or injury by being obliged to resort to a court of law to recover their damages. The question of damages is purely legal, and, if the appellees are warranted in coming into a court of chancery to have their unliquidated damages assessed and set off against the appellant’s judgment at law, the like resort may be had to the courts of equity in every case of mutual and independent covenants, especially if one of the parties should sue and recover a judgment at law which the adverse party might pray the court to enjoin and set off with his damages sustained by reason of the breach of covenant or agreement in his favor, and thus the jurisdiction in that class of cases might be effectually taken from the courts of law and transferred to the courts of equity, contrary to what is understood to be the well-defined limit of the jurisdiction of courts of equity. ’ ’
The distinction between law and chancery was again recognized in Ewell v. Tidwell, 20 Ark. 136, where it was held that under our Constitution and laws a court of chancery had no jurisdiction to declare a will void for fraud in obtaining it.
Again in Hester v. Bourland, 80 Ark. 145, the court said that our Constitution divides and parcels the judicial power of the State among the courts named, and that under it the Legislature can vest chancery courts only with jurisdiction in matters of equity. Hence it was held that, election contests for nominations n,ot being matters of equity, an act of the Legislature attempting to vest chancery courts with jurisdiction as to them was unconstitutional and void. See also Gladdish v. Lovewell, 95 Ark. 618; and Walls v. Brundidge, 109 Ark. 250.
There is nothing in the'principles decided in Horstmann v. LaFargue, 140 Ark. 558, which conflict with the above. In that case, the court held that claimants for damages arising from torts are within the protection of statutes against fraudulent conveyances, and are regarded as creditors within the meaning of such statutes. The suit in that case was in the nature of a creditor’s bill, and its primary object was to set aside a fraudulent conveyance. The court pointed out that chancery courts always had had jurisdiction to set aside fraudulent conveyances, and that our statute dispensing with the necessity of obtaining a judgment before commencing a suit to set aside a fraudulent conveyance simply provided another means of proving the insolvency of the debtor, which is an indispensable prerequisite to the granting of the relief sought. A creditor’s bill has always been one of the favorite subjects of equity jurisprudence, and in. a case where the setting aside of a fraudulent conveyance is the primary object of the bill, equity, having acquired jurisdiction of the case for that purpose, will settle all the issues involved and afford complete relief.
As a primary matter, the cause was to set aside a fraudulent conveyance at the suit of a creditor, and the assessment of damages was made under the principle that where a court of equity acquires jurisdiction for any purpose it will determine the whole cause, although in so doing it may decide a question which, standing alone, would furnish no basis of equitable jurisdiction.
The result of our views is that the gist of the action is a suit in tort for unliquidated damages, and the chancery court had no jurisdiction, and that § 1098 of our statutes, which is but an adoption of the old chancery doctrine of virtual representation, is unavailing as a method of obtaining service in a case in equity where there is no jurisdiction of the subject matter..
It follows as a consequence that no service was had or could be had upon the members of District No. 21, United Mine Workers of America and the local union, and the appointment of a receiver in an action against them was a nullity. It cannot well be seen how a court can take from a defendant the possession of property unless it can acquire jurisdiction by service of process.
The next question is whether or not the relators in the petition for the writ of prohibition are in a position to obtain the writ. They are members o,f an unincorporated association and have an interest in the funds sought to be impounded by the appointment of a receiver. Some of them have been intrusted by their associates with the care and custody of these funds. Hence as interested parties they would have the right to invoke the power of this court in granting a writ of prohibition to prevent the chancery court from impounding its funds by the appointment of a receiver in an action where it could acquire no jurisdiction over the members of the association.
It follows that the writ of prohibition asked for will be granted and the receivership ordered by the chancellor vacated.
Smith, J., concurs.